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Yu W, Li J, Huang G, He Z, Tian H, Xie F, Jin W, Huang Q, Fu W, Yang X. Rapid and sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus using a THz metamaterial biosensor based on aptamer-functionalized Fe 3O 4@Au nanocomposites. Talanta 2024; 272:125760. [PMID: 38364563 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) poses a serious threat to global public health, necessitating the establishment of rapid and simple tools for its accurate identification. Herein, we developed a terahertz (THz) metamaterial biosensor based on aptamer-functionalized Fe3O4@Au nanocomposites for quantitative S. aureus assays in different clinical samples. Fe3O4@Au@Cys@Apt has the dual advantages of magnetism and a high refractive index in the THz range and was used to rapidly separate and enrich target bacteria in a complex environmental solution. Furthermore, conjugation to the nanocomposites significantly increased the resonance frequency shift of the THz metamaterial after target loading. Our results showed that the shifts in the metamaterial resonance frequency were linearly related to S. aureus concentrations ranging from 1.0 × 103 to 1.0 × 107 CFU/mL, with a detection limit of 4.78 × 102 CFU/mL. The biosensor was further applied to S. aureus detection in spiked human urine and blood with satisfactory recoveries (82.4-109.6%). Our approach also demonstrated strong concordance with traditional plate counting (R2 = 0.99306) while significantly lowering the analysis time from 24 h to <1 h. In conclusion, the proposed biosensor can not only perform culture-free and extraction-free detection of target bacteria but can also be easily extended to the determination of other pathogenic bacteria, rendering it suitable for various bacteria-related disease diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jining Li
- Institute of Laser and Opto-electronics, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Guorong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhe He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Huiyan Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fengxin Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Weidong Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Weiling Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xiang Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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2
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Luo X, Li J, Huang G, Xie F, He Z, Zeng X, Tian H, Liu Y, Fu W, Yang X. Metal-Graphene Hybrid Terahertz Metasurfaces for Circulating Tumor DNA Detection Based on Dual Signal Amplification. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 38602840 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy has impressive capability for label-free biosensing, but its utility in clinical laboratories is rarely reported due to often unsatisfactory detection performances. Here, we fabricated metal-graphene hybrid THz metasurfaces (MSs) for the sensitive and enzyme-free detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in pancreatic cancer plasma samples. The feasibility and mechanism of the enhanced effects of a graphene bridge across the MS and amplified by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The AuNPs serve to boost charge injection in the graphene film and result in producing a remarkable change in the graded transmissivity index to THz radiation of the MS resonators. Assay design utilizes this feature and a cascade hybridization chain reaction initiated on magnetic beads in the presence of target ctDNA to achieve dual signal amplification (chemical and optical). In addition to demonstrating subfemtomolar detection sensitivity and single-nucleotide mismatch selectivity, the proposed method showed remarkable capability to discriminate between pancreatic cancer patients and healthy individuals by recognizing and quantifying targeted ctDNAs. The introduction of graphene to the metasurface produces an improved sensitivity of 2 orders of magnitude for ctDNA detection. This is the first study to report the combined application of graphene and AuNPs in biosensing by THz spectroscopic resonators and provides a combined identification scheme to detect and discriminate different biological analytes, including nucleic acids, proteins, and various biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jining Li
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics, School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guorong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fengxin Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhe He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Huiyan Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weiling Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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Zhang Z, Wang Z, Zhang C, Yao Z, Zhang S, Wang R, Tian Z, Han J, Chang C, Lou J, Yan X, Qiu C. Advanced Terahertz Refractive Sensing And Fingerprint Recognition Through Metasurface-Excited Surface Waves. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2308453. [PMID: 38180283 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
High-sensitive metasurface-based sensors are essential for effective substance detection and insightful bio-interaction studies, which compress light in subwavelength volumes to enhance light-matter interactions. However, current methods to improve sensing performance always focus on optimizing near-field response of individual meta-atom, and fingerprint recognition for bio-substances necessitates several pixelated metasurfaces to establish a quasi-continuous spectrum. Here, a novel sensing strategy is proposed to achieve Terahertz (THz) refractive sensing, and fingerprint recognition based on surface waves (SWs). Leveraging the long-range transmission, strong confinement, and interface sensitivity of SWs, a metasurface-supporting SWs excitation and propagation is experimentally verified to achieve sensing integrations. Through wide-band information collection of SWs, the proposed sensor not only facilitates refractive sensing up to 215.5°/RIU, but also enables the simultaneous resolution of multiple fingerprint information within a continuous spectrum. By covering 5 µm thickness of polyimide, quartz and silicon nitride layers, the maximum phase change of 91.1°, 101.8°, and 126.4° is experimentally obtained within THz band, respectively. Thus, this strategy broadens the research scope of metasurface-excited SWs and introduces a novel paradigm for ultrasensitive sensing functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyan Zhang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zhibo Yao
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shoujun Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ride Wang
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chao Chang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jing Lou
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xueqing Yan
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chengwei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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4
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Fang J, Yuan C, Luo X, He Z, Fu W. A Thermus thermophilus argonaute-coupling exponential amplification assay for ultrarapid analysis of circulating tumor DNA. Talanta 2024; 266:125034. [PMID: 37597338 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a noninvasive biomarker for liquid biopsy with important clinical and biological information, but existing detection techniques are expensive, complex and quite time-consuming. Here, we report an ultrarapid, sensitive and simple method, which we term Thermus thermophilus argonaute-coupling exponential amplification reaction (TtAgo-CEAR), that selectively amplifies mutated ctDNA. Aiming at seven Kirsten rat sarcoma-2 virus (KRAS) point mutations, the present strategy allows for easy detection with attomolar sensitivity and single-nucleotide specificity within as little as 16 min without prior PCR amplification. We also demonstrate that TtAgo-coupling assay is easily adaptable to Terahertz spectroscopy-based and lateral-flow-based readout. We show that the detected ctDNA concentrations by mouse models can respond to the variations of disease burden in serum samples. It is envisioned that this TtAgo-CEAR approach has great potential for rapid diagnosis and monitoring of diverse malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - Changjing Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Xizi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhe He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Weiling Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Zhang W, Lin J, Yuan Z, Lin Y, Shang W, Chin LK, Zhang M. Terahertz Metamaterials for Biosensing Applications: A Review. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 14:3. [PMID: 38275304 PMCID: PMC10813048 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, THz metamaterials have emerged as a promising technology for biosensing by extracting useful information (composition, structure and dynamics) of biological samples from the interaction between the THz wave and the biological samples. Advantages of biosensing with THz metamaterials include label-free and non-invasive detection with high sensitivity. In this review, we first summarize different THz sensing principles modulated by the metamaterial for bio-analyte detection. Then, we compare various resonance modes induced in the THz range for biosensing enhancement. In addition, non-conventional materials used in the THz metamaterial to improve the biosensing performance are evaluated. We categorize and review different types of bio-analyte detection using THz metamaterials. Finally, we discuss the future perspective of THz metamaterial in biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhang
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiahan Lin
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhengxin Yuan
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanxiao Lin
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wenli Shang
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Key Laboratory of On-Chip Communication and Sensor Chip of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lip Ket Chin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Key Laboratory of On-Chip Communication and Sensor Chip of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510006, China
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6
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Richter M, Loth Y, Wigger AK, Nordhoff D, Rachinger N, Weisenstein C, Bosserhoff AK, Bolívar PH. High specificity THz metamaterial-based biosensor for label-free transcription factor detection in melanoma diagnostics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20708. [PMID: 38001098 PMCID: PMC10673904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present a promising diagnostic tool for melanoma diagnosis. With the proposed terahertz biosensor, it was possible to selectively and sensitively detect the early growth response protein 2, a transcription factor with an increased activity in melanoma cells, from a complex sample of cellular proteins. Fundamentally, the sensor belongs to the frequency selective surface type metamaterials and consists of a two-dimensional array of asymmetrically, doubly split ring resonator unit cells. The single elements are slits in a metallic layer and are complemented by an undercut etch. This allows a selective functionalization of the active area of the sensor and increases the sensitivity towards the target analyte. Hereby, specific detection of a defined transcription factor is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle Richter
- High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Yannik Loth
- High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076, Siegen, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Wigger
- High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076, Siegen, Germany
| | - Daniela Nordhoff
- High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076, Siegen, Germany
| | - Nicole Rachinger
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Weisenstein
- High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076, Siegen, Germany
| | - Anja Katrin Bosserhoff
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Haring Bolívar
- High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076, Siegen, Germany
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7
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Bhati R, Malik AK. Multiband terahertz metamaterial perfect absorber for microorganisms detection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19685. [PMID: 37952035 PMCID: PMC10640598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a multi-resonant terahertz (THz) metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA)-based biosensor in the working frequency range of [Formula: see text] for sensing of microorganisms (such as fungi, yeast) and wheat pesticides. Nearly [Formula: see text] absorption is realized at [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. We designed our THz MPA sensor making resonators' gap area compatible with the microorganisms' size. To obtain optimum performance of the MPA, a mapping of amplitudes and shifts in the absorption resonance peaks with different structural parameters of the resonators is carried out. A very high-frequency shift is obtained for microorganisms such as Penicillium chrysogenum (fungi), yeast, and pesticides (Imidacloprid, N, N-Diethyldithiocarbamate sodium salt trihydrate, Daminozide, N, N-Diethyldithiocarbamate sodium salt hydrate, and Dicofol). An equivalent circuit model using Advance Design System (ADS) software is developed. The calculated results through the model show similar trends as obtained in the simulations using CST. Investigations of the effect of incidence angle of THz wave on the absorption spectra of the MPA are also carried out. It is found that incidence angle does not impact the stability of the lower resonance absorption peak (1.79THz). Due to the wide working frequency range, the proposed sensor is extremely suitable for the detection of all range of pesticides because their specific absorption fingerprint lies in the frequency range of 0-3.8THz. We believe that our sensor could be a potential detection tool for detecting pesticide residues in agriculture and food products. The THz MPA-based biosensor is capable of detecting a very small change in the effective dielectric constant of the MPA environment. Therefore, it can also offer huge opportunities in label-free biosensing for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Bhati
- Photonics and Metamaterials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250004, India
| | - Anil K Malik
- Photonics and Metamaterials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250004, India.
