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Aubrecht P, Smejkal J, Panuška P, Španbauerová K, Neubertová V, Kaule P, Matoušek J, Vinopal S, Liegertová M, Štofik M, Malý J. Performance and biocompatibility of OSTEMER 322 in cell-based microfluidic applications. RSC Adv 2024; 14:3617-3635. [PMID: 38268545 PMCID: PMC10804231 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05789e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Off-Stoichiometry Thiol-ene and Epoxy (OSTE+) polymer technology has been increasingly utilised in the field of microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip applications. However, the impact of OSTEMER polymers, specifically the OSTEMER 322 formulation, on cell viability has remained limited. In this work, we thoroughly explored the biocompatibility of this commercial OSTEMER formulation, along with various surface modifications, through a broad range of cell types, from fibroblasts to epithelial cells. We employed cell viability and confluence assays to evaluate the performance of the material and its modified variants in cell culturing. The properties of the pristine and modified OSTEMER were also investigated using surface characterization methods including contact angle, zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the absence of leaching constituents from OSTEMER, indicating its safety for cell-based applications. Our findings demonstrated that cell viability on OSTEMER surfaces is sufficient for typical cell culture experiments, suggesting OSTEMER 322 is a suitable material for a variety of cell-based assays in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Aubrecht
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Smejkal
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Petr Panuška
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Klára Španbauerová
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Viktorie Neubertová
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kaule
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Matoušek
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vinopal
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Liegertová
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Štofik
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malý
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem Pasteurova 3632/15 400 96 Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
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Nallbani BG, Kahraman MV, Degirmenci I. Computational Study on Radical-Mediated Thiol-Epoxy Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8050-8058. [PMID: 37737119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Radical-mediated thiol-epoxy reactions were elucidated for analyzing the overlap problem of the thiol-ene/thiol-epoxy systems using computational approaches. Nine epoxy model molecules were evaluated to mimic the chemical structures and reactivity of some industrial epoxy molecules. Modeling reaction mechanisms was conducted through density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level at 1.0 atm and 298.15 K. An analog thiol-ene mechanism was proposed for radical-mediated thiol-epoxide reactions. Unlike the thiol-ene reactions, the addition reaction to epoxides is relatively slow (rate constants <10-4 M-1 s-1). However, the chain transfer, which paves the way for the overlapping of dual curing systems, is quite fast (rate constants >101 M-1 s-1). High stability of thiyl radicals, epoxy ring strain, and the instability of formed alkoxy radical from addition reaction were emphasized as the main driving forces for the reaction energetics and kinetics. Control of temperature and using certain thiols are strongly recommended to avoid curing step overlap based on the findings in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Memet Vezir Kahraman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isa Degirmenci
- Chemical Engineering Department, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
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3
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Puchnin K, Ryazantsev D, Latipov E, Grudtsov V, Kuznetsov A. Off-Stoichiometry Thiol–Ene Polymers: Inclusion of Anchor Groups Using Allylsilanes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:1329. [PMID: 36987110 PMCID: PMC10059650 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of polymers in silicon chips is of great importance for the development of microelectronic and biomedical industries. In this study, new silane-containing polymers, called OSTE-AS polymers, were developed based on off-stoichiometry thiol–ene polymers. These polymers can bond to silicon wafers without pretreatment of the surface by an adhesive. Silane groups were included in the polymer using allylsilanes, with the thiol monomer as the target of modification. The polymer composition was optimized to provide the maximum hardness, the maximum tensile strength, and good bonding with the silicon wafers. The Young’s modulus, wettability, dielectric constant, optical transparency, TGA and DSC curves, and the chemical resistance of the optimized OSTE-AS polymer were studied. Thin OSTE-AS polymer layers were obtained on silicon wafers via centrifugation. The possibility of creating microfluidic systems based on OSTE-AS polymers and silicon wafers was demonstrated.
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4
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Puchnin K, Ryazantsev D, Grudtsov V, Golubev Y, Kuznetsov A. Off-Stoichiometry Thiol–Enes Polymers Containing Silane Groups for Advanced Packaging Technologies. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1988. [PMID: 35631871 PMCID: PMC9147012 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New modified off-stoichiometry thiol–enes polymers, called OSTE-MS polymers, were developed by introducing mercaptosilane into the polymer mixture. This modification made it possible to introduce silane groups into the polymer frame, due to which the polymer gained the ability to bond with silicon wafers without modification of the wafer surface by any adhesive. The optimal composition for creating 3D polymer structures on a chip was selected, which consists of a volume ratio of 6:6:1 of allyl monomer, mercapto monomer, and mercaptosilane, respectively. The hardness, shift force, tensile strength, Young’s modulus, optical transparency, glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and chemical resistance of the OSTE-MS polymer, and the viscosity for the prepolymer mixture were studied. On the basis of the OSTE-MS polymer, 3D polymer structures of the well type and microfluidic system on the silicon chips were obtained.
