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Pan X, Šmíd M, Štefaníková R, Donat F, Baehtz C, Burian T, Cerantola V, Gaus L, Humphries OS, Hajkova V, Juha L, Krupka M, Kozlová M, Konopkova Z, Preston TR, Wollenweber L, Zastrau U, Falk K. Imaging x-ray spectrometer at the high energy density instrument of the European x-ray free electron laser. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:033501. [PMID: 37012789 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A multipurpose imaging x-ray crystal spectrometer is developed for the high energy density instrument of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser. The spectrometer is designed to measure x rays in the energy range of 4-10 keV, providing high-resolution, spatially resolved spectral measurements. A toroidally bent germanium (Ge) crystal is used, allowing x-ray diffraction from the crystal to image along a one-dimensional spatial profile while spectrally resolving along the other. A detailed geometrical analysis is performed to determine the curvature of the crystal. The theoretical performance of the spectrometer in various configurations is calculated by ray-tracing simulations. The key properties of the spectrometer, including the spectral and spatial resolution, are demonstrated experimentally on different platforms. Experimental results prove that this Ge spectrometer is a powerful tool for spatially resolved measurements of x-ray emission, scattering, or absorption spectra in high energy density physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Pan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Šmíd
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - R Štefaníková
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - F Donat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - C Baehtz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Cerantola
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - L Gaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - O S Humphries
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - V Hajkova
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Krupka
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Kozlová
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Z Konopkova
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T R Preston
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - L Wollenweber
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K Falk
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Stoupin S, Thorn DB, Ose N, Gao L, Hill KW, Ping Y, Coppari F, Kozioziemski B, Krygier A, Sio H, Ayers J, Bitter M, Kraus B, Efthimion PC, Schneider MB. The multi-optics high-resolution absorption x-ray spectrometer (HiRAXS) for studies of materials under extreme conditions. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:053102. [PMID: 34243250 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a high-resolution spectrometer for extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) studies of materials under extreme conditions. A curved crystal and detector in the spectrometer are replaceable such that a single body is employed to perform EXAFS measurements at different x-ray energy intervals of interest. Two configurations have been implemented using toroidal crystals with Ge 311 reflection set to provide EXAFS at the Cu K-edge (energy range 8.9-9.8 keV) and Ge 400 reflection set to provide EXAFS at the Ta L3-edge (9.8-10.7 keV). Key performance characteristics of the spectrometer were found to be consistent with design parameters. The data generated at the National Ignition Facility have shown an ≃3 eV spectral resolution for the Cu K-edge configuration and ≃6 eV for the Ta L3-edge configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stoupin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Ose
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Gao
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - K W Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Krygier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Sio
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - B Kraus
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - P C Efthimion
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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3
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Ditter AS, Holden WM, Cary SK, Mocko V, Latimer MJ, Nelson EJ, Kozimor SA, Seidler GT. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering using a miniature dispersive Rowland refocusing spectrometer. J Synchrotron Radiat 2020; 27:446-454. [PMID: 32153283 PMCID: PMC7064111 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) beamlines worldwide are steadily increasing their emphasis on full photon-in/photon-out spectroscopies, such as resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy (RXES) and high energy resolution fluorescence detection XAS (HERFD-XAS). In such cases, each beamline must match the choice of emission spectrometer to the scientific mission of its users. Previous work has recently reported a miniature tender X-ray spectrometer using a dispersive Rowland refocusing (DRR) geometry that functions with high energy resolution even with a large X-ray spot size on the sample [Holden et al. (2017). Rev. Sci. Instrum. 88, 073904]. This instrument has been used in the laboratory in multiple studies of non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy using a conventional X-ray tube, though only for preliminary measurements at a low-intensity microfocus synchrotron beamline. This paper reports an extensive study of the performance of a miniature DRR spectrometer at an unfocused wiggler beamline, where the incident monochromatic flux allows for resonant studies which are impossible in the laboratory. The results support the broader use of the present design and also suggest that the DRR method with an unfocused beam could have important applications for materials with low radiation damage thresholds and that would not survive analysis on focused beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Ditter