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Gonzalez-Posada F, Coquillat D, Najem M, Cerutti L, Taliercio T. THz time-domain spectroscopy modulated with semiconductor plasmonic perfect absorbers. Opt Express 2023; 31:32152-32161. [PMID: 37859024 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) at room temperature and standard atmosphere pressure remains so far the backbone of THz photonics in numerous applications for civil and defense levels. Plasmonic microstructures and metasurfaces are particularly promising for improving THz spectroscopy techniques and developing biomedical and environmental sensors. Highly doped semiconductors are suitable for replacing the traditional plasmonic noble metals in the THz range. We present a perfect absorber structure based on semiconductor III-Sb epitaxial layers. The insulator layer is GaSb while the metal-like layers are Si doped InAsSb (∼ 5·1019 cm-3). The doping is optically measured in the IR with polaritonic effects at the Brewster angle mode. Theoretically, the surface can be engineered in frequency selective absorption array areas of an extensive THz region from 1.0 to 6.0 THz. The technological process is based on a single resist layer used as hard mask in dry etching defined by electron beam lithography. A wide 1350 GHz cumulative bandwidth experimental absorption is measured in THz-TDS between 1.0 and 2.5 THz, only limited by the air-exposed reflectance configuration. These results pave the way to implement finely tuned selective surfaces based on semiconductors to enhance light-matter interaction in the THz region.
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Wang Q, Chen Y, Mao J, Yang F, Wang N. Metasurface-Assisted Terahertz Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5902. [PMID: 37447747 DOI: 10.3390/s23135902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) waves, which fall between microwaves and infrared bands, possess intriguing electromagnetic properties of non-ionizing radiation, low photon energy, being highly sensitive to weak resonances, and non-polar material penetrability. Therefore, THz waves are extremely suitable for sensing and detecting chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological molecules. However, the relatively long wavelength of THz waves (30~3000 μm) compared to the size of analytes (1~100 nm for biomolecules, <10 μm for microorganisms) constrains the development of THz-based sensors. To circumvent this problem, metasurface technology, by engineering subwavelength periodic resonators, has gained a great deal of attention to enhance the resonance response of THz waves. Those metasurface-based THz sensors exhibit high sensitivity for label-free sensing, making them appealing for a variety of applications in security, medical applications, and detection. The performance of metasurface-based THz sensors is controlled by geometric structure and material parameters. The operating mechanism is divided into two main categories, passive and active. To have a profound understanding of these metasurface-assisted THz sensing technologies, we review and categorize those THz sensors, based on their operating mechanisms, including resonators for frequency shift sensing, nanogaps for enhanced field confinement, chirality for handedness detection, and active elements (such as graphene and MEMS) for advanced tunable sensing. This comprehensive review can serve as a guideline for future metasurfaces design to assist THz sensing and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yuzi Chen
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Jinxian Mao
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
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10
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Kim HS, Jun SW, Ahn YH. Developing a Novel Terahertz Fabry-Perot Microcavity Biosensor by Incorporating Porous Film for Yeast Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5797. [PMID: 37447646 DOI: 10.3390/s23135797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel terahertz (THz) Fabry-Perot (FP) microcavity biosensor that uses a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) supporting film to improve microorganism detection. The THz FP microcavity confines and enhances fields in the middle of the cavity, where the target microbial film is placed with the aid of a PTFE film having a dielectric constant close to unity in the THz range. The resonant frequency shift increased linearly with increasing amount of yeasts, without showing saturation behavior under our experimental conditions. These results agree well with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The sensor's sensitivity was 11.7 GHz/μm, close to the optimal condition of 12.5 GHz/μm, when yeast was placed at the cavity's center, but no frequency shift was observed when the yeast was coated on the mirror side. We derived an explicit relation for the frequency shift as a function of the index, amount, and location of the substances that is consistent with the electric field distribution across the cavity. We also produced THz transmission images of yeast-coated PTFE, mapping the frequency shift of the FP resonance and revealing the spatial distribution of yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Sik Kim
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Jun
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Hwan Ahn
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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11
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Zhang X, Liu J, Qin J. A terahertz metasurface sensor with fingerprint enhancement in a wide spectrum band for thin film detection. Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:2210-2215. [PMID: 37056626 PMCID: PMC10089126 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00837h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz spectroscopy is a powerful tool to resolve molecular fingerprints by detecting their vibrational and rotational modes, and has great application potential in chemistry and biomedicine. However, the limited sensitivity and poor specificity restrict its applications in these areas, where trace amounts of analytes need to be identified effectively and accurately. Here, we propose a sensing scheme for enhancing molecular fingerprints based on angle-scanning of terahertz waves on an all-silicon metasurface. The metasurface consists of a periodic array of silicon cylinder dimers arranged in a square lattice. An ultrasharp guided mode resonance governed by bound states in the continuum can be excited by elaborately arranging the silicon cylinder dimers. By utilizing the angle-scanning strategy, two kinds of saccharides are successfully identified with extremely high sensitivity. Specifically, the detection limits for lactose and glucose are 1.53 μg cm-2 and 1.54 μg cm-2, respectively. Our study will provide a new idea for the detection of trace amounts of analytes, and promote the application of terahertz technology in chemistry and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Centre for Terahertz Research, China Jiliang University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Centre for Terahertz Research, China Jiliang University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Jianyuan Qin
- Centre for Terahertz Research, China Jiliang University Hangzhou 310018 China
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12
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Sun M, Han Z. Highly sensitive terahertz fingerprint sensing based on the quasi-guided modes in a distorted photonic lattice. Opt Express 2023; 31:10947-10954. [PMID: 37157629 DOI: 10.1364/oe.477547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Using photonic structures resonating at the characteristic absorption frequency of the target molecules is a widely-adopted approach to enhance the absorption and improve the sensitivity in many spectral regions. Unfortunately, the requirement of accurate spectral matching poses a big challenge for the structure fabrication, while active tuning of the resonance for a given structure using external means like the electric gating significantly complicates the system. In this work, we propose to circumvent the problem by making use of quasi-guided modes which feature both ultra-high Q factors and wavevector-dependent resonances over a large operating bandwidth. These modes are supported in a distorted photonic lattice, whose band structure is formed above the light line due to the band-folding effect. The advantage and flexibility of this scheme in terahertz sensing are elucidated and exemplified by using a compound grating structure on a silicon slab waveguide to achieve the detection of a nanometer scale α-lactose film. The spectral matching between the leaky resonance and the α-lactose absorption frequency at 529.2 GHz by changing the incident angle is demonstrated using a flawed structure which exhibits a detuned resonance at normal incidence. Based on the high dependence of the transmittance at the resonance on the thickness of α-lactose, our results show it is possible to achieve an exclusive detection of α-lactose with the effective sensing of thickness as small as 0.5 nm.