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Sticker D, Geczy R, Häfeli UO, Kutter JP. Thiol-Ene Based Polymers as Versatile Materials for Microfluidic Devices for Life Sciences Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:10080-10095. [PMID: 32048822 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While there is a steady growth in the number of microfluidics applications, the search for an optimal material that delivers the diverse characteristics needed for the numerous tasks is still nowhere close to being settled. Often overlooked and still underrepresented, the thiol-ene family of polymer materials has an enormous potential for applications in organs-on-a-chip, droplet productions, microanalytics, and point of care testing. In this review, the main characteristics of the thiol-ene materials are given, and advantages and drawbacks with respect to their potential in microfluidic chip fabrication are critically assessed. Select applications, which exploit the versatility of the thiol-ene polymers, are presented and discussed. It is concluded that, in particular, the rapid prototyping possibility combined with the material's resulting mechanical strength, solvent resistance, and biocompatibility, as well as the inherently easy surface functionalization, are strong factors to make thiol-ene polymers strong contenders for promising future materials for many biological, clinical, and technical lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drago Sticker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reka Geczy
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Urs O Häfeli
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fallahi H, Zhang J, Phan HP, Nguyen NT. Flexible Microfluidics: Fundamentals, Recent Developments, and Applications. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:E830. [PMID: 31795397 PMCID: PMC6953028 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization has been the driving force of scientific and technological advances over recent decades. Recently, flexibility has gained significant interest, particularly in miniaturization approaches for biomedical devices, wearable sensing technologies, and drug delivery. Flexible microfluidics is an emerging area that impacts upon a range of research areas including chemistry, electronics, biology, and medicine. Various materials with flexibility and stretchability have been used in flexible microfluidics. Flexible microchannels allow for strong fluid-structure interactions. Thus, they behave in a different way from rigid microchannels with fluid passing through them. This unique behaviour introduces new characteristics that can be deployed in microfluidic applications and functions such as valving, pumping, mixing, and separation. To date, a specialised review of flexible microfluidics that considers both the fundamentals and applications is missing in the literature. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary including: (i) Materials used for fabrication of flexible microfluidics, (ii) basics and roles of flexibility on microfluidic functions, (iii) applications of flexible microfluidics in wearable electronics and biology, and (iv) future perspectives of flexible microfluidics. The review provides researchers and engineers with an extensive and updated understanding of the principles and applications of flexible microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (H.F.); (J.Z.); (H.-P.P.)
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7
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Roppolo I, Frascella F, Gastaldi M, Castellino M, Ciubini B, Barolo C, Scaltrito L, Nicosia C, Zanetti M, Chiappone A. Thiol–yne chemistry for 3D printing: exploiting an off-stoichiometric route for selective functionalization of 3D objects. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00962k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An alkyne monomer, bis(propargyl) fumarate, is synthesized and mixed to a thiol monomer to produce DLP-3D printable formulations. Using off-stoichiometric formulations it is possible to print functionalizable objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Francesca Frascella
- Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre
- University of Turin
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Micaela Castellino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Betty Ciubini
- Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre
- University of Turin
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Luciano Scaltrito
- Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Carmelo Nicosia
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications DET
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Marco Zanetti
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre
- University of Turin
- Torino
- Italy
- ICxT Centre
| | - Annalisa Chiappone
- Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
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8
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Abstract
This manuscript reviews recent developments in click chemistry in microscale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Hong
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
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9
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Zandi Shafagh R, Vastesson A, Guo W, van der Wijngaart W, Haraldsson T. E-Beam Nanostructuring and Direct Click Biofunctionalization of Thiol-Ene Resist. ACS Nano 2018; 12:9940-9946. [PMID: 30212184 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electron beam lithography (EBL) is of major importance for ultraminiaturized biohybrid system fabrication, as it allows combining biomolecular patterning and mechanical structure definition on the nanoscale. Existing methods are limited by multistep biomolecule immobilization procedures, harsh processing conditions that are harmful to sensitive biomolecules, or the structural properties of the resulting protein monolayers or hydrogel-based resists. This work introduces a thiol-ene EBL resist with chemically reactive thiol groups on its native surface that allow the direct and selective "click" immobilization of biomolecules under benign processing conditions. We constructed EBL structured features of size down to 20 nm, and direct functionalized the nanostructures with a sandwich of biotin and streptavidin. The facile combination of polymer nanostructuring with biomolecule immobilization enables mechanically robust biohybrid components of interest for nanoscale biomedical, electronic, photonic, and robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Weijin Guo
