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Chakraborty N, Mitra AK. The versatility of DABCO as a reagent in organic synthesis: a review. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6830-6880. [PMID: 37605948 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00921a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) has garnered a lot of interest for numerous organic transformations since it is a low-cost, environmentally friendly, reactive, manageable, non-toxic and basic organocatalyst with a high degree of selectivity. Moreover, DABCO functions as a nucleophile as well as a base in a variety of processes for the synthesis of a wide array of molecules, including carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds. Protection and deprotection of functional groups and the formation of carbon-carbon bonds are also catalyzed by DABCO. The reagent also finds applications in the synthesis of functional groups like isothiocyanate, amide and ester. Application of DABCO in cycloaddition, coupling, aromatic nucleophilic substitution, ring-opening, oxidation and rearrangement reactions is also noteworthy. This is a state of the art review that has encompassed a variety of processes for the synthesis of organic frameworks using DABCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitisha Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand, Pin: 826004, India
| | - Amrit Krishna Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree College, Singur, Singur, Hooghly, West Bengal, Pin: 712409, India.
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Lops C, Pengo P, Pasquato L. Highly Efficient Darzens Reactions Mediated by Phosphazene Bases under Mild Conditions. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200179. [PMID: 36207800 PMCID: PMC9547082 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The highly basic and poorly nucleophilic phosphazene base P1‐t‐Bu promotes the Darzens condensation of α‐halo esters with aromatic aldehydes affording α,β‐epoxy esters in nearly quantitative yields under mild conditions and in short reaction times. The more basic P4‐t‐Bu phosphazene was found useful with low reactivity aldehydes. These reactions can be performed in aprotic organic solvents of low polarity, thus minimizing the hydrolysis of α,β‐epoxy esters which often accompanies the base‐promoted Darzens condensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Lops
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly,Aptuit – an Evotec CompanyVia A. Fleming 437135VeronaItaly
| | - Paolo Pengo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Lucia Pasquato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
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Abstract
One of the organocatalysts 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) is an excellent solid
catalyst in a number of reactions. It is also a good nucleophile and a base in numerous reactions for the
synthesis of heterocycles. DABCO catalyzes many reactions like cycloaddition reactions, coupling reactions,
Baylis-Hillman reaction, Henry reaction, ring opening reactions, etc. One more advanced feature
of these reactions is that they proceed through environmental friendly pathway. DABCO has
more advantages than other organic catalysts because it is an inexpensive, non.toxic base, an ecofriendly
and a highly reactive catalyst for building of organic frameworks, which produce the desired
products in excellent yields with high selectivity. Many catalytic applications of DABCO have been
reported for the synthesis of an organic framework which has been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K. Jangid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Mita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University Kita 12-jo Nishi 6-chome Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University Kita 12-jo Nishi 6-chome Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
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Abstract
The use of readily accessible ammonium ylides for (asymmetric) transformations, especially cyclization reactions, has received considerable attention over the past two decades. A variety of highly enantioselective protocols to facilitate annulation reactions have recently been introduced as an alternative to other common methods including S-ylide-mediated strategies. It is the intention of this short review to provide an introduction to this field by highlighting the potential of ammonium ylides for (asymmetric) cyclization reactions as well as to present the limitations and challenges of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Roiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstr. 69 4040 Linz (Austria)
| | - Katharina Zielke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstr. 69 4040 Linz (Austria)
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstr. 69 4040 Linz (Austria)
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Ashokkumar V, Siva A, Ramaswamy Chidambaram R. A highly enantioselective asymmetric Darzens reaction catalysed by proline based efficient organocatalysts for the synthesis of di- and tri-substituted epoxides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:10926-10929. [PMID: 28930307 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06194c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new class of easily available and readily tunable proline based chiral organocatalysts was found to efficiently catalyse an unprecedented highly enantioselective asymmetric Darzens reaction of α-chloroketones and substituted α-chloroketones with various aldehydes, which directly produces optically active di- and tri-substituted chiral epoxides with higher product yields (up to 97%) and excellent ee's (up to 99%) under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeramanoharan Ashokkumar
- Supramolecular and Organometallic Chemistry Lab, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu-625 021, India.
