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Swain S, Pattanaik S, Chanda A, Akhand A, Sahu RN, Majhi A, Panda CR, Satapathy DR, Sahoo RK, Roy R. Multi-annual variability of pCO 2(aq) and air-water CO 2 flux in the mangrove-dominated Dhamra Estuary draining into the Bay of Bengal (India). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:111021-111038. [PMID: 37798521 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Small estuaries often remain neglected while characterizing air-water CO2 flux dynamics. This study reports the seasonal, spatial, and multi-annual variability of carbon biogeochemistry, emphasizing air-water CO2 flux from a small tropical mangrove-dominated estuary (Dhamra Estuary) of the Bay of Bengal, based on the 9-year-long sampling survey (2013 to 2021). The sampling covered twelve pre-fixed locations of this estuary. A suite of biogeochemical parameters was kept within the purview of this study to deliniate the interrelationship between CO2 fluxes and potential factors that can regulate/govern pCO2(aq) dynamics. Air water CO2 exchange rates were calculated using five globally accepted empirical gas transfer velocity equations and varied in a range of - 832.5 to 7904 μmol m-2 h-1. The estuary was a sink for CO2 in monsoon season, having the highest average flux rates of - 380.9 ± 125.5 μmol m-2 h-1, whereas a source in pre-monsoon (38.29 ± 913.1 μmol m-2 h-1) and post-monsoon (91.81 ± 1009.8 μmol m-2 h-1). The significant factors governing pCO2 were pH, salinity, total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). This long-term seasonal study emphasizes the need to include small regional estuaries for more accurate estimates of global CO2 flux to upscale the global carbon budget and its controlling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Swain
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
- Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Baripada, Odisha, 757003, India
| | - Suchismita Pattanaik
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India.
| | - Abhra Chanda
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Anirban Akhand
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rabi Narayan Sahu
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | - Arakshita Majhi
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | - Chitta Ranjan Panda
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | | | - Ranajit Kumar Sahoo
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | - Rajdeep Roy
- National Remote Sensing Centre - Indian Space Research Organization, Hyderabad, 500037, India
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Swain S, Pattanaik S, Akhand A, Chanda A, Sahu RN, Majhi A, Panda CR, Satapathy DR, Sahoo RK, Roy R, Vedabrata A. Interannual and seasonal variability and future forecasting of pCO 2(water) using the ARIMA model and CO 2 fluxes in a tropical estuary. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1225. [PMID: 37725220 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal and interannual variation in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in water [pCO2(water)] and air-water CO2 exchange in the Mahanadi estuary situated on the east coast of India was studied between March 2013 and March 2021. The principal aim of the study was to analyze the spatiotemporal variability and future trend of pCO2 and air-water CO2 fluxes along with the related carbonate chemistry parameters like water temperature, pH, salinity, nutrients, and total alkalinity, over 9 years. The seasonal CO2 flux over nine years was also calculated using five worldwide accepted equations. The seasonal map of pCO2(water) followed a general trend of being high in monsoon (2628 ± 3484 μatm) associated with high river inflow and low during pre-monsoon (445.6 ± 270.0 μatm). High pCO2 in water compared to the atmosphere (average 407.6-409.4 μatm) was observed in the estuary throughout the sampling period. The CO2 efflux computed using different gas transfer velocity formulas was also consistent with pCO2 water acquiring the peak during monsoon in the Mahanadi estuary (6033 ± 9478 μmol m-2 h-1) and trough during pre-monsoon (21.66± 187.2 μmol m-2 h-1). The estuary acted as a net source of CO2 throughout the study period, with significant seasonality in the flux magnitudes. However, CO2 sequestration via photosynthesis by phytoplankton resulted in lower emission rates toward the atmosphere in summer. This study uses the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to forecast pCO2(water) for the future. Using measured and predicted values, our work demonstrated that pCO2(water) has an upward trend in the Mahanadi estuary. Our results demonstrate that long-term observations from estuaries should be prioritized to upscale the global carbon budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Swain
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
- Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Baripada, Odisha, 757003, India
| | - Suchismita Pattanaik
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India.