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Yoo H, Kim J, Ahn YH. High-Speed THz Time-of-Flight Imaging with Reflective Optics. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:873. [PMID: 36679669 PMCID: PMC9861287 DOI: 10.3390/s23020873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we develop a 3D THz time-of-flight (TOF) imaging technique by using reflective optics to preserve the high-frequency components from a THz antenna. We use an Fe:InGaAs/InAlAs emitter containing relatively high-frequency components. THz-TOF imaging with asynchronous optical sampling (ASOPS) enables the rapid scanning of 100 Hz/scan with a time delay span of 100 ps. We characterize the transverse resolution using knife edge tests for a focal length of 5; the Rayleigh resolution has been measured at 1.0 mm at the focal plane. Conversely, the longitudinal resolution is determined by the temporal pulse width, confirmed with various gap structures enclosed by a quartz substrate. The phase analysis reveals that reflected waves from the top interface exhibit a phase shift when the gap is filled by high-indexed materials such as water but shows in-phase behavior when it is filled with air and low-indexed material. Our imaging tool was effective for inspecting the packaged chip with high lateral and longitudinal resolution. Importantly, the phase information in 2D and 3D images is shown to be a powerful tool in identifying the defect-in particular, delamination in the chip-which tends to be detrimental to the packaged chip's stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoseong Yoo
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangsun Kim
- Panoptics Corp., Seongnam 13516, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Hwan Ahn
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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14
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Pan Z, Liu W, Yu L, Xie Z, Sun Q, Zhao P, Chen D, Fang W, Liu B. Resonance-Induced Reduction of Interfacial Tension of Water-Methane and Improvement of Methane Solubility in Water. Langmuir 2022; 38:13594-13601. [PMID: 36299165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the effect of the periodic oscillating electric field on the interface between water and methane. We propose a new strategy that utilizes oscillating electric fields to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between water and methane and increase the solubility of methane in water simultaneously. These are attributed to the hydrogen bond resonance induced by an electric field with a frequency close to the natural frequency of the hydrogen bond. The resonance breaks the hydrogen bond network among water molecules to the maximum, which destroys the hydration shell and reduces the cohesive action of water, thus resulting in the decrease of IFT and the increase of methane solubility. As the frequency of the electric field is close to the optimum resonant frequency of hydrogen bonds, IFT decreases from 56.43 to 5.66 mN/m; water and methane are miscible because the solubility parameter of water reduces from 47.63 to 2.85 MPa1/2, which is close to that of methane (3.43 MPa1/2). Our results provide a new idea for reducing the water-gas IFT and improving the solubility of insoluble gas in water and theoretical guidance in the fields of natural gas exploitation, hydrate generation, and nanobubble nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Pan
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Wenyu Liu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Leyang Yu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Zhiyang Xie
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Qing Sun
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Peihe Zhao
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Dongmeng Chen
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Wenjing Fang
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266580, China
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15
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Tan C, Wang S, Li S, Liu X, Wei J, Zhang G, Ye H. Cancer Diagnosis Using Terahertz-Graphene-Metasurface-Based Biosensor with Dual-Resonance Response. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12213889. [PMID: 36364665 PMCID: PMC9654090 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the outstanding physical properties of graphene, its biosensing applications implemented by the terahertz metasurface are widely concerned and studied. Here, we present a novel design of the graphene metasurface, which consists of an individual graphene ring and an H-shaped graphene structure. The graphene metasurface exhibits a dual-resonance response, whose resonance frequency strongly varies with the geometrical parameters of the proposed metasurface, the carrier density of graphene, and the analyte composition. The transparency window, including width and position, can be artificially controlled by adjusting the geometrical parameters or the Fermi energy. Furthermore, the sensing parameters of the graphene metasurface for cancerous and normal cells are investigated, focusing on two factors, namely cell quantity and position on the metasurface. The simulated results clearly show that the theoretical sensitivity, figure of merit, and quantity of the graphene metasurface for breast cells reach 1.21 THz/RIU, 2.75 RIU-1, and 2.43, respectively. Our findings may open up new avenues for promising applications in the diagnosis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Tan
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shaogang Wang
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shizhen Li
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Huaiyu Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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16
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Karawdeniya BI, Damry AM, Murugappan K, Manjunath S, Bandara YMNDY, Jackson CJ, Tricoli A, Neshev D. Surface Functionalization and Texturing of Optical Metasurfaces for Sensing Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14990-15030. [PMID: 35536016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces are planar metamaterials that can mediate highly precise light-matter interactions. Because of their unique optical properties, both plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces have found common use in sensing applications, enabling label-free, nondestructive, and miniaturized sensors with ultralow limits of detection. However, because bare metasurfaces inherently lack target specificity, their applications have driven the development of surface modification techniques that provide selectivity. Both chemical functionalization and physical texturing methodologies can modify and enhance metasurface properties by selectively capturing analytes at the surface and altering the transduction of light-matter interactions into optical signals. This review summarizes recent advances in material-specific surface functionalization and texturing as applied to representative optical metasurfaces. We also present an overview of the underlying chemistry driving functionalization and texturing processes, including detailed directions for their broad implementation. Overall, this review provides a concise and centralized guide for the modification of metasurfaces with a focus toward sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddini I Karawdeniya
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Adam M Damry
- Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Krishnan Murugappan
- Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shridhar Manjunath
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Y M Nuwan D Y Bandara
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dragomir Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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17
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Tabassum S, Nayemuzzaman SK, Kala M, Kumar Mishra A, Mishra SK. Metasurfaces for Sensing Applications: Gas, Bio and Chemical. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22186896. [PMID: 36146243 PMCID: PMC9504383 DOI: 10.3390/s22186896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Performance of photonic devices critically depends upon their efficiency on controlling the flow of light therein. In the recent past, the implementation of plasmonics, two-dimensional (2D) materials and metamaterials for enhanced light-matter interaction (through concepts such as sub-wavelength light confinement and dynamic wavefront shape manipulation) led to diverse applications belonging to spectroscopy, imaging and optical sensing etc. While 2D materials such as graphene, MoS2 etc., are still being explored in optical sensing in last few years, the application of plasmonics and metamaterials is limited owing to the involvement of noble metals having a constant electron density. The capability of competently controlling the electron density of noble metals is very limited. Further, due to absorption characteristics of metals, the plasmonic and metamaterial devices suffer from large optical loss. Hence, the photonic devices (sensors, in particular) require that an efficient dynamic control of light at nanoscale through field (electric or optical) variation using substitute low-loss materials. One such option may be plasmonic metasurfaces. Metasurfaces are arrays of optical antenna-like anisotropic structures (sub-wavelength size), which are designated to control the amplitude and phase of reflected, scattered and transmitted components of incident light radiation. The present review put forth recent development on metamaterial and metastructure-based various sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawana Tabassum
- Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - SK Nayemuzzaman
- Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - Manish Kala
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Satyendra Kumar Mishra
- Centre of Optics and Photonics (COPL), University of Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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18
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Zhang Z, Guo X, Yang M, Yang Q, Yan X, Liang L, Liu L, Yao J. Time-frequency joint mappings of a terahertz metasurface for multi-dimensional analysis of biological cells. Opt Lett 2022; 47:3704-3707. [PMID: 35913294 DOI: 10.1364/ol.464443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional fast Fourier transform is used to extract the frequency component at the cost of losing the time domain, which is critical for metasurface biosensing. In this Letter, a more comprehensive algorithm, continuous wavelet transform (CWT), to process signals from THz time-domain spectroscopy is introduced. By comparing the metasurface-enhanced 2D time-frequency mappings (TFMs) of HaCaT and HSC3 cells, the two types of biological cells can be clearly differentiated, showing the great potential of CWT in the label-free recognition of biological cells. Also, the 2D TFMs serve as effective visualization indicators, successfully detecting the concentration of cancer cells characterized by being label free and low cost. In addition, the 2D TFMs of different metasurfaces under the same cell concentration reveal the correlation of TFMs and localized fields. Such a feature provides evidence of an interaction between biological cells and electromagnetic waves, implying the absorption of THz radiation by biological cells can be effectively controlled by properly designing split ring resonators (SRRs) of metasurfaces.