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm 10044 , Sweden
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10
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de Campos RPS, Campos CDM, Almeida GB, da Silva JAF. Characterization of Off-Stoichiometry Microfluidic Devices for Bioanalytical Applications. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2017; 11:1470-1477. [PMID: 29293428 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2759510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we further investigate the properties of off-stoichiometry thiol-ene polymers (OSTE) aiming its application in microchip electrophoresis for bioanalytical applications. The proportion of 1.3:1 (allyl:thiol) and 1:2.5 (allyl:thiol) presented the best results in terms of sealing. Raman imaging mapping of the polymers surfaces revealed an outstanding homogeneity. Water contact angle were measured as 68° ± 6° and 71° ± 5° for 1.3:1 allyl and 1:2.5 thiol, respectively. Substrates prepared with OSTE demonstrated to be less prone to sorption of nonpolar compounds. The electroosmotic flow measured for this OSTE composition was 3.8 ± 0.3·10-4 cm2 s-1 V-1, 1.5 times higher than the one found for polydimethylsiloxane microchips under the same conditions. As a proof-of-concept for the applicability of OSTE microchips in bioanalysis the immobilization of α-amylase on the polymer surface and the implementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell counter using contactless conductivity detection are demonstrated.
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11
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Papadimitriou VA, Segerink LI, van den Berg A, Eijkel JCT. 3D capillary stop valves for versatile patterning inside microfluidic chips. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1000:232-238. [PMID: 29289315 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The patterning of antibodies in microfluidics chips is always a delicate process that is usually done in an open chip before bonding. Typical bonding techniques such as plasma treatment can harm the antibodies with as result that they are removed from our fabrication toolbox. Here we propose a method, based on capillary phenomena using 3D capillary valves, that autonomously and conveniently allows us to pattern liquids inside closed chips. We theoretically analyse the system and demonstrate how our analysis can be used as a design tool for various applications. Chips patterned with the method were used for simple immunodetection of a cardiac biomarker which demonstrates its suitability for antibody patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Papadimitriou
- BIOS-Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Max Planck - University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - L I Segerink
- BIOS-Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Max Planck - University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - A van den Berg
- BIOS-Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Max Planck - University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - J C T Eijkel
- BIOS-Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Max Planck - University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands
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12
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13
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Jönsson A, Svejdal RR, Bøgelund N, Nguyen TTTN, Flindt H, Kutter JP, Rand KD, Lafleur JP. Thiol-ene Monolithic Pepsin Microreactor with a 3D-Printed Interface for Efficient UPLC-MS Peptide Mapping Analyses. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4573-4580. [PMID: 28322047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To improve the sample handling, and reduce cost and preparation time, of peptide mapping LC-MS workflows in protein analytical research, we here investigate the possibility of replacing conventional enzymatic digestion methods with a polymer microfluidic chip based enzyme reactor. Off-stoichiometric thiol-ene is utilized as both bulk material and as a monolithic stationary phase for immobilization of the proteolytic enzyme pepsin. The digestion efficiency of the, thiol-ene based, immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) is compared to that of a conventional, agarose packed bed, pepsin IMER column commonly used in LC-MS based protein analyses. The chip IMER is found to rival the conventional column in terms of digestion efficiency at comparable residence time and, using a 3D-printed interface, be directly interfaceable with LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jönsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Rasmus R Svejdal
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Nanna Bøgelund
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Tam T T N Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Henrik Flindt
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kasper D Rand
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Josiane P Lafleur
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
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Çakmakçi E, Yuce-dursun B, Demir S. Maleic anhydride functionalization of OSTE based coatings via thiol-ene “Click” reaction for the covalent immobilization of xylanase. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017; 111:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Chen TF, Siow KS, Ng PY, Nai MH, Lim CT, Yeop Majlis B. Ageing properties of polyurethane methacrylate and off-stoichiometry thiol-ene polymers after nitrogen and argon plasma treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiam Foo Chen