| | - Anirban Akhand
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abhra Chanda
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Rabi Narayan Sahu
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | - Arakshita Majhi
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | - Chitta Ranjan Panda
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | | | - Ranajit Kumar Sahoo
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | - Rajdeep Roy
- National Remote Sensing Centre-Indian Space Research Organization, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Arya Vedabrata
- ByteIQ Analytics Private Limited, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
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Khan MA, Kumar S, Roy R, Prakash S, Lotliker AA, Baliarsingh SK. Effects of tidal cycle on greenhouse gases emissions from a tropical estuary. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 189:114733. [PMID: 36827771 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The potential effects of tidal and diel cycles on fluxes and concentrations of carbon dioxide (pCO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) along with associated biogeochemical processes remain poorly understood in tropical estuaries. The present study, based on six-hourly sampling for nine consecutive days at three locations along the salinity gradient in the Mahanadi estuary of India, revealed that the tidal forcing affected pCO2 and CH4 in the mixing zone with elevated concentrations during low tide with maximum concentrations up to 21,606 μatm and 285 μM, respectively. pCO2 increased with decrease in tidal height within low and high tide duration as well, possibly due to higher relative contribution of freshwater with high CO2. N2O, on the other hand, showed no significant variability with tidal cycle or water level fluctuation during high and low tide. Barring the offshore region, the study area was source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Atif Khan
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Earth Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India.
| | - Rajdeep Roy
- Regional Remote Sensing Centre - East, National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Kolkata, India
| | - Satya Prakash
- Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aneesh A Lotliker
- Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanjiba Kumar Baliarsingh
- Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Hyderabad, India
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Muduli PR, Barik M, Nanda S, Pattnaik AK. Impact of extreme events on the transformation of hydrological characteristics of Asia's largest brackish water system, Chilika Lake. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:668. [PMID: 35962808 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The earth is experiencing the impact of climate change due to global warming. Lake ecosystems are no exception and are expected to cope with the consequences of extreme climatic events (hereafter ECE), such as storms, floods, and droughts. These events have significant potential to alter the hydrological characteristics (HC) influencing the physical, chemical, and biological behavior of lake ecosystems. Considering such ecosystem's high-value services and benefits, it is the need of the hour to monitor and evaluate the impact of ECE on lake ecosystems. The second-largest brackish water system in the world, Chilika Lake, situated at the shore of the Bay of Bengal (BoB), has encountered a total of 1306 tropical cyclonic storms in the last 131 years. Since most tropical cyclones lead to heavy floods, this could be devastating for the ecosystem and its services. Hence, in order to bridge the knowledge gap, the present study was carried out to understand its impact, based on the available field data of more than two decades (1999 to 2020) and historical records of ECE and HC since 1840 and 1915 respectively from the literature. The study revealed that the ECE attributed to short-term changes in HC which were reflected through an immediate change in trophic state index (TSI, indicator of lake health) and trophic switchover (net autotrophic to heterotrophic) between net sink and source of carbon dioxide (CO2) in specific regions. This study showed that both the ECE as well as a human intervention (opening of the new mouth) had an integrated role in the maintenance of HC within the lake as indicated by the variability of salinity level which is the lifeblood of the Chilika. Major ECE factors which controlled the salinity in Chilika were freshwater input through cyclone-induced flash flooding and seawater exchange through varying mouth conditions, i.e., opening of the new mouth, shifting, and widening of existing mouths due to cyclone impacts. The impact of the cyclone-induced flash flood was sustained for a couple of months to years depending on the magnitudes. As evidenced from the historical data available for ECEs, respective mouth variability, and salinity regime, ECE was found to maintain the salinity regime of the lake in the long run. Since the hydrological characteristics are found to be maintained through ECE as well as human intervention, the Chilika Lake recorded a substantial increase in fishery, seagrasses, Irrawaddy dolphins, migratory birds, and reduction in weed infestation. This study highlights the importance of historical data collection through a continuous systematic lake monitoring program which would enable understanding the ecosystem functioning and behavior with ECE-induced changing environmental conditions which is also a key component for formulating a sustainable management action plan for lake ecosystems around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ranjan Muduli
- Chilika Development Authority, Wetland Research and Training Center, Khordha, Odisha, 752030, India.
