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Pandiyarajan S, Sebastin Mary Manickaraj S, Liao A, Ramachandran A, Lee Industrial K, Chuang H. Construction of zinc-cobalt alloy film by supercritical-CO2 electrodeposition pathway: Evaluation of electrochemical robustness. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Nikiforov AA, Kondratenko MS, Kapitanova OO, Gallyamov MO. Electrochemical Synthesis of Few Layer Graphene in Subcritical Electrolyte. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Mikami R, Shida N, Atobe M. Integrated Flow Emulsion Electrosynthetic System by In Situ Generation of Emulsions, Subsequent Emulsion Electrolysis, and Final Phase Separation. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rio Mikami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Mahito Atobe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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Rai V, Liu D, Xia D, Jayaraman Y, Gabriel JP. Electrochemical Approaches for the Recovery of Metals from Electronic Waste: A Critical Review. Recycling 2021; 6:53. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling6030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) management and recycling are gaining significant attention due to the presence of precious, critical, or strategic metals combined with the associated environmental burden of recovering metals from natural mines. Metal recovery from e-waste is being prioritized in metallurgical extraction owing to the fast depletion of natural mineral ores and the limited geographical availability of critical and/or strategic metals. Following collection, sorting, and physical pre-treatment of e-waste, electrochemical processes-based metal recovery involves leaching metals in an ionic form in a suitable electrolyte. Electrochemical metal recovery from e-waste uses much less solvent (minimal reagent) and shows convenient and precise control, reduced energy consumption, and low environmental impact. This critical review article covers recent progress in such electrochemical metal recovery from e-waste, emphasizing the comparative significance of electrochemical methods over other methods in the context of an industrial perspective.
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Pandiyarajan S, Liu ZC, Liao A, Ganesan M, Huang S, Lee C, Chuang H. High-performance anti-corrosion behavior of graphene oxide decorated nickel coating by novel ultrasonic-assisted supercritical-CO2 electrodeposition approach. Electrochim Acta 2021; 387:138543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Pandiyarajan S, Hsiao PJ, Liao AH, Ganesan M, Manickaraj SSM, Lee CT, Huang ST, Chuang HC. Influence of ultrasonic combined supercritical-CO 2 electrodeposition process on copper film fabrication: Electrochemical evaluation. Ultrason Sonochem 2021; 74:105555. [PMID: 33892261 PMCID: PMC8091059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Introducing ultrasound irradiation to the electrodeposition process can significantly improve the physical and chemical properties of deposited films. Meanwhile, the beneficial effects from supercritical-CO2, such as high diffusivity, high permeability, low surface tension, etc., would improve the electrodeposition process with better surface quality. In the shed of the light, the present work deals with the preparation of copper (Cu) films using the integrated techniques, i.e., ultrasonic-assisted supercritical-CO2 (US-SC-CO2) electrodeposition approach. For comparison, Cu films were also prepared by normal supercritical-CO2 (SC-CO2) and conventional electrodeposition methods. To investigate the characteristics of Cu films, surface morphology analysis, roughness analysis, X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), Linear polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were performed. In this work, EIS analysis was utilized for interfacial charge transfer resistance analysis with 5 mM [Fe(CN)6]-3/-4 redox system and corrosion analysis with 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The observed results revealed that the film prepared with the US-SC-CO2 method have superior properties than those produced by normal SC-CO2 and conventional methods. Due to the combination of US-SC-CO2, the cavitation implosion occurs rapidly that enriches the deposited film quality, such as sufficient grain size, smoother surface, enhanced corrosion resistance, and charge carrier dynamics. On the other hand, the ultrasound effect with SC-CO2 helped to remove the weakly adhered metal ions on the electrode's surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarison Pandiyarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ju Hsiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ho Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muthusankar Ganesan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shobana Sebstin Mary Manickaraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ta Lee
- Ya De Li Technology Co., Ltd., Taipei 104031, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tung Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chiao Chuang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
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7