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Novacek J, Robiette R, Waser M. On the origin of the stereoselectivity in chiral amide-based ammonium ylide-mediated epoxidations. Monatsh Chem 2017; 148:77-81. [PMID: 28127093 PMCID: PMC5225234 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Detailed DFT studies provide an in-depth mechanistic understanding for the use of chiral amide-based ammonium ylides in epoxidation reactions. It is shown that the used chiral auxiliary efficiently shields one face of the ylide, which thus results in an extraordinarily high stereoselectivity giving only one trans-isomer with perfect control of the absolute configuration. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Novacek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Raphaël Robiette
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1 box L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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Novacek J, Roiser L, Zielke K, Robiette R, Waser M. Towards a General Understanding of Carbonyl-Stabilised Ammonium Ylide-Mediated Epoxidation Reactions. Chemistry 2016; 22:11422-8. [PMID: 27381752 PMCID: PMC5066843 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The key factors for carbonyl-stabilised ammonium ylide-mediated epoxidation reactions were systematically investigated by experimental and computational means and the hereby obtained energy profiles provide explanations for the observed experimental results. In addition, we were able to identify the first tertiary amine-based chiral auxiliary that allows for high enantioselectivities and high yields for such epoxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Novacek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Lukas Roiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Katharina Zielke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Raphaël Robiette
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1 box L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
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Mita T, Sugawara M, Sato Y. One-Pot Synthesis of α-Amino Acids through Carboxylation of Ammonium Ylides with CO2 Followed by Alkyl Migration. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5236-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Mita
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masumi Sugawara
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sato
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Pichler M, Novacek J, Robiette R, Poscher V, Himmelsbach M, Monkowius U, Müller N, Waser M. Asymmetric syntheses of three-membered heterocycles using chiral amide-based ammonium ylides. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2092-9. [PMID: 25521410 PMCID: PMC4323751 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02318h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenylglycinol serves as a powerful chiral auxiliary in ammonium ylide-mediated reactions to obtain chiral epoxides/aziridines with excellent stereoselectivities.
The use of carbonyl-stabilised ammonium ylides to access chiral glycidic amides and the corresponding aziridines has so far been limited to racemic trans-selective protocols. We herein report the development of an asymmetric approach to access such compounds with high levels of stereoselectivity using easily accessible chiral auxiliary-based ammonium ylides. The use of phenylglycinol as the chiral auxiliary was found to be superior to Evans or pseudoephedrine-based auxiliaries resulting in good to excellent stereoselectivities in both, epoxidation and aziridination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pichler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
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Aichhorn S, Gururaja GN, Reisinger M, Waser M. Scope and limitations of diastereoselective aziridination reactions using stabilised ammonium ylides or α-bromo carbonyl nucleophiles. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40429c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Herchl R, Stiftinger M, Waser M. Identification of the best-suited leaving group for the diastereoselective synthesis of glycidic amides from stabilised ammonium ylides and aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7023-7. [PMID: 21833407 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In comparison to the use of sulfur ylides, the use of ammonium ylides for the synthesis of epoxides is significantly less developed. As a part of our systematic investigations concerning the use of amide-stabilised ammonium ylides for the synthesis of glycidic amides we have focused on the identification of the best-suited amino leaving group for this purpose. Whereas tertiary amines like quinuclidine or cinchona alkaloids were found to be not suited for epoxide formation, trimethylamine was found to be the leaving group of choice, yielding trans-glycidic amides in excellent yields of > 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Herchl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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Abstract
A highly trans-selective protocol for the synthesis of glycidic amides was developed. This approach gave access to oxiranes by reacting stabilised ammonium ylides bearing an α-carbonyl group and aromatic aldehydes in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
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Sharifi A, Salimi R, Mirzaei M, Saeed Abaee M. Darzens Reaction Promoted by KF/Alumina: A Novel Stereoselective Method for Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of trans‐α,β‐Epoxy Ketones. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701316292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sharifi
- a Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghiyeh Salimi
- a Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mirzaei
- a Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Saeed Abaee
- a Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran , Tehran, Iran
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Bergmeier SC, Reed DD. Three-membered ring systems (2005). A critical review of the 2005 literature preceded by two chapters on current heterocyclic topics. Elsevier; 2007. pp. 81-105. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(07)80007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Robiette R, Conza M, Aggarwal VK. Delineation of the factors governing reactivity and selectivity in epoxide formation from ammonium ylides and aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:621-3. [PMID: 16467935 DOI: 10.1039/b516926g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diastereoselectivity in reactions of aryl-stabilised ammonium ylides are highly sensitive to the nature of the amine and the ylide substituent. DFT calculations are consistent with a mechanism in which reversibility in betaine formation [despite the high energy (and therefore instability) of ammonium ylides] is finely balanced due to the high barrier to ring closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Robiette
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, UKBS6 1TS
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