| | - Manas Barik
- Chilika Development Authority, Wetland Research and Training Center, Khordha, Odisha, 752030, India
| | - Susanta Nanda
- Chilika Development Authority, Wetland Research and Training Center, Khordha, Odisha, 752030, India
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Nayna OK, Sarma VVSS, Begum MS, Hartmann J, Kumar S, Tareq SM, Park JH. Reassessing riverine carbon dioxide emissions from the Indian subcontinent. Sci Total Environ 2022; 816:151610. [PMID: 34793807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic perturbations are increasing uncertainties in estimating CO2 emissions via air-water CO2 flux (FCO2) from large rivers of the Indian subcontinent. This study aimed to provide an improved estimate of the total FCO2 from the subcontinental rivers by combining calculations of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in eight major rivers with new measurements in the Ganges and Godavari. The average pCO2 in the two newly surveyed rivers, including tributaries, wastewater drains, and impoundments, were 3-6 times greater than the previously reported values. In some highly polluted urban tributaries and middle reaches of the Ganges that drain metropolitan areas, the measured pCO2 exceeded 20,000 μatm, ~40 times the background levels of the headwaters originating in the carbonate-rich Himalayas. The high pCO2 above 28,000 μatm in the lower reach of the Godavari was seven times the moderate levels of pCO2 in the headwaters of the volcanic Deccan Traps, indicating enhanced CO2 production in soils and anthropogenic sources under favorable conditions for organic matter degradation. Across the northern rivers, pCO2 exhibited a significant negative relationship with dissolved oxygen, but a positive relationship with inorganic N or P concentrations. The strong influence of water pollution on riverine pCO2 suggests that CO2 emissions from hypoxic, eutrophic reaches can greatly exceed phytoplanktonic CO2 uptake. Spatially resolved pCO2 data, combined with three gas transfer velocity estimates, provided a higher range of FCO2 from the subcontinental rivers (100.9-130.2 Tg CO2 yr-1) than the previous estimates (7.5-61.2 Tg CO2 yr-1). The revised estimates representing 2-5% of the global riverine FCO2 illustrate the importance of the Indian subcontinental rivers under increasing anthropogenic pressures in constraining global inland waters FCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omme K Nayna
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Vedula V S S Sarma
- National Institute of Oceanography, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Most Shirina Begum
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jens Hartmann
- Institute for Geology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Shafi M Tareq
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Ji-Hyung Park
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Verma K, Pandey J. Collateral implications of carbon and metal pollution on carbon dioxide emission at land-water interface of the Ganga River. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:24203-24218. [PMID: 34822092 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 source and sink is among the most debated issues that have puzzled climate change geochemist for decades. Here, we tested whether heavy metal pollutants in river sediments favor preservation of organic matter through shielding microbial degradation. We measured CO2 emission and extracellular enzyme activities at land-water interface (LWI) of 7 sites along a 285 km main stem of the Ganga River and 60 locations up- and downstream of two contrasting point sources discharging urban (Assi drain; Asdr) and industrial (Ramnagar drain; Rmdr) wastewaters to the river. We found the lowest CO2 flux at Rmdr mouth characterized by the highest concentrations of Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd. The fluxes were relatively higher at locations up- and downstream Rmdr. Substrate induced respiration (SIR), protease, FDAase, and β-D-glucosidase all showed a similar trend, but phenol oxidase and alkaline phosphatase showed opposite trend at the main river stem and Asdr. Sites rich in terrestrially derived organic matter have high phenol oxidase activity with low CO2 emission. The CO2 emission in the main river stem showed curvilinear relationships with total heavy metals (∑THM; R2 = 0.68; p < 0.001) and TOC (R2 = 0.65; p < 0.001). The dynamic fit model of main stem data showed that the ∑THM above 337.4 µg g-1 were able to significantly decrease the activities of protease, FDAase, and β-D-glucosidase. The study has implications for understanding C-cycling in human-impacted river sediments where metal pollution shields microbial degradation consequently carbon and nutrient release and merits attention towards river management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Verma
- Ganga River Ecology Research Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jitendra Pandey