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19
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Thomas L, Hannotte T, Santos CN, Walter B, Lavancier M, Eliet S, Faucher M, Lampin JF, Peretti R. Imaging of THz Photonic Modes by Scattering Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:32608-32617. [PMID: 35802070 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the near-field distribution associated to the photonic mode of terahertz photonic micro-resonators by scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy. Probing individual THz micro-resonators concentrating electric fields is important for high-sensitivity chemical and biochemical sensing and fundamental light-matter interactions studies at the nanoscale. We imaged both electric field concentration predicted by numerical simulations and unexpected patterns that deviate from intuitive assumptions. We propose a scenario based on the combination of the near-field with the far-field pattern of the probe/resonator ensemble that is in excellent agreement with the experimental data and propose an image analysis procedure to recover the near-field of such structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Thomas
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | - Théo Hannotte
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | - Cristiane N Santos
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | | | - Mélanie Lavancier
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | - Sophie Eliet
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | - Marc Faucher
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | - Jean-François Lampin
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
| | - Romain Peretti
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59652 France
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20
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Park SJ, Ahn YH. Detection of Polystyrene Microplastic Particles in Water Using Surface-Functionalized Terahertz Microfluidic Metamaterials. Applied Sciences 2022; 12:7102. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel method for detecting microplastic particles in water using terahertz metamaterials. Fluidic channels are employed to flow the water, containing polystyrene spheres, on the surface of the metamaterials. Polystyrene spheres are captured only near the gap structure of the metamaterials as the gap areas are functionalized. The resonant frequency of terahertz metamaterials increased while we circulated the microplastic solution, as polystyrene spheres in the solution are attached to the metamaterial gap areas, which saturates at a specific frequency as the gap areas are filled by the polystyrene spheres. Experimental results were revisited and supported by finite-difference time-domain simulations. We investigated how this method can be used for the detection of microplastics with various solution densities. The saturation time of the resonant frequency shift was found to decrease, while the saturated resonant frequency shift increased as the solution density increased.
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21
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Lin S, Wang Y, Peng Z, Chen Z, Hu F. Detection of cancer biomarkers CA125 and CA199 via terahertz metasurface immunosensor. Talanta 2022; 248:123628. [PMID: 35660997 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cancer biomarkers including AFP, CEA, CA199 and CA125, are of great importance in the diagnosis, prognostic prediction and recurrence monitoring of malignancies. However, in clinical practical applications, most tumor cancer biomarkers are lack of sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we propose a terahertz (THz) metasurface (MS) immunosensor coupled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which have good biocompatibility and high specific surface area for biomarkers. Firstly, we added AuNPs to the surface of the sensor. And then, the surface is modified with Anti-CA125 or Anti-CA199 to improve the sensitivity and specificity to the target antigen. The biosensor was fabricated using a surface micromachining process and characterized by a THz-time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) system. The sensitivity of the resonance frequency of the sensor to the refractive index was 65 GHz/RIU (refractive index unit). The detection performance of the THz immunosensor was also verified with different concentrations of CA125 and CA199. The experimental results showed that the frequency shift of the resonance peak was linearly related to the concentration of CA125 and CA199. The detection limits for both CA125 and CA199 are 0.01 U/ml, which is better than that of other common methods. Finally, serum samples were collected and detected to explore whether this method is suitable for clinical detection. The results are consistent with the results of antigen recognition. This study proves that the practicability of the THz immunosensor, which potentially provides important techniques and equipment for improving the sensitivity and specificity of cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjun Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instrument, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yuanli Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instrument, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Precision Medicine Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Qinzhou, Qinzhou, 535000, China
| | - Zhenyun Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instrument, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Zhencheng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instrument, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Fangrong Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instrument, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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22
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Fang W, Ma Z, Lv X, Liu J, Pei W, Geng Z. Flexible terahertz metamaterial biosensor for label-free sensing of serum tumor marker modified on a non-metal area. Opt Express 2022; 30:16630-16643. [PMID: 36221501 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) metamaterials for rapid label-free sensing show application potential for the detection of cancer biomarkers. A novel flexible THz metamaterial biosensor based on a low refraction index parylene-C substrate is proposed. The biomarkers are modified on non-metal areas by a three-step modification method that simplifies the modification steps and improves the modified effectivity. Simulation results for non-metal modification illustrate that a bulk refractive index sensitivity of 325 GHz/RIU is achieved, which is larger than that obtained for the traditional metal modification (147 GHz/RIU). Meanwhile, several fluorescence experiments proved the uniform modification effect and selective adsorption capacity of the non-metal modification method. The concentration of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) biomarkers for breast cancer patients tested using this THz biosensor is found to be consistent with results obtained from traditional clinical tests. The limit of detection reaches 2.97 ng/mL. These findings demonstrate that the flexible THz metamaterial biosensor can be extensively used for the rapid detection of cancer biomarkers in the future.
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23
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Wang Y, Dai B, Ma C, Zhang Q, Huang K, Luo X, Liu X, Ying Y, Xie L. Cross-Wavelength Hierarchical Metamaterials Enabled for Trans-Scale Molecules Detection Simultaneously. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2105447. [PMID: 35261180 PMCID: PMC9069183 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials have attracted increasing attention in sensing applications. However, the critical feature sizes of meta-atom span several orders of magnitude in length scale, almost all the metamaterials are designed to operate at limited bands. It is challenging for a single type of meta-atom with ultra-broadband adaptability. Inspired by the natural hierarchical architectures, herein, the authors introduce a new constructing scheme of cross-wavelength hierarchical metamaterials with a single type of meta-atom that can realize enhancement of terahertz (THz) resonance and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) at the same time. By combining multiple subwavelength structures at different hierarchical levels into a single meta-atom, the obtained metamaterial can operate in two frequencies and realize multiple functionalities. Armed with this hierarchical metamaterial, detecting analytes as small as sub-nanoscale chemical molecules or as big as microscale biomolecules simultaneously can be realized in one single metamaterial for the first time. As a proof-of-concept example, a smart sensory packaging is developed, which allowed them to real-time monitor the kinetic growth of pathogenic bacteria and their metabolites in food without opening the packaging. They believe that their work will provide a valuable example that satisfies the unmet need for multiscale functional meta-devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Benhui Dai
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Chan Ma
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of PhysicsNanjing UniversityNanjing210008China
| | - Kang Huang
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of AucklandAuckland1142New Zealand
| | - Xuan Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Xiangjiang Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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24
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Sengupta R, Khand H, Sarusi G. Terahertz Impedance Spectroscopy of Biological Nanoparticles by a Resonant Metamaterial Chip for Breathalyzer-Based COVID-19 Prompt Tests. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2022; 5:5803-5812. [PMID: 37552719 PMCID: PMC9004291 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose a tested, sensitive, and prompt COVID-19 breath screening method that takes less than 1 min. The method is nonbiological and is based on the detection of a shift in the resonance frequency of a nanoengineered inductor-capacitor (LC) resonant metamaterial chip, caused by viruses and mainly related exhaled particles, when performing terahertz spectroscopy. The chip consists of thousands of microantennas arranged in an array and enclosed in a plastic breathalyzer-like disposable capsule kit. After an appreciable agreement between numerical simulations (COMSOL and CST) and experimental results was reached using our metamaterial design, low-scale clinical trials were conducted with asymptomatic and symptomatic coronavirus patients and healthy individuals. It is shown that coronavirus-positive individuals are effectively screened upon observation of a shift in the transmission resonance frequency of about 1.5-9 GHz, which is diagnostically different from the resonance shift of healthy individuals who display a 0-1.5 GHz shift. The initial results of screening coronavirus patients yielded 88% agreement with the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results (performed concurrently with the breath test) with an outcome of a positive predicted value of 87% and a negative predicted value of 88%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudrarup Sengupta
- Department of Photonics and Electro-Optics Engineering,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Heena Khand
- Department of Photonics and Electro-Optics Engineering,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Gabby Sarusi
- Department of Photonics and Electro-Optics Engineering,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
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Fang W, Lv X, Ma Z, Liu J, Pei W, Geng Z. A Flexible Terahertz Metamaterial Biosensor for Cancer Cell Growth and Migration Detection. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:631. [PMID: 35457933 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterial biosensors have been extensively used to identify cell types and detect concentrations of tumor biomarkers. However, the methods for in situ and non-destruction measurement of cell migration, which plays a key role in tumor progression and metastasis, are highly desirable. Therefore, a flexible terahertz metamaterial biosensor based on parylene C substrate was proposed for label-free and non-destructive detection of breast cancer cell growth and migration. The maximum resonance peak frequency shift achieved 183.2 GHz when breast cancer cell MDA−MB−231 was cultured onto the surface of the metamaterial biosensor for 72 h. A designed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) barrier sheet was applied to detect the cell growth rate which was quantified as 14.9 µm/h. The experimental peak shift expressed a linear relationship with the covered area and a quadratic relationship with the distance, which was consistent with simulation results. Additionally, the cell migration indicated that the transform growth factor-β (TGF-β) promoted the cancer cell migration. The terahertz metamaterial biosensor shows great potential for the investigation of cell biology in the future.
