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Song Y, Day CM, Afinjuomo F, Tan JQE, Page SW, Garg S. Advanced Strategies of Drug Delivery via Oral, Topical, and Parenteral Administration Routes: Where Do Equine Medications Stand? Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010186. [PMID: 36678815 PMCID: PMC9861747 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the global market for veterinary products has been expanding rapidly, there is still a lack of specialist knowledge of equine pharmaceutics. In many cases, the basic structure of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and integumentary system of the horse shares similarities with those of humans. Generally, the dosage form developed for humans can be repurposed to deliver equine medications; however, due to physiological variation, the therapeutic outcomes can be unpredictable. This is an area that requires more research, as there is a clear deficiency in literature precedence on drug delivery specifically for horses. Through a careful evaluation of equine anatomy and physiology, novel drug delivery systems (NDDSs) can be developed to adequately address many of the medical ailments of the horse. In addition to this, there are key considerations when delivering oral, topical, and parenteral drugs to horses, deriving from age and species variation. More importantly, NDDSs can enhance the duration of action of active drugs in animals, significantly improving owner compliance; and ultimately, enhancing the convenience of product administration. To address the knowledge gap in equine pharmaceutical formulations, this paper begins with a summary of the anatomy and physiology of the equine gastrointestinal, integumentary, and circulatory systems. A detailed discussion of potential dosage-form related issues affecting horses, and how they can be overcome by employing NDDSs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmei Song
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Candace M. Day
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Franklin Afinjuomo
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jin-Quan E. Tan
- SA Pharmacy, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Stephen W. Page
- Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8302-1575
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Hensel B, Schröter F, Großfeld R, Simmet C, Wauters J, Jung M, Schulze M. Relations between the time of ovulation and fecal estrogen concentration in sows. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:90-93. [PMID: 35777284 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) is the most important biotechnology in pig reproduction. To achieve the best possible fertility results, appropriate timing of the insemination is essential. The optimal time for AI is 12 h before to 4 h after ovulation. This time-frame, unlike in estrus, is not recognizable through external indicators. It would, therefore, be beneficial to find simple and economical methods that support manual estrus checks and are able to determine the time of ovulation more accurately. On this basis, starting 80 h after weaning, 14 DanBred sows (parity: 5.2 ± 2.4) were checked for ovulation via ultrasound scans every 8 h over a period of 72 h. Additionally, rectal fecal samples were taken and analyzed for their estrogen concentration to assess possible relations to ovulation time. On average, sows ovulated 121 ± 10 h after weaning and 16 ± 9 h after onset of heat. There was a prominent drop in fecal estrogen levels 4 h before ovulation when compared to almost all other points in time (before ovulation: 20 h (P = 0.056), 12 h (P = 0.006); after ovulation: 4 h and 12 h (P < 0.001)). There are, however, significant differences in the sow-individual fecal estrogen concentrations for which several influencing factors must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Hensel
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321 Bernau, Germany
| | - Filip Schröter
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School "Theodor-Fontane", Ladeburger Straße 17, D-16321 Bernau, Germany
| | | | | | - Jella Wauters
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Jung
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321 Bernau, Germany
| | - Martin Schulze
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321 Bernau, Germany.