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, PO Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
- C-IIAC, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - William M. Holden
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, PO Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
| | - Samantha K. Cary
- C-IIAC, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Veronika Mocko
- C-IIAC, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Matthew J. Latimer
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Erik J. Nelson
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stosh A. Kozimor
- C-IIAC, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Gerald T. Seidler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, PO Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
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4
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Jiang S, Lazicki AE, Hansen SB, Sterne PA, Grabowski P, Shepherd R, Scott HA, Smith RF, Eggert JH, Ping Y. Measurements of pressure-induced Kβ line shifts in ramp compressed cobalt up to 8 Mbar. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:023204. [PMID: 32168658 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.023204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report measurements of K-shell fluorescence lines induced by fast electrons in ramp-compressed Co targets. The fluorescence emission was stimulated by fast electrons generated through short-pulse laser-solid interaction with an Al target layer. Compression up to 2.1× solid density was achieved while maintaining temperatures well below the Fermi energy, effectively removing the thermal effects from consideration. We observed small but unambiguous redshifts in the Kβ fluorescence line relative to unshifted Cu Kα. Redshifts up to 2.6 eV were found to increase with compression and to be consistent with predictions from self-consistent models based on density-functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jiang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A E Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P A Sterne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Grabowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Shepherd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H A Scott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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5
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Bitter M, Hill KW, Gao L, Kraus BF, Efthimion PC, Delgado-Aparicio L, Pablant N, Stratton B, Schneider M, Coppari F, Kauffman R, MacPhee AG, Ping Y, Thorn D. A new toroidal x-ray crystal spectrometer for the diagnosis of high energy density plasmas at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10F118. [PMID: 30399766 DOI: 10.1063/1.5036806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The here-described spectrometer was developed for the extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy of high-density plasmas at the National Ignition Facility. It employs as the Bragg reflecting element a new type of toroidally bent crystal with a constant and very large major radius R and a much smaller, locally varying, minor radius r. The focusing properties of this crystal and the experimental arrangement of the source and detector make it possible to (a) fulfill the conditions for a perfect imaging of an ideal point source for each wavelength, (b) obtain a high photon throughput, (c) obtain a high spectral resolution by eliminating the effects of source-size broadening, and (d) obtain a one-dimensional spatial resolution with a high magnification perpendicular to the main dispersion plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - K W Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Lan Gao
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - B F Kraus
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - P C Efthimion
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | | | - N Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - B Stratton
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - M Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Kauffman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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6
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Holden WM, Hoidn OR, Seidler GT, DiChiara AD. A color x-ray camera for 2-6 keV using a mass produced back illuminated complementary metal oxide semiconductor sensor. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:093111. [PMID: 30278704 PMCID: PMC6147753 DOI: 10.1063/1.5047934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There are several reports in the scientific literature of the use of mass-produced charge coupled device or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors as x-ray detectors that combine high spatial resolution with significant energy resolution. Exploiting a relatively new especially favorable ambient-temperature back-illuminated CMOS sensor, we report the development of a spectroscopic x-ray camera having particularly impressive performance for 2-6 keV photons. This instrument has several beneficial characteristics for advanced x-ray spectroscopy studies in the laboratory, at synchrotron light sources, at x-ray free electron lasers, or when using pulsed x-ray sources such as for laser plasma physics research. These characteristics include fine position and energy resolution for individual photon events, high saturation rates, frame rates above 100 Hz, easy user maintenance for damaged sensors, and software for real-time processing. We evaluate this camera as an alternative to traditional energy-dispersive solid-state detectors, such as silicon drift detectors, and also illustrate its use in a very high resolution wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer (i.e., x-ray emission spectrometer) that has recently been reported elsewhere [W. M. Holden et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 88(7), 073904 (2017)].
