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Panariello L, Wu G, Besenhard MO, Loizou K, Storozhuk L, Thanh NTK, Gavriilidis A. A Modular Millifluidic Platform for the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Control over Dissolved Gas and Flow Configuration. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E1019. [PMID: 32106389 PMCID: PMC7079590 DOI: 10.3390/ma13041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gas-liquid reactions are poorly explored in the context of nanomaterials synthesis, despite evidence of significant effects of dissolved gas on nanoparticle properties. This applies to the aqueous synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, where gaseous reactants can influence reaction rate, particle size and crystal structure. Conventional batch reactors offer poor control of gas-liquid mass transfer due to lack of control on the gas-liquid interface and are often unsafe when used at high pressure. This work describes the design of a modular flow platform for the water-based synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles through the oxidative hydrolysis of Fe2+ salts, targeting magnetic hyperthermia applications. Four different reactor systems were designed through the assembly of two modular units, allowing control over the type of gas dissolved in the solution, as well as the flow pattern within the reactor (single-phase and liquid-liquid two-phase flow). The two modular units consisted of a coiled millireactor and a tube-in-tube gas-liquid contactor. The straightforward pressurization of the system allows control over the concentration of gas dissolved in the reactive solution and the ability to operate the reactor at a temperature above the solvent boiling point. The variables controlled in the flow system (temperature, flow pattern and dissolved gaseous reactants) allowed full conversion of the iron precursor to magnetite/maghemite nanocrystals in just 3 min, as compared to several hours normally employed in batch. The single-phase configuration of the flow platform allowed the synthesis of particles with sizes between 26.5 nm (in the presence of carbon monoxide) and 34 nm. On the other hand, the liquid-liquid two-phase flow reactor showed possible evidence of interfacial absorption, leading to particles with different morphology compared to their batch counterpart. When exposed to an alternating magnetic field, the particles produced by the four flow systems showed ILP (intrinsic loss parameter) values between 1.2 and 2.7 nHm2/kg. Scale up by a factor of 5 of one of the configurations was also demonstrated. The scaled-up system led to the synthesis of nanoparticles of equivalent quality to those produced with the small-scale reactor system. The equivalence between the two systems is supported by a simple analysis of the transport phenomena in the small and large-scale setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Panariello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (L.P.); (G.W.); (M.O.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Gaowei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (L.P.); (G.W.); (M.O.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Maximilian O. Besenhard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (L.P.); (G.W.); (M.O.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Katerina Loizou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (L.P.); (G.W.); (M.O.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Liudmyla Storozhuk
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (L.S.); (N.T.K.T.)
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (L.S.); (N.T.K.T.)
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (L.P.); (G.W.); (M.O.B.); (K.L.)
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Larrea A, Eguizabal A, Sebastián V. Gas-Directed Production of Noble Metal-Magnetic Heteronanostructures in Continuous Fashion: Application in Catalysis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:43520-43532. [PMID: 31664814 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Complex nanomaterials produced by scale-up batch processes lack suitable control of shape, size distribution, chemical composition, and quality, because heat and mass transfer are seriously affected as the reactor volume increases. Here we use a novel continuous synthesis procedure, the active gas-liquid segmented flow, to produce noble metal-magnetic heteronanostructures with enormous interest in the fields of catalysis, biomedicine, environmental sensors, food monitoring, and chemical analysis. The microreactor technology proposed scales down the reaction volume to gain advantage of the large surface area to volume ratio with respect to conventional batch-type reactors, improving heat and mass transport and, consequently, promoting a uniform heating and mixing. The gas phase was introduced in the chemical reactor as gas slugs of nanoliter scale with a dual role: (1) passive mixing and (2) chemical directing agent to tune the crystallization of nanostructures in a continuous fashion. The shape, size, and magnetic properties of the resulting heteronanostructures, as well as the density, size, and composition of noble metal nanoparticles were tuned to show the versatility of the proposed approach in a timeline of 4 min. We demonstrated that the produced nanostructures provide excellent catalytic properties in the catalyzed hydrogenation of nitrophenols to aminophenols. Electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry studies showed the remarkable catalytic performance of the produced heteronanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Larrea
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon and Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Zaragoza , E-50018 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Adela Eguizabal
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon and Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Zaragoza , E-50018 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Víctor Sebastián
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon and Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Zaragoza , E-50018 Zaragoza , Spain
- Networking Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , E-50018 Zaragoza , Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza , Pedro Cerbuna 12 , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
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León Félix L, Sanz B, Sebastián V, Torres TE, Sousa MH, Coaquira JAH, Ibarra MR, Goya GF. Gold-decorated magnetic nanoparticles design for hyperthermia applications and as a potential platform for their surface-functionalization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4185. [PMID: 30862882 PMCID: PMC6414712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of noble metal and magnetic nanoparticles with controlled structures that can couple various specific effects to the different nanocomposite in multifunctional nanosystems have been found interesting in the field of medicine. In this work, we show synthesis route to prepare small Au nanoparticles of sizes = 3.9 ± 0.2 nm attached to Fe3O4 nanoparticle cores ( = 49.2 ± 3.5 nm) in aqueous medium for potential application as a nano-heater. Remarkably, the resulted Au decorated PEI-Fe3O4 (Au@PEI-Fe3O4) nanoparticles are able to retain bulk magnetic moment MS = 82-84 Am2/kgFe3O4, with the Verwey transition observed at TV = 98 K. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity analysis of the nanosystem microglial BV2 cells showed high viability (>97.5%) to concentrate up to 100 µg/mL in comparison to the control samples. In vitro heating experiments on microglial BV2 cells under an ac magnetic field (H0 = 23.87 kA/m; f = 571 kHz) yielded specific power absorption (SPA) values of SPA = 43 ± 3 and 49 ± 1 μW/cell for PEI-Fe3O4 and Au@PEI-Fe3O4 NPs, respectively. These similar intracellular SPA values imply that functionalization of the magnetic particles with Au did not change the heating efficiency, providing at the same time a more flexible platform for multifunctional functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L León Félix
- Laboratory of Magnetic Characterization, Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.
| | - B Sanz
- nB nanoScale Biomagnetics S.L., Zaragoza, Spain
| | - V Sebastián
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - T E Torres
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - M H Sousa
- Green Nanotechnology Group, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 72220-900, Brazil
| | - J A H Coaquira
- Laboratory of Magnetic Characterization, Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - M R Ibarra
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - G F Goya
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
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Tang Y, Zhang Y, Su Y, Lv Y. Highly sensitive resonance light scattering bioassay for heparin based on polyethyleneimine-capped Ag nanoclusters. Talanta 2013; 115:830-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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