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Pampoukis G, Lytou AE, Argyri AA, Panagou EZ, Nychas GJE. Recent Advances and Applications of Rapid Microbial Assessment from a Food Safety Perspective. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:2800. [PMID: 35408414 PMCID: PMC9003504 DOI: 10.3390/s22072800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Unsafe food is estimated to cause 600 million cases of foodborne disease, annually. Thus, the development of methods that could assist in the prevention of foodborne diseases is of high interest. This review summarizes the recent progress toward rapid microbial assessment through (i) spectroscopic techniques, (ii) spectral imaging techniques, (iii) biosensors and (iv) sensors designed to mimic human senses. These methods often produce complex and high-dimensional data that cannot be analyzed with conventional statistical methods. Multivariate statistics and machine learning approaches seemed to be valuable for these methods so as to "translate" measurements to microbial estimations. However, a great proportion of the models reported in the literature misuse these approaches, which may lead to models with low predictive power under generic conditions. Overall, all the methods showed great potential for rapid microbial assessment. Biosensors are closer to wide-scale implementation followed by spectroscopic techniques and then by spectral imaging techniques and sensors designed to mimic human senses.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Pampoukis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.P.); (A.E.L.); (E.Z.P.)
- Food Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anastasia E. Lytou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.P.); (A.E.L.); (E.Z.P.)
| | - Anthoula A. Argyri
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, Sofokli Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrisi, Greece;
| | - Efstathios Z. Panagou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.P.); (A.E.L.); (E.Z.P.)
| | - George-John E. Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.P.); (A.E.L.); (E.Z.P.)
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Lee SH, Lee YK, Lee S, Kwak J, Song HS, Seo M. Detection and discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-derived peptides using THz metamaterials. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 202:113981. [PMID: 35086028 PMCID: PMC8758572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.113981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective assay techniques for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently received research attention due to its rapid worldwide spread and considerable risk to human health. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein in SARS-CoV-2, a key component for viral entry that has a unique sequence compared to other structural proteins, has been considered an important diagnostic target. In this respect, low-frequency vibrational modes have the advantage of providing information about compositional and structural dependencies at the peptide level. In this study, the sensitive and selective detection of peptides derived from the RBD in SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV was investigated using metamaterial-based sensing chips with a terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system. Based on their RBD sequences, two pairs of peptides with 20 residues each were prepared. The sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the proposed system were examined via quantitative analysis using THz metamaterials at three resonance frequencies, and it was found that the species could be discriminated based on their sequences. The THz signals were analyzed with regard to the major amino acid components of the peptides, and the molecular distributions were also investigated based on the hydropathy and net charge of the peptides.
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Anăstăsoaie V, Tomescu R, Kusko C, Mihalache I, Dinescu A, Parvulescu C, Craciun G, Caramizoiu S, Cristea D. Influence of Random Plasmonic Metasurfaces on Fluorescence Enhancement. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15041429. [PMID: 35207970 PMCID: PMC8874827 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the strategies employed to increase the sensitivity of the fluorescence-based biosensors is to deposit chromophores on plasmonic metasurfaces which are periodic arrays of resonating nano-antennas that allow the control of the electromagnetic field leading to fluorescence enhancement. While artificially engineered metasurfaces realized by micro/nano-fabrication techniques lead to a precise tailoring of the excitation field and resonant cavity properties, the technological overhead, small areas, and high manufacturing cost renders them unsuitable for mass production. A method to circumvent these challenges is to use random distribution of metallic nanoparticles sustaining plasmonic resonances, which present the properties required to significantly enhance the fluorescence. We investigate metasurfaces composed of random aggregates of metal nanoparticles deposited on a silicon and glass substrates. The finite difference time domain simulations of the interaction of the incident electromagnetic wave with the structures reveals a significant enhancement of the excitation field, which is due to the resonant plasmonic modes sustained by the nanoparticles aggregates. We experimentally investigated the role of these structures in the fluorescent behaviour of Rhodamine 6G dispersed in polymethylmethacrylate finding an enhancement that is 423-fold. This suggests that nanoparticle aggregates have the potential to constitute a suitable platform for low-cost, mass-produced fluorescent biosensors.
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Abramovich A, Azoulay Y, Rotshild D. Real-Time Metasurface Sensor for Monitoring Micropoisons in Aqueous Solutions Based on Gold Nanoparticles and Terahertz Spectroscopy. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22031279. [PMID: 35162024 PMCID: PMC8838523 DOI: 10.3390/s22031279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Proof of concept of a new real-time metasurface sensor for micropoison monitoring in aqueous solutions is proposed in this study. The sensor comprises a perfect absorber metasurface and gold nanoparticle layer on the front side of it. Frequency-domain terahertz spectroscopy system was used to measure the resonance frequency shift due to the presence of the micropoison. The perfect absorber metasurface sensor was fabricated using a double-sided FR4 substrate printed board circuit, which is very inexpensive. A significant increase in the metasurface sensor sensitivity was achieved by adding a gold nanoparticle layer to the gap of the double split rectangular resonator on the front side of the metasurface sensor.