- Ganga River Ecology Research Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Ghosh J, Chakraborty K, Chanda A, Akhand A, Bhattacharya T, Das S, Das I, Hazra S, Choudhury SB, Wells M. Outwelling of total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon from the Hooghly River to the adjacent coastal Bay of Bengal. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:415. [PMID: 34117931 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal variability of the lateral flux of total alkalinity (TAlk) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of the tropical Hooghly estuary is analyzed in this work. In situ observations of water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, TAlk, and pH were measured in four different stations of the Hooghly estuary. It was measured once every month during 2015-2016, and subsequently, DIC was estimated. A carbon budget was constructed to quantify carbon flows through the freshwater-marine continuum of the Hooghly estuary, and plausible impacts on the adjacent coastal ocean, the northern Bay of Bengal, were examined. The biogeochemical mass balance box model was used to compute the seasonal flow of carbon flux, and subsequently, the annual budgeting of lateral fluxes of TAlk and DIC to the adjacent coastal ocean was carried out. The net annual TAlk and DIC flux from the Hooghly estuary to the adjacent coastal ocean were 4.45 ± 1.90 × 1011 mol and 4.59 ± 1.70 × 1011 mol, respectively. The net annual DIC flux of the Hooghly estuary is about 30 to 60 times higher than surface area integrated air-water CO2 flux, which is an indication of promoting acidification in the adjacent coastal ocean. The present study indicates that the lateral DIC flux has increased substantially in the Hooghly estuary during the last two decades. The increase in inorganic carbon load in the Hooghly estuary due to the enhanced discharge of inorganic and organic matter load in the upper reaches of the estuary led to this increase in lateral DIC flux. The results strongly establish the need of having such regional studies for better understanding the estuarine carbon dynamics, and its role in controlling the adjacent coastal ocean dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Ghosh
- Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Hyderabad, India
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, India
| | - Kunal Chakraborty
- Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Abhra Chanda
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirban Akhand
- Coastal and Estuarine Environment Research Group, Port and Airport Research Institute, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Trishneeta Bhattacharya
- Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sourav Das
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Isha Das
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Sugata Hazra
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - S B Choudhury
- Department of Space, National Remote Sensing Centre, Government of India, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mark Wells
- School of Marine Science, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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Chanda A, Das S, Bhattacharyya S, Akhand A, Das I, Samanta S, Choudhury SB, Hazra S. CO 2 effluxes from an urban tidal river flowing through two of the most populated and polluted cities of India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:30093-30107. [PMID: 32447735 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urbanized rivers flowing through polluted megacities receive substantial amount of carbon from domestic sewage and industrial effluents which can significantly alter the air-water CO2 flux rates. In this regard, we quantified the partial pressure of CO2 in the surface water (pCO2(water)), air-water CO2 fluxes, and associated biogeochemical parameters in the Hooghly River, India, flowing through two of the most polluted cities of the country, Kolkata and Howrah, over a complete annual cycle during spring tidal phase (SP) and neap tidal phase (NP). This urbanized part of Hooghly River was always supersaturated with CO2 having an annual mean pCO2(water) and air-water CO2 flux of ~ 3800 μatm and ~ 49 mol C m-2 year-1, respectively. Significant seasonal variability was observed for both pCO2(water) and air-water CO2 flux (pre-monsoon, 3038 ± 539 μatm and 5049 ± 964 μmol m-2 h-1; monsoon, 4609 ± 711 μatm and 7918 ± 1400 μmol m-2 h-1; post-monsoon, 2558 ± 258 μatm and 4048 ± 759 μmol m-2 h-1, respectively). Monthly mean pH and total alkalinity varied from 7.482 to 8.099 and from 2437 to 4136 μmol kg-1, respectively, over the annual cycle. pCO2(water) showed significant positive correlation with turbidity and negative correlation with electrical conductivity and gross primary productivity (GPP). High water discharge could have facilitated high turbidity, especially during the monsoon season, which led to depletion in GPP and enhancement in pCO2(water) which in turn led to very high CO2 effluxes. The CO2 efflux rate in this urbanized riverine stretch was substantially higher than that observed in previous studies carried out in the less urbanized estuarine stretch of Hooghly. This indicates that the presence of highly urbanized and polluted metropolis potentially enhanced the pCO2(water) and CO2 effluxes of this river. Similar observations were made recently in some Asian and Australian urban rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhra Chanda
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India.