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Pandiyarajan S, Ganesan M, Liao AH, Manickaraj SSM, Huang ST, Chuang HC. Ultrasonic-assisted supercritical-CO 2 electrodeposition of Zn-Co film for high-performance corrosion inhibition: A greener approach. Ultrason Sonochem 2021; 72:105463. [PMID: 33484975 PMCID: PMC7823054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasonic-assisted electrodeposition process significantly improves the mechanical and electrochemical properties. Meanwhile, supercritical fluid technology also enhances the electrodeposition process with increased benefits, such as low surface tension, permeability, high diffusivity, and density, which improves the surface quality through grain refinement. In this study, Zn-Co films were prepared using the ultrasonic-assisted supercritical-CO2 (US-SC-CO2) electrodeposition approach, and its pressure effect on the film was evaluated. The films were also prepared by the conventional and typical supercritical-CO2 (SC-CO2) methods for a comparison study. All the prepared films were characterized by morphological studies, elemental composition, crystal structure orientation, and microhardness tests. Later, the fabricated films were examined by potentiodynamic polarization technique and electrochemical impedance technique (EIS) with 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution for corrosion evaluation. Based on results, Zn-Co film prepared through the US-SC-CO2 process shows a spherical nodule like structure with reduced grain size and significantly enhanced hardness property. In XRD studies, the shift in diffracted peak's position reveals the increased proportion of Co ions. Further, EDX results also confirm the same with the characteristic peaks. Finally, compared to the other methods, the corrosion resistance was more efficient in the US-SC-CO2 process by 73.75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarison Pandiyarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Muthusankar Ganesan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ai-Ho Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shobana Sebastin Mary Manickaraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tung Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chiao Chuang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
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8
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Ursov ED, Kondratenko MS, Gallyamov MO. Platinum Electrodeposition from a Carbon Dioxide-Based Supercritical Electrolyte. Dokl Phys Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012501619120029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Rebora C, Huang R, Kissling GP, Bocquet M, Groot KD, Favre L, Grosso D, Deleruyelle D, Putero M. Conductive-bridge memory cells based on a nanoporous electrodeposited GeSbTe alloy. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:025202. [PMID: 30382029 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae6db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication of memory devices based on a nanoporous GeSbTe layer electrodeposited inbetween TiN and Ag electrodes. It is shown that devices can operate along two distinct electrical modes consisting of a volatile or a non-volatile resistance switching mode upon appropriate preconditioning procedures. Based on electrical measurements conducted in both switching modes and physical analysis performed on a device after electrical stress, resistance switching is attributed to the formation/dissolution of a conductive filament from the Ag electrode into the GST layer whereas the volatile/non-volatile resistance switching is attributed to the presence of an interface layer between the GST and the Ag top electrode. Due to their simple, low-cost and low-temperature fabrication procedure, these devices could be advantageously exploited in flexible electronic applications or embedded into the back-end of line CMOS technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Rebora
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, UMR 7334, Av. Escadrille Normandie Niemen, F-13397 Marseille, France
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10
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Lodge A, Hasan MM, Bartlett PN, Beanland R, Hector AL, Kashtiban RJ, Levason W, Reid G, Sloan J, Smith DC, Zhang W. Electrodeposition of tin nanowires from a dichloromethane based electrolyte. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24013-24020. [PMID: 35540274 PMCID: PMC9081706 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tin was electrodeposited from a dichloromethane-based electrolyte at ambient temperature into gold coated anodic alumina membranes with nanoscale pores. The tin nanowires are mainly 〈200〉 aligned, together with some 〈101〉 and 〈301〉 wires. Partial filling of the structure and a distribution of wire lengths was found. Grafting of the pores with hydrophobic surface groups was trialled as a means of modifying the deposition, however, it did not increase the proportion of pores in which wires grew. Under potentiostatic conditions the limited rates of nucleation and diffusion down the 1D pores control the growth of the nanowires. Tin was electrodeposited from a dichloromethane-based electrolyte at ambient temperature into gold coated anodic alumina membranes with nanoscale pores.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gillian Reid
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Highfield
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Jeremy Sloan
- Department of Physics
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - David C. Smith
- Physics and Astronomy
- University of Southampton
- Highfield
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Wenjian Zhang
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Highfield
- Southampton
- UK
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11
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Abstract
Biomineral templates like sea urchin spine, nacre or eggshell were applied in the polymerisation of pyrrole. The insufficient infiltration of pyrrole into the CaCO3 structure of the biomineral templates was improved using three different and universally applicable approaches and the electrochemical properties of the received polypyrrole were examined. The insufficient infiltration of pyrrole into the CaCO3 structure of biomineral templates was improved using three universally applicable approaches.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Göppert
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical Chemistry
- University of Konstanz
- D-78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | - H. Cölfen