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Yang R, Li Y, Qin B, Zhao D, Gan Y, Zheng J. Pesticide detection combining the Wasserstein generative adversarial network and the residual neural network based on terahertz spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1769-1776. [PMID: 35425184 PMCID: PMC8979129 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06905e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Feature extraction is a key factor to detect pesticides using terahertz spectroscopy. Compared to traditional methods, deep learning is able to obtain better insights into complex data features at high levels of abstraction. However, reports about the application of deep learning in THz spectroscopy are rare. The main limitation of deep learning to analyse terahertz spectroscopy is insufficient learning samples. In this study, we proposed a WGAN-ResNet method, which combines two deep learning networks, the Wasserstein generative adversarial network (WGAN) and the residual neural network (ResNet), to detect carbendazim based on terahertz spectroscopy. The Wasserstein generative adversarial network and pretraining model technology were employed to solve the problem of insufficient learning samples for training the ResNet. The Wasserstein generative adversarial network was used for generating more new learning samples. At the same time, pretraining model technology was applied to reduce the training parameters, in order to avoid residual neural network overfitting. The results demonstrate that our proposed method achieves a 91.4% accuracy rate, which is better than those of support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, naïve Bayes model and ensemble learning. In summary, our proposed method demonstrates the potential application of deep learning in pesticide residue detection, expanding the application of THz spectroscopy. We proposed a WGAN-ResNet method, which combines two deep learning networks, the Wasserstein generative adversarial network (WGAN) and residual neural network (ResNet), to detect carbendazim based on terahertz spectroscopy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhao Yang
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yulin Normal University Yulin China
| | - Yun Li
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University Yulin China
| | - Binyi Qin
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yulin Normal University Yulin China .,Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Complex System Optimization and Big Data Processing, Yulin Normal University Yulin China
| | - Di Zhao
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yulin Normal University Yulin China
| | - Yongjin Gan
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yulin Normal University Yulin China
| | - Jincun Zheng
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yulin Normal University Yulin China
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Park SJ, Parker‐Jervis RS, Cunningham JE. Enhanced Terahertz Spectral‐Fingerprint Detection of α‐Lactose Using Sub‐Micrometer‐Gap On‐Chip Waveguides. Advcd Theory and Sims 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sae June Park
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | | | - John E. Cunningham
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
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Zhang Z, Yang G, Fan F, Zhong C, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Chang S. Terahertz circular dichroism sensing of living cancer cells based on microstructure sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1180:338871. [PMID: 34538326 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) waves have the advantages of being noninvasive and nonionizing because of their low radiation energy, so they have potential applications in the biomedical field, but thus far, those have been limited by the strong absorption in water and low detection sensitivity. Herein, we propose a reflective THz time-domain circular dichroism (CD) sensing system and a silicon subwavelength grating as the microstructure sensor to generate and detect the THz chiral polarization states, to realize quantitative detection of living cell numbers and qualitative identification of cell kinds in a liquid environment. Three kinds of hepatoma cell proliferation and inhibition with different concentrations of aspirin were measured by this sensing method, and the experimental results show that the sensitivities for CD resonance intensity and frequency shift can reach 3.44 dB mL/106 cells and 5.88 GHz mL/106 cells, respectively, and the minimum detection concentration is in the order of 104 cells/mL for THz detection in a liquid environment for the first time. This new THz sensing system and sensing method are expected to become a broadband, label-free, noncontact, real-time detection technology that can be used for quantitative detection and qualitative identification of cells or other active biochemical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, Tianjin Cancer Institute, Liver Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Fei Fan
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Changzhi Zhong
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Cancer Research, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Cancer Research, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, Tianjin Cancer Institute, Liver Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Shengjiang Chang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Cherkasova OP, Serdyukov DS, Nemova EF, Ratushnyak AS, Kucheryavenko AS, Dolganova IN, Xu G, Skorobogatiy M, Reshetov IV, Timashev PS, Spektor IE, Zaytsev KI, Tuchin VV. Cellular effects of terahertz waves. J Biomed Opt 2021; 26:JBO-210179VR. [PMID: 34595886 PMCID: PMC8483303 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.9.090902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE An increasing interest in the area of biological effects at exposure of tissues and cells to the terahertz (THz) radiation is driven by a rapid progress in THz biophotonics, observed during the past decades. Despite the attractiveness of THz technology for medical diagnosis and therapy, there is still quite limited knowledge about safe limits of THz exposure. Different modes of THz exposure of tissues and cells, including continuous-wave versus pulsed radiation, various powers, and number and duration of exposure cycles, ought to be systematically studied. AIM We provide an overview of recent research results in the area of biological effects at exposure of tissues and cells to THz waves. APPROACH We start with a brief overview of general features of the THz-wave-tissue interactions, as well as modern THz emitters, with an emphasis on those that are reliable for studying the biological effects of THz waves. Then, we consider three levels of biological system organization, at which the exposure effects are considered: (i) solutions of biological molecules; (ii) cultures of cells, individual cells, and cell structures; and (iii) entire organs or organisms; special attention is devoted to the cellular level. We distinguish thermal and nonthermal mechanisms of THz-wave-cell interactions and discuss a problem of adequate estimation of the THz biological effects' specificity. The problem of experimental data reproducibility, caused by rareness of the THz experimental setups and an absence of unitary protocols, is also considered. RESULTS The summarized data demonstrate the current stage of the research activity and knowledge about the THz exposure on living objects. CONCLUSIONS This review helps the biomedical optics community to summarize up-to-date knowledge in the area of cell exposure to THz radiation, and paves the ways for the development of THz safety standards and THz therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P. Cherkasova
- Institute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation
| | - Danil S. Serdyukov
- Institute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Eugenia F. Nemova
- Institute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Ratushnyak
- Institute of Computational Technologies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Anna S. Kucheryavenko
- Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Irina N. Dolganova
- Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Russian Federation
- Sechenov University, World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Russian Federation
| | - Guofu Xu
- Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, Canada
| | | | - Igor V. Reshetov
- Sechenov University, Institute for Cluster Oncology, Russian Federation
- Academy of Postgraduate Education FSCC FMBA, Russian Federation
| | - Peter S. Timashev
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Russian Federation
- Sechenov University, World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Russian Federation
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Department of Polymers and Composites, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Russian Federation
| | - Igor E. Spektor
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill I. Zaytsev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Russian Federation
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russian Federation
| | - Valery V. Tuchin
- Saratov State University, Russian Federation
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- National Research Tomsk State University, Russian Federation
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Wang YD, Han FY, Zhao J, Zhang ZW, Wang D, Tan YH, Liu PK. Design of Double-Layer Electrically Extremely Small-Size Displacement Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:4923. [PMID: 34300662 DOI: 10.3390/s21144923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a displacement sensor with an electrically extremely small size and high sensitivity is proposed based on an elaborately designed metamaterial element, i.e., coupled split-ring resonators (SRRs). The sensor consists of a feeding structure with a rectangular opening loop and a sensing structure with double-layer coupled SRRs. The movable double-layer structures can be used to measure the relative displacement. The size of microwave displacement sensors can be significantly reduced due to the compact feeding and sensing structures. By adjusting the position of the split gap within the resonator, the detection directions of the displacement sensing can be further expanded accordingly (along with the x- or y-axis) without increasing its physical size. Compared with previous works, the extremely compact size of 0.05λ0 × 0.05λ0 (λ0 denotes the free-space wavelength), a high sensitivity, and a high quality factor (Q-factor) can be achieved by the proposed sensor. From the perspective of the advantages above, the proposed sensor holds promise for being applied in many high-precision industrial measurement scenarios.
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Yu E, Lee S, Lee G, Park Q, Chung AJ, Seo M, Ryu Y. Nanoscale Terahertz Monitoring on Multiphase Dynamic Assembly of Nanoparticles under Aqueous Environment. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2004826. [PMID: 34105290 PMCID: PMC8188200 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Probing the kinetic evolution of nanoparticle (NP) growth in liquids is essential for understanding complex nano-phases and their corresponding functions. Terahertz (THz) sensing, an emerging technology for next-generation laser photonics, has been developed with unique photonic features, including label-free, non-destructive, and molecular-specific spectral characteristics. Recently, metasurface-based sensing platforms have helped trace biomolecules by overcoming low THz absorption cross-sectional limits. However, the direct probing of THz signals in aqueous environments remains difficult. Here, the authors report that vertically aligned nanogap-hybridized metasurfaces can efficiently trap traveling NPs in the sensing region, thus enabling us to monitor the real-time kinetic evolution of NP assemblies in liquids. The THz photonics approach, together with an electric tweezing technique via spatially matching optical hotspots to particle trapping sites with a nanoscale spatial resolution, is highly promising for underwater THz analysis, forging a route toward unraveling the physicochemical events of nature within an ultra-broadband wavelength regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui‐Sang Yu
- Sensor System Research CentreKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Hun Lee
- Sensor System Research CentreKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
- Department of Optical EngineeringKumoh National Institute of TechnologyGumi39253Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Lee
- Sensor System Research CentreKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Q‐Han Park
- Department of PhysicsKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Aram J. Chung
- School of Biomedical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Seo
- Sensor System Research CentreKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and TechnologyKorea UniversitySeoul02481Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Sang Ryu
- Sensor System Research CentreKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and TechnologyKorea UniversitySeoul02481Republic of Korea
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Yim JH, Kim S, Kim Y, Cho S, Kim J, Ahn YH. Rapid 3D-Imaging of Semiconductor Chips Using THz Time-of-Flight Technique. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:4770. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a rapid three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight imaging tool for inspection of packaged semiconductor chips, using terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy techniques. A high-speed THz system based on the optical sampling by cavity tuning technique is incorporated with a 2-axis galvano scanner to deliver a scanning speed of more than 100 Hz/pixel with a signal-to-noise ratio larger than 20 dB. Through the use of the Hilbert transformation, we reconstruct the 3D structure of the packaged chip in a nondestructive manner. Additionally, the use of frequency-selective imaging allows us to manipulate image resolution; the higher resolution was obtained when monitored using the higher frequency component. Further, using phase information, we were able to detect and identify defects in the packaged chip, such as the delamination area and epoxy-rich regions.