| | - Sourav Das
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Sourav Bhattacharyya
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Anirban Akhand
- Coastal and Estuarine Environment Research Group, Port and Airport Research Institute, 3-1-1, Nagase, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-0826, Japan
| | - Isha Das
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Sourav Samanta
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Saroj Bandhu Choudhury
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Department of Space, Government of India, Hyderabad, Telengana, 500042, India
| | - Sugata Hazra
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
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Herrmann M, Najjar RG, Da F, Friedman JR, Friedrichs MAM, Goldberger S, Menendez A, Shadwick EH, Stets EG, St‐Laurent P. Challenges in Quantifying Air-Water Carbon Dioxide Flux Using Estuarine Water Quality Data: Case Study for Chesapeake Bay. J Geophys Res Oceans 2020; 125:e2019JC015610. [PMID: 32728507 PMCID: PMC7380316 DOI: 10.1029/2019jc015610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries play an uncertain but potentially important role in the global carbon cycle via CO2 outgassing. The uncertainty mainly stems from the paucity of studies that document the full spatial and temporal variability of estuarine surface water partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( pCO2). Here, we explore the potential of utilizing the abundance of pH data from historical water quality monitoring programs to fill the data void via a case study of the mainstem Chesapeake Bay (eastern United States). We calculate pCO2 and the air-water CO2 flux at monthly resolution from 1998 to 2018 from tidal fresh to polyhaline waters, paying special attention to the error estimation. The biggest error is due to the pH measurement error, and errors due to the gas transfer velocity, temporal sampling, the alkalinity mixing model, and the organic alkalinity estimation are 72%, 27%, 15%, and 5%, respectively, of the error due to pH. Seasonal, interannual, and spatial variability in the air-water flux and surface pCO2 is high, and a correlation analysis with oxygen reveals that this variability is driven largely by biological processes. Averaged over 1998-2018, the mainstem bay is a weak net source of CO2 to the atmosphere of 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) mol m-2 yr-1 (best estimate and 95% confidence interval). Our findings suggest that the abundance of historical pH measurements in estuaries around the globe should be mined in order to constrain the large spatial and temporal variability of the CO2 exchange between estuaries and the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Herrmann
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Raymond G. Najjar
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Fei Da
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceCollege of William & MaryGloucester PointVAUSA
| | - Jaclyn R. Friedman
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceCollege of William & MaryGloucester PointVAUSA
| | | | - Sreece Goldberger
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Alana Menendez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The City College of New YorkCity University of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | | | - Pierre St‐Laurent
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceCollege of William & MaryGloucester PointVAUSA
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Zanardi-Lamardo E, Mitra S, Vieira-Campos AA, Cabral CB, Yogui GT, Sarkar SK, Biswas JK, Godhantaraman N. Distribution and sources of organic contaminants in surface sediments of Hooghly river estuary and Sundarban mangrove, eastern coast of India. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 146:39-49. [PMID: 31426172 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT-related pesticides in surface sediments of Hooghly estuary and the Sundarban mangrove wetlands. Concentrations of ∑17PAH, ∑182PCB and ∑6DDT ranged from 15.4 to 1731, not detected (nd) to 13.5 and nd to 8.97 ng g-1 dry weight, respectively. Low levels of PCBs and low to moderate concentrations of DDTs and PAHs reflected recent development in West Bengal, which was dominated by agriculture and multifarious industries in the past. Diagnostic ratios suggested that major sources of PAHs are combustion processes, DDTs are input by agriculture, antifouling paints and public health campaigns, and organochlorines are predominantly from industrial origin. Heavier PCB congeners suggest local sources and short-range transport of such chemicals. Decision makers may use these findings for managing the Hooghly River watershed in order to promote a sustainable development on the eastern coast of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos (OrganoMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, 50740-550, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India
| | - Amanda Alves Vieira-Campos
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos (OrganoMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, 50740-550, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Carolina Barbosa Cabral
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos (OrganoMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, 50740-550, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Gilvan Takeshi Yogui
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos (OrganoMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, 50740-550, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Santosh Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies and International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, India
| | - Nallamuthu Godhantaraman
- UGC Human Resource Development Centre & Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Madras, Chepauk Campus, Chennai 600 005, India