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Wang Z, Wu Y, Shi L, Cui L, Li X, He C, Yang L, Li X. Evaluation and mining the applicable methods of roughage digestibility determination for buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2639-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vervuert I, Klein S, Coenen M. Effects of feeding state on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a starchy meal in horses: a methodological approach. Animal 2009; 3:1246-53. [PMID: 22444900 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731109004698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A standardised methodology is required for classification of starchy diets. One important question is what feeding status is optimal to describe glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to the respective starchy diet. Four horses were fed, in a randomised order, four different feeding protocols relative to offering hay before or after cracked corn (CC): (i) ad libitum hay for 12 h before feeding CC and ad libitum hay after CC intake for 9 h (+CC+), (ii) ad libitum hay for 12 h before feeding CC and no hay after CC intake for 9 h (+CC-), (iii) feed restriction for 12 h before feeding CC and ad libitum hay after CC intake for 9 h (-CC+) and (iv) 1.2 kg hay/100 kg body weight (BW) per day, divided into two equal portions and offered at 0900 h and 1900 h, feed restriction for 12 h before feeding CC and no hay after CC intake for 9 h (-CC-). CC intake was adjusted to a starch intake of 2 g/kg BW. The different hay offerings did not affect basal plasma glucose and insulin levels. A significant rise in plasma glucose and insulin was found after CC intake for all diets. The highest peak glucose levels were analysed for -CC+, and the lowest glucose peaks were found for +CC- (diet P < 0.05). The highest insulin peaks were monitored for -CC+ (31.27 ± 18.19 μU/ml) and lower peaks for +CC- (13.36 ± 2.93 μU/ml) (diet P < 0.05). Insulin for -CC- and +CC- returned to resting values about 300 min after CC feeding. For +CC+ and -CC+, insulin levels were still above resting levels 510 min after CC intake (diet P < 0.05). The present data suggest that feed restriction for 12 h before feeding the starchy diet and no further roughage intake during blood sampling period provide the best-defined conditions.
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Santos A, Rodrigues M, Bessa R, Ferreira L, Martin-rosset W. Understanding the equine cecum-colon ecosystem: current knowledge and future perspectives. Animal 2011; 5:48-56. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110001588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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van Weyenberg S, Buyse J, Janssens GPJ. Digestibility of a complete ration in horses fed once or three times a day and correlation with key blood parameters. Vet J 2007; 173:311-6. [PMID: 16376126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To determine the influence of feeding frequency on apparent digestibility and blood metabolites in horses, four geldings were fed a complete ration either once (at 08:00 h) or three times a day (at 08:00, 13:00 and 18:00 h). Horses were provided with a mixture of cereals and chopped alfalfa hay at maintenance level for energy supply, 344 kJ/kg BW(0.75) on a daily basis. After three weeks' adaptation, total amounts of faeces and urine were collected for five days, using collection harnesses. Serial blood samples were taken at -30, -15, 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 480 and 600 min after feeding and analysed for glucose, L-lactate, triglycerides (TG), non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA) and triiodothyronine (T(3)). Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), ash and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) were not significantly different (P>0.05) between the two feeding frequencies. Basal plasma glucose, plasma glucose curves and other plasma blood metabolites were not affected by meal frequency. The horses fed the whole ration in one morning feeding did not consume the entire meal at once, but spared feed for ingestion throughout the day, which may explain the lack of effect. Feeding frequency did not affect plasma glucose response (area under curve :AUC) (P=0.705), but AUC (glucose) was negatively correlated with CP (R(2)=0.76; P=0.005) and CF digestibility (R(2)=0.61; P=0.022). Further research is needed to clarify whether different endocrine responses or differences in passage rate can explain these correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie van Weyenberg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition, Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, University of Ghent, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Drogoul C, de Fombelle A, Julliand V. Feeding and microbial disorders in horses: 2: Effect of three hay:grain ratios on digesta passage rate and digestibility in ponies. J Equine Vet Sci 2001; 21:487-91. [DOI: 10.1016/s0737-0806(01)70211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pipkin J, Baker L, Buchholz-bryant M, Lampley W, Elmore-smith K, Haliburton J, Veneklasen G, Bachman R, Potter G. The effect of aerobic exercise after a period of inactivity on bone remodeling and calcium and phosphorus balance in mature horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2001; 21:491-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0737-0806(01)70212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Miraglia N, Bergero D, Bassano B, Tarantola M, Ladetto G. Studies of apparent digestibility in horses and the use of internal markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999; 60:21-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(99)00043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dulphy J, Martin-Rosset W, Dubroeucq H, Ballet J, Detour A, Jailler M. Compared feeding patterns in ad libitum intake of dry forages by horses and sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(97)00113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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