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Di Girolamo F, Pagano M, Tredicucci A, Bitossi M, Paoletti R, Barzanti G, Benvenuti C, Roversi P, Toncelli A. Detection of fungal infections in chestnuts: a terahertz imaging-based approach. Food Control 2021; 123:107700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee SH, Roh Y, Lee SH, Ryu YS, Ju BK, Seo M. Direct comparison with terahertz metamaterials and surface-enhanced Raman scattering in a molecular-specific sensing performance. Opt Express 2021; 29:12-23. [PMID: 33362096 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Signal enhancement of spectroscopies including terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a critical issue for effective molecular detection and identification. In this study, the sensing performance between THz-TDS and SERS individually accompanied by the proper plasmonic subwavelength structures was compared. For the precisely quantitative study on the optical properties of rhodamine 6G (R6G) dyes, SERS incorporates with the non-linearly enhanced Raman emissions at the molecular characteristic peaks while THz-TDS refers to the transmittance change and the shift of the spectral resonance. The local molecular density-dependent trade-off relationship between limit-of-detection and quenching was observed from both measurements. The specificity for two samples, R6G and methylene blue, is determined by the discriminations in spectral features such as the intensity ratio of assigned peaks in SERS and transmittance difference in THz-TDS. The comprehension of field enhancement by the specific nanostructures was supported by the finite-element method-based numerical computations. As a result, both spectroscopic techniques with the well-tailored nanostructures show great potential for highly sensitive, reproducible, label-free, and cost-effective diagnosis tools in the biomedical fields.
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Baqir MA, Farmani A, Raza M, Akhtar MN, Hussain A. Engineering of metallic nanorod-based hyperbolic metamaterials for broadband applications operating in the infrared regime. Appl Nanosci 2021; 11:229-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01574-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The terahertz (THz) region lies between the microwave and infrared regions of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum such that it is strongly attenuated by water and very sensitive to water content. Here, we numerically present what is to our knowledge the detecting system based on THz reflectance spectral responses data in the diagnosis of in vivo and ex vivo of some cancer's samples such as skin, breast and colon cancer tissue samples. The numerical analysis on the use of semiconductor metamaterial design/device as a complex refractive index (CRI) biosensor have been carried out. We demonstrate the application of terahertz pulse detecting (TPD) in reflection geometry for the study of normal and cancerous biological tissues. THz radiation has very low photon energy and thus it does not pose any ionization hazard for biological tissues. The sensitivity of THz radiation to polar molecules, such as water, makes TPD suitable to study the diseases in human body. By studying the THz pulse shape in the time domain, we have been able to differentiate between diseased and normal tissue for the study of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), breast and colon cancers. These results demonstrate the potential of TPD for the study of skin tissue and its related disorders, both in vivo and ex vivo. Findings of this study demonstrate the potential of TPD to depict breast and colon cancers and both in vivo and ex vivo of skin cancer and encourage further studies to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Vafapour
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Afsaneh Keshavarz
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71946, Fars, Iran
| | - Hossain Ghahraloud
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345, Fars, Iran.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
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41
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Yaxin Z, Hongxin Z, Wei K, Lan W, Mittleman DM, Ziqiang Y. Terahertz smart dynamic and active functional electromagnetic metasurfaces and their applications. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190609. [PMID: 32921231 PMCID: PMC7536021 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The demand for smart and multi-functional applications in the terahertz (THz) frequency band, such as for communication, imaging, spectroscopy, sensing and THz integrated circuits, motivates the development of novel active, controllable and informational devices for manipulating and controlling THz waves. Metasurfaces are planar artificial structures composed of thousands of unit cells or metallic structures, whose size is either comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of the illuminated wave, which can efficiently interact with the THz wave and exhibit additional degrees of freedom to modulate the THz wave. In the past decades, active metasurfaces have been developed by combining diode arrays, two-dimensional active materials, two-dimensional electron gases, phase transition material films and other such elements, which can overcome the limitations of conventional bulk materials and structures for applications in compact THz multi-functional antennas, diffractive devices, high-speed data transmission and high-resolution imaging. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the development of dynamic and active functional electromagnetic metasurfaces and their applications in the THz band in recent years. Different kinds of active metasurfaces are cited and introduced. We believe that, in the future, active metasurfaces will be combined with digitalization and coding to yield more intelligent metasurfaces, which can be used to realize smart THz wave beam scanning, automatic target recognition imaging, self-adaptive directional high-speed data transmission network, biological intelligent detection and other such applications. This article is part of the theme issue 'Advanced electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation and smart monitoring'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yaxin
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng Hongxin
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Kou Wei
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Lan
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Yang Ziqiang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
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Shao Y, Gu W, Qiu YA, Wang S, Peng Y, Zhu Y, Zhuang S. Lipids monitoring in Scenedesmus obliquus based on terahertz technology. Biotechnol Biofuels 2020; 13:161. [PMID: 32944077 PMCID: PMC7493189 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae are considered as a source of low pollution and renewable fuel due to their ability to synthesize an abundance of lipids. Conventional methods for lipid quantification are time-consuming and chemically contaminated, while spectroscopic method combined with mathematical model is much more attractive due to its ability of qualitative and quantitative analysis of material composition, in this sense, terahertz technology provides not only timely and non-destructive testing without chemical pollution, but also provides information on the functional group vibration mode and structure of the measured components. Therefore, terahertz technology is utilized in our investigation and proposed for microalgae metabolism detection. RESULTS The aim of this study was to use terahertz spectroscopy to observe lipid content in Scenedesmus obliquus (S. obliquus). We collected the THz spectra of S. obliquus which were cultivated under nitrogen stress and terahertz spectroscopy was used to analyze changes in substance components (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and β-carotene). The PLS algorithm was used to model the terahertz data to distinguish the different lipid content of S. obliquus under nitrogen stress. The correlation coefficient of the prediction results of the lipid characteristic band modeling was above 0.991, and the root mean square error was less than 0.132. It indicated that terahertz technology can be used to discriminate S. obliquus cells under different nitrogen stress effectively. The correlation between the terahertz characteristic peak (9.3 THz) and the total lipid content determined by gravimetry reaches 0.960. The final results were compared with the commonly used spectroscopic methods for lipid observation (Raman spectroscopy). CONCLUSIONS In this article, we demonstrated the effectiveness of terahertz spectroscopy to monitor changes in microalgae lipid content under nitrogen stress. Terahertz spectroscopy is more suitable for industrial production or ordinary laboratories which require intermediate result with low-frequency screening. When quantifying microalgae lipids, the constraint of terahertz spectroscopy is far less than that of Raman spectroscopy, and it is easier for operator to accurately quantify microalgae lipid. In addition, it is still in early stage for the study of microalgae using terahertz spectroscopy technology, there is still much potential for us to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongni Shao
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Weimin Gu
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 China
| | - Y ating Qiu
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 China
| | - Shengfeng Wang
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 China
| | - Yan Peng
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - YiMing Zhu
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Songlin Zhuang
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 China
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Abstract
In this work, we demonstrated a phonon-polariton in the terahertz (THz) frequency range, generated in a crystallized lead halide perovskite film coated on metamaterials. When the metamaterial resonance was in tune with the phonon resonance of the perovskite film, Rabi splitting occurred due to the strong coupling between the resonances. The Rabi splitting energy was about 1.1 meV, which is larger than the metamaterial and phonon resonance line widths; the interaction potential estimation confirmed that the strong coupling regime was reached successfully. We were able to tune the polaritonic branches by varying the metamaterial resonance, thereby obtaining the dispersion curve with a clear anticrossing behavior. Additionally, we performed in situ THz spectroscopy as we annealed the perovskite film and studied the Rabi splitting as a function of the films' crystallization coverage. The Rabi splitting versus crystallization volume fraction exhibited a unique power-law scaling, depending on the crystal growth dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Sik Kim