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Holden
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Oliver R Hoidn
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Anthony D DiChiara
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Labs, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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7
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Falk K, Holec M, Fontes CJ, Fryer CL, Greeff CW, Johns HM, Montgomery DS, Schmidt DW, Šmíd M. Measurement of Preheat Due to Nonlocal Electron Transport in Warm Dense Matter. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:025002. [PMID: 29376698 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This Letter presents a novel approach to study electron transport in warm dense matter. It also includes the first x-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) measurement from low-density CH foams compressed by a strong laser-driven shock at the OMEGA laser facility. The XRTS measurement is combined with velocity interferometry (VISAR) and optical pyrometry (SOP) providing a robust measurement of thermodynamic conditions in the shock. Evidence of significant preheat contributing to elevated temperatures reaching 17.5-35 eV in shocked CH foam is measured by XRTS. These measurements are complemented by abnormally high shock velocities observed by VISAR and early emission seen by SOP. These results are compared to radiation hydrodynamics simulations that include first-principles treatment of nonlocal electron transport in warm dense matter with excellent agreement. Additional simulations confirm that the x-ray contribution to this preheat is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Falk
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, ELI-Beamlines, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Holec
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, ELI-Beamlines, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, Universite de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, UMR 5107, F-33405 Talence, France
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 120 00 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - C J Fontes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C L Fryer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C W Greeff
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - H M Johns
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D S Montgomery
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D W Schmidt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Šmíd
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, ELI-Beamlines, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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Dharuman G, Verboncoeur J, Christlieb A, Murillo MS. Atomic bound state and scattering properties of effective momentum-dependent potentials. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:043205. [PMID: 27841554 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.043205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Effective classical dynamics provide a potentially powerful avenue for modeling large-scale dynamical quantum systems. We have examined the accuracy of a Hamiltonian-based approach that employs effective momentum-dependent potentials (MDPs) within a molecular-dynamics framework through studies of atomic ground states, excited states, ionization energies, and scattering properties of continuum states. Working exclusively with the Kirschbaum-Wilets (KW) formulation with empirical MDPs [C. L. Kirschbaum and L. Wilets, Phys. Rev. A 21, 834 (1980)0556-279110.1103/PhysRevA.21.834], optimization leads to very accurate ground-state energies for several elements (e.g., N, F, Ne, Al, S, Ar, and Ca) relative to Hartree-Fock values. The KW MDP parameters obtained are found to be correlated, thereby revealing some degree of transferability in the empirically determined parameters. We have studied excited-state orbits of electron-ion pair to analyze the consequences of the MDP on the classical Coulomb catastrophe. From the optimized ground-state energies, we find that the experimental first- and second-ionization energies are fairly well predicted. Finally, electron-ion scattering was examined by comparing the predicted momentum transfer cross section to a semiclassical phase-shift calculation; optimizing the MDP parameters for the scattering process yielded rather poor results, suggesting a limitation of the use of the KW MDPs for plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautham Dharuman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - John Verboncoeur
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Andrew Christlieb
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Michael S Murillo
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
- Computational Physics and Methods Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
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9
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Hoidn OR, Seidler GT. Note: A disposable x-ray camera based on mass produced complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor sensors and single-board computers. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:086107. [PMID: 26329247 DOI: 10.1063/1.4929713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We have integrated mass-produced commercial complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors and off-the-shelf single-board computers into an x-ray camera platform optimized for acquisition of x-ray spectra and radiographs at energies of 2-6 keV. The CMOS sensor and single-board computer are complemented by custom mounting and interface hardware that can be easily acquired from rapid prototyping services. For single-pixel detection events, i.e., events where the deposited energy from one photon is substantially localized in a single pixel, we establish ∼20% quantum efficiency at 2.6 keV with ∼190 eV resolution and a 100 kHz maximum detection rate. The detector platform's useful intrinsic energy resolution, 5-μm pixel size, ease of use, and obvious potential for parallelization make it a promising candidate for many applications at synchrotron facilities, in laser-heating plasma physics studies, and in laboratory-based x-ray spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Hoidn
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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10
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Harding EC, Ao T, Bailey JE, Loisel G, Sinars DB, Geissel M, Rochau GA, Smith IC. Analysis and implementation of a space resolving spherical crystal spectrometer for x-ray Thomson scattering experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:043504. [PMID: 25933859 DOI: 10.1063/1.4918619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The application of a space-resolving spectrometer to X-ray Thomson Scattering (XRTS) experiments has the potential to advance the study of warm dense matter. This has motivated the design of a spherical crystal spectrometer, which is a doubly focusing geometry with an overall high sensitivity and the capability of providing high-resolution, space-resolved spectra. A detailed analysis of the image fluence and crystal throughput in this geometry is carried out and analytical estimates of these quantities are presented. This analysis informed the design of a new spectrometer intended for future XRTS experiments on the Z-machine. The new spectrometer collects 6 keV x-rays with a spherically bent Ge (422) crystal and focuses the collected x-rays onto the Rowland circle. The spectrometer was built and then tested with a foam target. The resulting high-quality spectra prove that a spherical spectrometer is a viable diagnostic for XRTS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Harding