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical Chemistry
- University of Konstanz
- D-78457 Konstanz
- Germany
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12
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Melchaeva O, Voyame P, Bassetto VC, Prokein M, Renner M, Weidner E, Petermann M, Battistel A. Electrochemical Reduction of Protic Supercritical CO 2 on Copper Electrodes. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:3660-3670. [PMID: 28782922 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide is usually studied in aqueous solutions under ambient conditions. However, the main disadvantages of this method are high hydrogen evolution and low faradaic efficiencies of carbon-based products. Supercritical CO2 (scCO2 ) can be used as a solvent itself to suppresses hydrogen evolution and tune the carbon-based product yield; however, it has received little attention for this purpose. Therefore, the focus of this study was on the electrochemical reduction of scCO2 . The conductivity of scCO2 was increased through the addition of supporting electrolyte and a cosolvent (acetonitrile). Furthermore, the addition of protic solutions of different pH to scCO2 was investigated. 1 m H2 SO4 , trifluoroethanol, H2 O, KOH, and CsHCO3 solutions were used to determine the effect on current density, faradaic efficiency, and selectivity of the scCO2 reduction. The reduction of scCO2 to methanol and ethanol are reported for the first time. However, methane and ethylene were not observed. Additionally, corrosion of the Cu electrode was noticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Melchaeva
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA), EPFL Valais Wallis, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
- Institute for Particle Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Patrick Voyame
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA), EPFL Valais Wallis, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Victor Costa Bassetto
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA), EPFL Valais Wallis, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Michael Prokein
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Manfred Renner
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Eckhard Weidner
- Institute for Particle Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Marcus Petermann
- Institute for Particle Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alberto Battistel
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA), EPFL Valais Wallis, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
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13
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Kondratenko MS, Elmanovich IV, Gallyamov MO. Polymer materials for electrochemical applications: Processing in supercritical fluids. J Supercrit Fluids 2017; 127:229-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
An investigation into the intramolecular interactions in a series of imidazolium salts with weakly coordinating anions reveals that it is possible to control the strength and location of hydrogen bonding by varying the substituents on the imidazolium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Pugh
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
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15
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Bartlett PN, Cook DA, Hasan M, Hector AL, Marks S, Naik J, Reid G, Sloan J, Smith DC, Spencer J, Webber Z. Supercritical fluid electrodeposition, structural and electrical characterisation of tellurium nanowires. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07092f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystalline sub 20 nm semiconducting nanowires have been electrodeposited from a supercritical fluid for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sam Marks
- Department of Physics
- University of Warwick
- UK
| | - Jay Naik
- Physics and Astronomy
- University of Southampton
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Joe Spencer
- Physics and Astronomy
- University of Southampton
- UK
| | - Zondy Webber
- Physics and Astronomy
- University of Southampton
- UK
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16
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Bartlett P, Branch J. The voltammetry of decamethylferrocene and coboltacene in supercritical difluoromethane (R32). J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016; 780:282-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Han X, Ke J, Suleiman N, Levason W, Pugh D, Zhang W, Reid G, Licence P, George MW. Phase behaviour and conductivity of supporting electrolytes in supercritical difluoromethane and 1,1-difluoroethane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14359-69. [PMID: 27166921 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00466k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present investigations into a variety of supporting electrolytes and supercritical fluids probing the phase and conductivity behaviour of these systems and show that they not only provide sufficient electrical conductivity for an electrodeposition bath, but match the requirements imposed by the different precursors and process parameters, e.g. increased temperature, for potential deposition experiments. The two supercritical fluids that have been explored in this study are difluoromethane (CH2F2) and 1,1-difluoroethane (CHF2CH3). For CH2F2, the phase behaviour and electrical conductivity of eight ionic compounds have been studied. Each compound consists of a cation and an anion from the selected candidates i.e. tetramethylammonium ([N(CH3)4](+)), tetrabutylammonium ([N((n)C4H9)4](+)), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([EMIM](+)) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BMIM](+)) for cations, and tetrakis(perfluoro-tert-butoxy)aluminate ([Al(OC(CF3)3)4](-)), chloride (Cl(-)), trifluoromethyl sulfonimide ([NTf2](-)) and tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([FAP](-)) for anions. For CHF2CH3, [N((n)C4H9)4][BF4] and [N((n)C4H9)4][B{3,5-C6H3(CF3)2}4] have been investigated for comparison with the previously measured solubility and conductivity in CH2F2. We have found that [N((n)C4H9)4][Al(OC(CF3)3)4], [N((n)C4H9)4][FAP] and [N(CH3)4][FAP] have much higher molar conductivity in scCH2F2 at similar conditions than [N((n)C4H9)4][BF4], a widely used commercial electrolyte. Additionally, scCHF2CH3 shows potential for use as the solvent for supercritical fluid electrodeposition, especially at high temperatures since high density of this fluid can be achieved at lower operating pressures than similar fluids that can be used to produce electrochemical baths with comparable conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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18
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Cummings CY, Bartlett PN, Pugh D, Reid G, Levason W, Hasan MM, Hector AL, Spencer J, Smith DC, Marks S, Beanland R. Electrodeposition of Protocrystalline Germanium from Supercritical Difluoromethane. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y. Cummings
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1TQ UK
| | - Philip N. Bartlett
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - David Pugh
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Gillian Reid
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - William Levason
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mahboba M. Hasan
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Andrew L. Hector
- Chemistry; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Joe Spencer
- Physics and Astronomy; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - David C. Smith
- Physics and Astronomy; University of Southampton, University Road; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Samuel Marks
- Department of Physics; University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Richard Beanland
- Department of Physics; University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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19
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Bartlett PN, Burt J, Cook DA, Cummings CY, George MW, Hector AL, Hasan MM, Ke J, Levason W, Pugh D, Reid G, Richardson PW, Smith DC, Spencer J, Suleiman N, Zhang W. A Versatile Precursor System for Supercritical Fluid Electrodeposition of Main-Group Materials. Chemistry 2016; 22:302-9. [PMID: 26608231 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, a versatile electrolyte bath is described that can be used to electrodeposit a wide range of p-block elements from supercritical difluoromethane (scCH2 F2 ). The bath comprises the tetrabutylammonium chlorometallate complex of the element in an electrolyte of 50×10(-3) mol dm(-3) tetrabutylammonium chloride at 17.2 MPa and 358 K. Through the use of anionic ([GaCl4 ](-) , [InCl4 ](-) , [GeCl3 ](-) , [SnCl3 ](-) , [SbCl4 ](-) , and [BiCl4 ](-) ) and dianionic ([SeCl6 ](2-) and [TeCl6 ](2-) ) chlorometallate salts, the deposition of elemental Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Sb, Bi, Se, and Te is demonstrated. In all cases, with the exception of gallium, which is a liquid under the deposition conditions, the resulting deposits are characterised by SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. An advantage of this electrolyte system is that the reagents are all crystalline solids, reasonably easy to handle and not highly water or oxygen sensitive. The results presented herein significantly broaden the range of materials accessible by electrodeposition from supercritical fluid and open up the future possibility of utilising the full scope of these unique fluids to electrodeposit functional binary or ternary alloys and compounds of these elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Bartlett
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK).
| | - Jennifer Burt
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - David A Cook
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Charles Y Cummings
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD (UK).,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Talking East Road Ningbo315100 (P.R. China)
| | - Andrew L Hector
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Mahboba M Hasan
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Jie Ke
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD (UK)
| | - William Levason
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - David Pugh
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Gillian Reid
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Peter W Richardson
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - David C Smith
- Physics and Astronomy University of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Joe Spencer
- Physics and Astronomy University of Southampton, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Norhidayah Suleiman
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD (UK)
| | - Wenjian Zhang
- Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK)
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20
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Abstract