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Ray R, Baum A, Rixen T, Gleixner G, Jana TK. Exportation of dissolved (inorganic and organic) and particulate carbon from mangroves and its implication to the carbon budget in the Indian Sundarbans. Sci Total Environ 2018; 621:535-547. [PMID: 29195202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are known for exchanging organic and inorganic carbon with estuaries and oceans but studies that have estimated their contribution to the global budget are limited to a few mangrove ecosystems which exclude world's largest the Sundarbans. Here, we worked in the Indian Sundarbans and in the Hooghly river/estuary in May (pre-monsoon) and December (post-monsoon), 2014. Aims were, i) to quantify the riverine export of particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC, DIC)) of the Hooghly into the Bay of Bengal (BoB), ii) to estimate the C export (DOC, DIC, POC) from the Sundarbans into the BoB by using a simple mixing model, as well as iii) to revise the existing C budget constructed for the mangroves. The riverine exports of POC, DOC and DIC account for 0.07TgCyr-1, 0.34TgCyr-1 and 4.14TgCyr-1, respectively, and were largest during the monsoon period. Results revealed that mangrove plant derived organic matter and its subsequent degradation is the primary source of DIC and DOC in the Hooghly estuary whereas POC is linked to soil erosion. Mangroves are identified as a major source of carbon (POC, DOC, DIC) transported from the Sundarbans into the BoB, with export rates of 0.58 TgCyr-1, 3.03TgCyr-1, and 3.69TgCyr-1 respectively, altogether amounting to 7.3TgCyr-1. This C export from the Indian Sundarbans exceeds the 'missing C' of the previous budget, thus necessitating further research to finally resolve the mangrove C budget. However, these first baseline data on C exports from the world's largest deltaic mangrove improves limited global data inventory and signifies the need of acquiring more data from different mangrove settings to reduce uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ray
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research; Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - A Baum
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research; Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - T Rixen
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research; Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - G Gleixner
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoell Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - T K Jana
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 B. C. Road, Kolkata 700019, India
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Ray R, Shahraki M. Multiple sources driving the organic matter dynamics in two contrasting tropical mangroves. Sci Total Environ 2016; 571:218-227. [PMID: 27474833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have selected two different mangroves based on their geological, hydrological and climatological variations to investigate the origin (terrestrial, phytobenthos derived, and phytoplankton derived) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) in the water column and the sedimentary OC using elemental ratios and stable isotopes. Qeshm Island, representing the Iranian mangroves received no attention before this study in terms of DOC, POC biogeochemistry and their sources unlike the Sundarbans (Indian side), the world's largest mangrove system. Slightly higher DOC concentrations in the Iranian mangroves were recorded in our field campaigns between 2011 and 2014, compared to the Sundarbans (315±25μM vs. 278±42μM), owing to the longer water residence times, while 9-10 times greater POC concentration (303±37μM, n=82) was linked to both suspended load (345±104mgL(-1)) and high algal production. Yearlong phytoplankton bloom in the mangrove-lined Persian Gulf was reported to be the perennial source of both POC and DOC contributing 80-86% to the DOC and 90-98% to the POC pool. Whereas in the Sundarbans, riverine input contributed 50-58% to the DOC pool and POC composition was regulated by the seasonal litter fall, river discharge and phytoplankton production. Algal derived organic matter (microphytobenthos) represented the maximum contribution (70-76%) to the sedimentary OC at Qeshm Island, while mangrove leaf litters dominated the OC pool in the Indian Sundarbans. Finally, hydrographical settings (i.e. riverine transport) appeared to be the determinant factor in differentiating OM sources in the water column between the dry and wet mangroves.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ray
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, UBO, UMR 6539 LEMAR, rue Dumont dUrville, 29280 Plouzane, France; Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - M Shahraki
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Padhy PC, Nayak RK, Dadhwal VK, Salim M, Mitra D, Chaudhury SB, Rao PR, Rao KH, Dutt CS. Estimation of Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide and Air-Sea Fluxes in Hooghly Estuary Based on In Situ and Satellite Observations. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2016; 44:135-143. [DOI: 10.1007/s12524-015-0459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Xu J, Sun M, Shi Z, Harrison PJ, Liu H. Response of bacterial metabolic activity to riverine dissolved organic carbon and exogenous viruses in estuarine and coastal waters: implications for CO2 emission. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102490. [PMID: 25036641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-transplant experiment between estuarine water and seawater was conducted to examine the response of bacterial metabolic activity to riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) input under virus-rich and virus-free conditions, as well as to exogenous viruses. Riverine DOC input increased bacterial production significantly, but not bacterial respiration (BR) because of its high lability. The bioavailable riverine DOC influenced bulk bacterial respiration in two contrasting ways; it enhanced the bulk BR by stimulating bacterial growth, but simultaneously reduced the cell-specific BR due to its high lability. As a result, there was little stimulation of the bulk BR by riverine DOC. This might be partly responsible for lower CO2 degassing fluxes in estuaries receiving high sewage-DOC that is highly labile. Viruses restricted microbial decomposition of riverine DOC dramatically by repressing the growth of metabolically active bacteria. Bacterial carbon demand in the presence of viruses only accounted for 7–12% of that in the absence of viruses. Consequently, a large fraction of riverine DOC was likely transported offshore to the shelf. In addition, marine bacteria and estuarine bacteria responded distinctly to exogenous viruses. Marine viruses were able to infect estuarine bacteria, but not as efficiently as estuarine viruses, while estuarine viruses infected marine bacteria as efficiently as marine viruses. We speculate that the rapid changes in the viral community due to freshwater input destroyed the existing bacteria-virus relationship, which would change the bacterial community composition and affect the bacterial metabolic activity and carbon cycling in this estuary.