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
| | - Kim Shyong Siow
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
| | - Pei Yuen Ng
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Kuala Lumpur 50300 Malaysia
| | - Mui Hoon Nai
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore; 5A Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117411 Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore; 5A Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117411 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National University of Singapore; 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117575 Singapore
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
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16
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17
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Nguyen KDQ, Megone WV, Kong D, Gautrot JE. Ultrafast diffusion-controlled thiol–ene based crosslinking of silicone elastomers with tailored mechanical properties for biomedical applications. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-ene coupling enables the metal-free ultra-fast (seconds) crosslinking of polysiloxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dexu Kong
- Institute of Bioengineering
- Queen Mary
- University of London
- London
- UK
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18
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Tähkä SM, Bonabi A, Nordberg ME, Kanerva M, Jokinen VP, Sikanen TM. Thiol-ene microfluidic devices for microchip electrophoresis: Effects of curing conditions and monomer composition on surface properties. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1426:233-40. [PMID: 26654831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-ene polymer formulations are raising growing interest as new low-cost fabrication materials for microfluidic devices. This study addresses their feasibility for microchip electrophoresis (MCE) via characterization of the effects of UV curing conditions and aging on the surface charge and wetting properties. A detailed comparison is made between stoichiometric thiol-ene (1:1) and thiol-ene formulations bearing 50% molar excess of allyls ("enes"), both prepared without photoinitiator or other polymer modifiers. Our results show that the surface charge of thiol-ene 1:1 increases along with increasing UV exposure dose until a threshold (here, about 200J/cm(2)), whereas the surface charge of thiol-ene 2:3 decreases as a function of increasing UV dose. However, no significant change in the surface charge upon storage in ambient air was observed over a period of 14 days (independent of the curing conditions). The water contact angles of thiol-ene 2:3 (typically 70-75°) were found to be less dependent on the UV dose and storing time. Instead, water contact angles of thiol-ene 1:1 slightly decrease (from initial 90 to 95° to about 70°) as a function of UV increasing exposure dose and storing time. Most importantly, both thiol-ene formulations remain relatively hydrophilic over extended periods of time, which favors their use in MCE applications. Here, MCE separation of biologically active peptides and selected fluorescent dyes is demonstrated in combination with laser-induced fluorescence detection showing high separation efficiency (theoretical plates 8200 per 4cm for peptides and 1500-2700 per 4cm for fluorescent dyes) and lower limits of detection in the sub-μM (visible range) or low-μM (near-UV range) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari M Tähkä
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ashkan Bonabi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria-Elisa Nordberg
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Meeri Kanerva
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville P Jokinen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Tiina M Sikanen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Chen J, Zhou Y, Wang D, He F, Rotello VM, Carter KR, Watkins JJ, Nugen SR. UV-nanoimprint lithography as a tool to develop flexible microfluidic devices for electrochemical detection. Lab Chip 2015; 15:3086-94. [PMID: 26095586 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research in microfluidic biosensors has led to dramatic improvements in sensitivities. Very few examples of these devices have been commercially successful, keeping this methodology out of the hands of potential users. In this study, we developed a method to fabricate a flexible microfluidic device containing electrowetting valves and electrochemical transduction. The device was designed to be amenable to a roll-to-roll manufacturing system, allowing a low manufacturing cost. Microchannels with high fidelity were structured on a PET film using UV-NanoImprint Lithography (UV-NIL). The electrodes were inkjet-printed and photonically sintered on second flexible PET film. The film containing electrodes was bonded directly to the channel-containing layer to form sealed fluidic device. Actuation of the multivalve system with food dye in PBS buffer was performed to demonstrate automated fluid delivery. The device was then used to detect Salmonella in a liquid sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhong Chen
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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20