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Na Young Ha
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Park
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Soonil Lee
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Dai-Sik Kim
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Yeong Hwan Ahn
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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Wang R, Xu W, Chen D, Zhou R, Wang Q, Gao W, Kono J, Xie L, Ying Y. Ultrahigh-Sensitivity Molecular Sensing with Carbon Nanotube Terahertz Metamaterials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:40629-40634. [PMID: 32805801 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) electromagnetic waves strongly interact with complex molecules, making THz spectroscopy a promising tool for high-sensitivity molecular detection, especially for biomedical applications. Metamaterials are typically used for enhancing THz-molecule interactions to achieve higher sensitivities. However, a primary challenge in THz molecular sensing based on metallic metamaterials is the limited tunability of optical constants of metals. Here, we present an ultrahigh-sensitivity molecular sensor based on carbon nanotube (CNT) THz metamaterials. The sensor, consisting of a CNT cut-wire array on a Si substrate prepared by a novel two-step method, exhibits a reflectance resonance whose frequency strongly varies with the substrate composition, geometries of periodic arrays, and analyte composition. We used this sensor to detect glucose, lactose, and chlorpyrifos-methyl molecules, achieving limit-of-detection values of 30, 40, and 10 ng/mL (S/N = 3), respectively, higher than that of metallic metamaterials by 2 orders of magnitude. We attribute this ultrahigh sensitivity to the high conductivity of CNTs and the efficient adsorption of the target analyte by CNTs through van der Waals forces and π-π stacking. These easy-to-fabricate CNT-based THz metamaterials pave the way for versatile and reliable ultrahigh-sensitivity THz molecular detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqian Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wendao Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dinghao Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruiyun Zhou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weilu Gao
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, United States
- The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, United States
| | - Lijuan Xie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Park SJ, Cunningham J. Determination of Permittivity of Dielectric Analytes in the Terahertz Frequency Range Using Split Ring Resonator Elements Integrated with On-Chip Waveguide. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E4264. [PMID: 32751737 DOI: 10.3390/s20154264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the use of finite-element simulations as a novel method for determining the dielectric property of target materials in the terahertz (THz) frequency range using split-ring resonator (SRR) sensing elements integrated into a planar Goubau line (PGL) waveguide. Five such SRRs were designed to support resonances at specific target frequencies. The origin of resonance modes was identified by investigating the electric field distribution and surface current modes in each SRR. Red-shifts were found in the resonances upon deposition of overlaid test dielectric layers that saturated for thicknesses above 10 µm. We also confirmed that the SRRs can work as independent sensors by depositing the analyte onto each individually. The relation between the permittivity of the target material and the saturated resonant frequency was obtained in each case, and was used to extract the permittivity of a test dielectric layer at six different frequencies in the range of 200–700 GHz as an example application. Our approach enables the permittivity of small volumes of analytes to be determined at a series of discrete frequencies up to ~1 THz.
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46
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Ma Y, Li J, Han Z, Maeda H, Ma Y. Bragg-Mirror-Assisted High-Contrast Plasmonic Interferometers: Concept and Potential in Terahertz Sensing. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10071385. [PMID: 32708603 PMCID: PMC7407300 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A Bragg-mirror-assisted terahertz (THz) high-contrast and broadband plasmonic interferometer is proposed and theoretically investigated for potential sensing applications. The central microslit couples the incident THz wave into unidirectional surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) waves travelling to the bilateral Bragg gratings, where they are totally reflected over a wide wavelength range back towards the microslit. The properties of interference between the SPPs waves and transmitted THz wave are highly dependent on the surrounding material, offering a flexible approach for the realization of refractive index (RI) detection. The systematic study reveals that the proposed interferometric sensor possesses wavelength sensitivity as high as 167 μm RIU-1 (RIU: RI unit). More importantly, based on the intensity interrogation method, an ultrahigh Figure-of-Merit (FoM) of 18,750% RIU-1, surpassing that of previous plasmonic sensors, is obtained due to the high-contrast of interference pattern. The results also demonstrated that the proposed sensors are also quite robust against the oblique illumination. It is foreseen the proposed configuration may open up new horizons in developing THz plasmonic sensing platforms and next-generation integrated THz circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youqiao Ma
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
| | - Zhanghua Han
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China;
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan;
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada;
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Park SJ, Cunningham J. Effect of Substrate Etching on Terahertz Metamaterial Resonances and Its Liquid Sensing Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E3133. [PMID: 32492949 DOI: 10.3390/s20113133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of substrate etching on terahertz frequency range metamaterials using finite-element method simulations. A blue shift was found in the metamaterial resonance with increasing substrate etch depth, caused by a decrease in the effective refractive index. The relative contribution of the substrate’s refractive index to the effective refractive index was obtained as a function of the etch depth, finding that the decay length of the electric field magnitude below the LC gap is larger for the etched metamaterials due to their lower effective refractive index. We suggest designs for a terahertz metamaterial liquid sensor utilizing substrate etching which shows a significant enhancement in sensitivity compared to unetched sensors using ethanol as an example analyte. The sensitivity of the liquid sensor was enhanced by up to ~6.7-fold, from 76.4 to 514.5 GHz/RIU, for an ethanol liquid layer with a thickness of 60 μm by the incorporation of a substrate etch depth of 30 µm. Since the region of space close to the metamaterial is the most sensitive, however, we find that for small liquid thicknesses, larger etch depths can act to decrease sensitivity, and provide quantitative estimates of this effect.
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48
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Cui N, Guan M, Xu M, Fang W, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Zeng Y. Design and application of terahertz metamaterial sensor based on DSRRs in clinical quantitative detection of carcinoembryonic antigen. Opt Express 2020; 28:16834-16844. [PMID: 32549497 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The terahertz (THz) metamaterial biosensor has great potential for label-free and rapid specificity testing. Here, we designed two highly sensitive structures to detect the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) of the cancer biomarker in early stages. There was about 29 GHz (500 ng/ml) resonance shift for CEA with an insert grate metamaterial, which was consistent with simulation results. Moreover, the concentration of CEA was gained through the relationship between the cancer marker concentration and frequency shift (Δƒ). Our design and detection methods may provide a potential route for the early warning stages of cancer.
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49
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Taleb F, Al-Naib I, Koch M. Free-Standing Complementary Asymmetric Metasurface for Terahertz Sensing Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20082265. [PMID: 32316256 PMCID: PMC7219036 DOI: 10.3390/s20082265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We designed and tested a highly sensitive metasurface device based on free-standing complementary asymmetric split-ring resonators at terahertz frequencies. It is utilized for sensing a galactose film. We characterized the device using the induced red shift of a Fano resonance observed in the THz transmission. The sensor has a high sensitivity of 91.7 GHz/RIU due to a significant interaction between the galactose overlayer and the metasurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Taleb
- Faculty of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ibraheem Al-Naib
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Martin Koch
- Faculty of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
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Adomat Y, Orzechowski G, Pelger M, Haas R, Bartak R, Nagy-kovács ZÁ, Appels J, Grischek T. New Methods for Microbiological Monitoring at Riverbank Filtration Sites. Water 2020; 12:584. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water suppliers aim to achieve microbiological stability throughout their supply system by regular monitoring of water quality. Monitoring temporal biomass dynamics at high frequency is time consuming due to the labor-intensive nature and limitations of conventional, cultivation-based detection methods. The goal of this study was to assess the value of new rapid monitoring methods for quantifying and characterizing dynamic fluctuations in bacterial biomass. Using flow cytometry and two precise enzymatic detection methods, bacterial biomass-related parameters were monitored at three riverbank filtration sites. Additionally, the treatment capacity of an ultrafiltration pilot plant was researched using online flow-cytometry. The results provide insights into microbiological quality of treated water and emphasize the value of rapid, easy and sensitive alternatives to traditional bacterial monitoring techniques.
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