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Akhand A, Chanda A, Dutta S, Manna S, Sanyal P, Hazra S, Rao KH, Dadhwal VK. Dual character of Sundarban estuary as a source and sink of CO2 during summer: an investigation of spatial dynamics. Environ Monit Assess 2013; 185:6505-6515. [PMID: 23264059 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-3042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive attempt has been made to evaluate the diurnal and spatial pattern of CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and water along the estuarine track of Indian Sundarbans during the two summer months, April and May, 2011. Rigorous field observations were carried out which included the hourly measurements of total alkalinity, pH, fugacity of CO2 in ambient air and water surface, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll a. The estuarine water was found rich in total alkalinity and was oversaturated with CO2 throughout the diurnal cycle in the two stations situated at the inner and middle estuary, respectively, whereas an entirely reverse situation was observed in the outer fringes. The fugacity of CO2 in water ranged from 152 to 657 μatm during the study period. The percentage of over-saturation in inner and middle estuary varied from 103 to 168 and 103 to 176 %, respectively, whereas the degree of under-saturation in the outer estuary lied between 40 and 99 %. Chlorophyll a concentrations were found higher in the outer estuary (12.3 ± 2.2 mg m(-3)) compared to the middle (6.4 ± 0.6 mg m(-3)) and inner parts (1.6 ± 0.2 mg m(-3)), followed by a similar decreasing pattern in nutrient availability from the outer to inner estuary. The sampling stations situated at the inner and middle estuary acted as a net source of 29.69 and 23.62 mg CO2 m(-2) day(-1), respectively, whereas the outer station behaved as a net sink of -33.37 mg CO2 m(-2) day(-1). The study of primary production and community respiration further supports the heterotrophic nature of the estuary in the inner region while the outer periphery was marked by dominant autotrophic character. These contrasting results are in parity with the source characters of many inner estuaries and sinking characters of the outer estuaries situated at the distal continental shelf areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Akhand
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India.
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Gupta GVM, Thottathil SD, Balachandran KK, Madhu NV, Madeswaran P, Nair S. CO2 Supersaturation and Net Heterotrophy in a Tropical Estuary (Cochin, India): Influence of Anthropogenic Effect: Carbon Dynamics in Tropical Estuary. Ecosystems 2009; 12:1145-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Guo X, Dai M, Zhai W, Cai WJ, Chen B. CO2flux and seasonal variability in a large subtropical estuarine system, the Pearl River Estuary, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jg000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nirmal Rajkumar A, Barnes J, Ramesh R, Purvaja R, Upstill-Goddard RC. Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in the polluted Adyar River and estuary, SE India. Mar Pollut Bull 2008; 56:2043-51. [PMID: 18814890 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We measured dissolved N(2)O, CH(4), O(2), NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-) and NO(2)(-) on 7 transects along the polluted Adyar River-estuary, SE India and estimated N(2)O and CH(4) emissions using a gas exchange relation and a floating chamber. High NO(2)(-) implied some nitrification of a large anthropogenic NH(4)(+) pool. In the lower catchment CH(4) was maximal (6.3+/-4.3 x 10(4)nM), exceeding the ebullition threshold, whereas strong undersaturation of N(2)O and O(2) implied intense denitrification. Emissions fluxes for the whole Adyar system approximately 2.5 x 10(8) g CH(4)yr(-1) and approximately 2.4 x 10(6)gN(2)O yr(-1) estimated with a gas exchange relation and approximately 2 x 10(9) g CH(4)yr(-1) derived with a floating chamber illustrate the importance of CH(4) ebullition. An equivalent CO(2) flux approximately 1-10 x 10(10)gy r(-1) derived using global warming potentials is equivalent to total Chennai motor vehicle CO(2) emissions in one month. Studies such as this may inform more effective waste management and future compliance with international emissions agreements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nirmal Rajkumar
- Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India
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