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Lafleur JP, Senkbeil S, Novotny J, Nys G, Bøgelund N, Rand KD, Foret F, Kutter JP. Rapid and simple preparation of thiol-ene emulsion-templated monoliths and their application as enzymatic microreactors. Lab Chip 2015; 15:2162-2172. [PMID: 25850955 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel, rapid and simple method for the preparation of emulsion-templated monoliths in microfluidic channels based on thiol-ene chemistry is presented. The method allows monolith synthesis and anchoring inside thiol-ene microchannels in a single photoinitiated step. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy showed that the methanol-based emulsion templating process resulted in a network of highly interconnected and regular thiol-ene beads anchored solidly inside thiol-ene microchannels. Surface area measurements indicate that the monoliths are macroporous, with no or little micro- or mesopores. As a demonstration, galactose oxidase and peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) were immobilized at the surface of the synthesized thiol-ene monoliths via two different mechanisms. First, cysteine groups on the protein surface were used for reversible covalent linkage to free thiol functional groups on the monoliths. Second, covalent linkage was achieved via free primary amino groups on the protein surface by means of thiol-ene click chemistry and l-ascorbic acid linkage. Thus prepared galactose oxidase and PNGase F microreactors demonstrated good enzymatic activity in a galactose assay and the deglycosilation of ribonuclease B, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane P Lafleur
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Novo P, Chu V, Conde J. Integrated optical detection of autonomous capillary microfluidic immunoassays:a hand-held point-of-care prototype. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 57:284-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Claudino M, Mathevet JM, Jonsson M, Johansson M. Bringingd-limonene to the scene of bio-based thermoset coatings via free-radical thiol–ene chemistry: macromonomer synthesis, UV-curing and thermo-mechanical characterization. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01302b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Feidenhans'l NA, Lafleur JP, Jensen TG, Kutter JP. Surface functionalized thiol-ene waveguides for fluorescence biosensing in microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:282-8. [PMID: 23983194 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-ene polymers possess physical, optical, and chemical characteristics that make them ideal substrates for the fabrication of optofluidic devices. In this work, thiol-ene polymers are used to simultaneously create microfluidic channels and optical waveguides in one simple moulding step. The reactive functional groups present at the surface of the thiol-ene polymer are subsequently used for the rapid, one step, site-specific functionalization of the waveguide with biological recognition molecules. It was found that while the bulk properties and chemical surface properties of thiol-ene materials vary considerably with variations in stoichiometric composition, their optical properties remain mostly unchanged with an average refractive index value of 1.566 ± 0.008 for thiol-ene substrates encompassing a range from 150% excess ene to 90% excess thiol. Microfluidic chips featuring thiol-ene waveguides were fabricated from 40% excess thiol thiol-ene to ensure the presence of thiol functional groups at the surface of the waveguide. Biotin alkyne was photografted at specific locations using a photomask, directly at the interface between the microfluidic channel and the thiol-ene waveguide prior to conjugation with fluorescently labeled streptavidin. Fluorescence excitation was achieved by launching light through the thiol-ene waveguide, revealing bright fluorescent patterns along the channel/waveguide interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj A Feidenhans'l
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Errando-Herranz C, Saharil F, Romero AM, Sandström N, Shafagh RZ, van der Wijngaart W, Haraldsson T, Gylfason KB. Integration of microfluidics with grating coupled silicon photonic sensors by one-step combined photopatterning and molding of OSTE. Opt Express 2013; 21:21293-21298. [PMID: 24104003 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.021293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel integration method for packaging silicon photonic sensors with polymer microfluidics, designed to be suitable for wafer-level production methods. The method addresses the previously unmet manufacturing challenges of matching the microfluidic footprint area to that of the photonics, and of robust bonding of microfluidic layers to biofunctionalized surfaces. We demonstrate the fabrication, in a single step, of a microfluidic layer in the recently introduced OSTE polymer, and the subsequent unassisted dry bonding of the microfluidic layer to a grating coupled silicon photonic ring resonator sensor chip. The microfluidic layer features photopatterned through holes (vias) for optical fiber probing and fluid connections, as well as molded microchannels and tube connectors, and is manufactured and subsequently bonded to a silicon sensor chip in less than 10 minutes. Combining this new microfluidic packaging method with photonic waveguide surface gratings for light coupling allows matching the size scale of microfluidics to that of current silicon photonic biosensors. To demonstrate the new method, we performed successful refractive index measurements of liquid ethanol and methanol samples, using the fabricated device. The minimum required sample volume for refractive index measurement is below one nanoliter.
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Abstract
The suitable optical properties of thiol-ene polymers combined with the ease of modifying their surface for the attachment of recognition molecules make them ideal candidates in many biochip applications. This paper reports the rapid one-step photochemical surface patterning of biomolecules in microfluidic thiol-ene chips. This work focuses on thiol-ene substrates featuring an excess of thiol groups at their surface. The thiol-ene stoichiometric composition can be varied to precisely control the number of surface thiol groups available for surface modification up to an average surface density of 136 ± 17 SH nm(-2). Biotin alkyne was patterned directly inside thiol-ene microchannels prior to conjugation with fluorescently labelled streptavidin. The surface bound conjugates were detected by evanescent wave-induced fluorescence (EWIF), demonstrating the success of the grafting procedure and its potential for biochip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane P Lafleur
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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