A wide range of supercritical fluids (SCFs) have been studied as solvents for electrochemistry with carbon dioxide and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) being the most extensively studied. Recent advances have shown that it is possible to get well-resolved voltammetry in SCFs by suitable choice of the conditions and the electrolyte. In this review, we discuss the voltammetry obtained in these systems, studies of the double-layer capacitance, work on the electrodeposition of metals into high aspect ratio nanopores and the use of metallocenes as redox probes and standards in both supercritical carbon dioxide-acetonitrile and supercritical HFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Branch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Philip N Bartlett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Huang R, Kissling GP, Jolleys A, Bartlett PN, Hector AL, Levason W, Reid G, De Groot CH'K. Phase-Change Memory Properties of Electrodeposited Ge-Sb-Te Thin Film. Nanoscale Res Lett 2015; 10:432. [PMID: 26525703 PMCID: PMC4630317 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the properties of a series of electrodeposited Ge-Sb-Te alloys with various compositions. It is shown that the Sb/Ge ratio can be varied in a controlled way by changing the electrodeposition potential. This method opens up the prospect of depositing Ge-Sb-Te super-lattice structures by electrodeposition. Material and electrical characteristics of various compositions have been investigated in detail, showing up to three orders of magnitude resistance ratio between the amorphous and crystalline states and endurance up to 1000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruomeng Huang
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | - Andrew Jolleys
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Philip N Bartlett
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Andrew L Hector
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - William Levason
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Gillian Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - C H 'Kees' De Groot
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Abstract
[GeCl2(dioxane)] reacts with the neutral aza-macrocyclic ligands L, L = Me3tacn (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane), Me4cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) or Me4cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) and two mol. equiv. of Me3SiO3SCF3 in thf solution to yield the unusual and hydrolytically very sensitive [Ge(L)][O3SCF3]2 as white solids in moderate yield. Using shorter reaction times [Ge(Me3tacn)]Cl2 and [Ge(Me3tacn)]Cl[O3SCF3] were also isolated; the preparation of [Ge(Me4cyclen)][GeCl3]2 is also described. The structures of the Me3tacn complexes show κ(3)-coordination of the macrocycle, with the anions interacting only weakly to produce very distorted five- or six-coordination at germanium. In contrast, the structure of [Ge(Me4cyclen)][O3SCF3]2 shows no anion interactions, and a distorted square planar geometry at germanium from coordination to the tetra-aza macrocycle. Crystal structures of the Si(iv) complexes, [SiCl3(Me3tacn)]Y (Y = O3SCF3, BAr(F); [B{3,5-(CF3)2C6H3}4]) and [SiHCl2(Me3tacn)][BAr(F)], obtained from reaction of SiCl4 or SiHCl3 with Me3tacn, followed by addition of either Me3SiO3SCF3 or Na[BAr(F)], contain distorted octahedral cations, with facialκ(3)-coordinated Me3tacn. The open-chain triamine, Me2NCH2CH2N(Me)CH2CH2NMe2 (pmdta), forms [SiCl3(pmdta)][BAr(F)] and [SiBr3(pmdta)][BAr(F)] under similar conditions, containing mer-octahedral cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Everett
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Bartlett P, Cook D. Measurements of the double layer capacitance for electrodes in supercritical CO2/acetonitrile electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Robertson C, Beanland R, Boden SA, Hector AL, Kashtiban RJ, Sloan J, Smith DC, Walcarius A. Ordered mesoporous silica films with pores oriented perpendicular to a titanium nitride substrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4763-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05730a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thin mesoporous films are demonstrated with pores oriented perpendicular to a titanium nitride growth surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stuart A. Boden
- Electronics and Computer Science
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | | | | | - Jeremy Sloan
- Department of Physics
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
| | - David C. Smith
- Physics and Astronomy
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | - Alain Walcarius
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement
- UMR 7564
- CNRS-Université de Lorraine
- 54600 Villers-les-Nancy
- France
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Dyke J, Levason W, Light ME, Pugh D, Reid G, Bhakhoa H, Ramasami P, Rhyman L. Aza-macrocyclic complexes of the Group 1 cations – synthesis, structures and density functional theory study. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:13853-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01865j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Detailed analysis of the voltammetry of decamethylferrocene at micro and macro electrodes has been carried out in scCO2/MeCN (15 wt%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Branch
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - David A. Cook
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
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Hector AL, Jolleys A, Levason W, Pugh D, Reid G. The preparation and structure of Ge3F8 - a new mixed-valence fluoride of germanium, a convenient source of GeF2. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:14514-6. [PMID: 25138586 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02265c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The new binary mixed-valence fluoride of germanium, Ge3F8, has been obtained by heating GeF4 with powdered Ge in an autoclave (390 K/4 bar/48 h). The structure contains pyramidal Ge(II)F3 and octahedral Ge(IV)F6 units, linked by fluoride bridges. The new compound is the missing member of the series (GeF2)n·GeF4 (n = 2, 4, or 6). Sublimation of (GeF2)n·GeF4in vacuo provides a convenient source of GeF2 in ca. 30% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Hector
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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