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T Ao
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - I C Smith
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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11
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Bitter M, Hill KW, Efthimion PC, Delgado-Aparicio L, Pablant N, Lu J, Beiersdorfer P, Chen H. A new spectrometer design for the x-ray spectroscopy of laser-produced plasmas with high (sub-ns) time resolution. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11D627. [PMID: 25430203 DOI: 10.1063/1.4894390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a new type of x-ray crystal spectrometer, which can be used in combination with gated x-ray detectors to obtain spectra from laser-produced plasmas with a high (sub-ns) time resolution. The spectrometer consists of a convex, spherically bent crystal, which images individual spectral lines as perfectly straight lines across multiple, sequentially gated, strip detectors. Since the Bragg-reflected rays are divergent, the distance between detector and crystal is arbitrary, so that this distance can be appropriately chosen to optimize the experimental arrangement with respect to the detector parameters. The spectrometer concept was verified in proof-of-principle experiments by imaging the Lβ1- and Lβ2-lines of tungsten, at 9.6735 and 9.96150 keV, from a micro-focus x-ray tube with a tungsten target onto a two-dimensional pixilated Pilatus detector, using a convex, spherically bent Si-422 crystal with a radius of curvature of 500 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - K W Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - P C Efthimion
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | | | - N Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - P Beiersdorfer
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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12
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Falk K, Gamboa EJ, Kagan G, Montgomery DS, Srinivasan B, Tzeferacos P, Benage JF. Equation of state measurements of warm dense carbon using laser-driven shock and release technique. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:155003. [PMID: 24785044 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.155003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a new approach to equation of state experiments that utilizes a laser-driven shock and release technique combined with spatially resolved x-ray Thomson scattering, radiography, velocity interferometry, and optical pyrometry to obtain independent measurements of pressure, density, and temperature for carbon at warm dense matter conditions. The uniqueness of this approach relies on using a laser to create very high initial pressures to enable a very deep release when the shock moves into a low-density pressure standard. This results in material at near normal solid density and temperatures around 10 eV. The spatially resolved Thomson scattering measurements facilitate a temperature determination of the released material by isolating the scattering signal from a specific region in the target. Our results are consistent with quantum molecular dynamics calculations for carbon at these conditions and are compared to several equation of state models.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Falk
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E J Gamboa
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - G Kagan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D S Montgomery
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B Srinivasan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P Tzeferacos
- Flash Center for Computational Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J F Benage
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Falk K, Regan SP, Vorberger J, Crowley BJB, Glenzer SH, Hu SX, Murphy CD, Radha PB, Jephcoat AP, Wark JS, Gericke DO, Gregori G. Comparison between x-ray scattering and velocity-interferometry measurements from shocked liquid deuterium. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2013; 87:043112. [PMID: 23679534 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.043112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The equation of state of light elements is essential to understand the structure of Jovian planets and inertial confinement fusion research. The Omega laser was used to drive a planar shock wave in the cryogenically cooled deuterium, creating warm dense matter conditions. X-ray scattering was used to determine the spectrum near the boundary of the collective and noncollective scattering regimes using a narrow band x-ray source in backscattering geometry. Our scattering spectra are thus sensitive to the individual electron motion as well as the collective plasma behavior and provide a measurement of the electron density, temperature, and ionization state. Our data are consistent with velocity-interferometry measurements previously taken on the same shocked deuterium conditions and presented by K. Falk et al. [High Energy Density Phys. 8, 76 (2012)]. This work presents a comparison of the two diagnostic systems and offers a detailed discussion of challenges encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Falk
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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Keiter PA, Gamboa EJ, Huntington CM, Kuranz CC. Concept to diagnose mix with imaging x-ray Thomson scattering. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10E534. [PMID: 23127040 DOI: 10.1063/1.4732185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Turbulent mixing of two fluid species is a ubiquitous problem, prevalent in systems such as inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsule implosions, supernova remnants, and other astrophysical systems. In complex, high Reynolds number compressible high energy density (HED) flows such as these, hydrodynamic instabilities initiate the turbulent mixing process, which can then feedback and alter the mean hydrodynamic motion through nonlinear processes. In order to predict how these systems evolve under turbulent conditions, models are used. However, these models require detailed quantitative data to validate and constrain their detailed physics models as well as improve them. Providing this much needed data is currently at the forefront of HED research but is proving elusive due to a lack of available diagnostics capable of directly measuring detailed flow variables. Thomson scattering is a promising technique in this regard as it provides fundamental conditions of the flow (ρ, T, Zbar) due to its direct interaction with the small scales of the fluid or plasma and was recently considered as a possible mix diagnostic. With the development of imaging x-ray Thomson scattering (IXRTS) obtaining spatial profiles of these variables is within reach. We propose a novel use of the IXRTS technique that will provide more detailed quantitative data required for model validation in mix experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Keiter
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, USA.
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