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Avila-Sierra A, Decerle N, Ramaioli M, Peyron MA. Effect of salivary fluid characteristics on the physical features of in vitro bread bolus: From the absence of saliva to artificially simulated hypersalivation. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113753. [PMID: 38128995 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Saliva facilitates food oral processing, bolus formation, swallowing, and sensory perception, in addition to contributing to oral health and phonation. Ageing, health affections, and polymedication are among many causes altering salivary production, modifying the mastication process, the food impregnation ratio, and in turn altering the characteristics of the bolus, swallowing, and digestion. In this in vitro work, using the AM2 masticator apparatus, which replicates the mechanical actions taking place while chewing solid foods and produces realistic food bolus in various oral conditions, we investigated the effect of salivary fluid characteristics, i.e., composition, quantity (from absence to hypersalivation), temperature, and enzymatic action, on the physical characteristics (i.e., particle size distribution (PSD), bolus mass, salivary fluid content) of in vitro boluses of Traditional French baguette. A ready-to-swallow bolus of baguette displayed on average a d50 value (median particle size by mass) of 4.1 ± 0.4 mm, with saliva fluid constituting ∼ 35 % of the final bolus mass. The absence of saliva in mouth led to a deficient oral processing, forming bread boluses constituted by extremely big particles (ca. 80 % of particles had a size > 7.1 mm) that likely cannot be swallowed safely. On the contrary, an excess of saliva favoured an excessive breaking down of bread, leading to bread boluses constituted by smaller particles than those formed under healthy salivary conditions (d50 decreased from 4.1 mm to 3.1 mm), having a higher salivary fluid content (+10 %). On the other hand, the salivary fluid temperature did not affect PSD, d50, bolus mass, or salivary fluid content of in vitro bread boluses, however, the addition of human salivary α-amylase did, favouring particle size reduction (d50 decreased to 2.6 mm). Therefore, beyond the correlation between bolus hydration by saliva and food properties such as hardness and moisture content, our findings indicate that the quantity of salivary fluid present in the oral cavity and the enzymatic activity of salivary α-amylase during bread mastication significantly influence both the particle size distribution and the fluid content of bread boluses, ultimately determining the physical properties of the bolus and, therefore, potentially impacting the subsequent swallowing process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Decerle
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique (CROC) EA 4847, UFR Odontologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d'Odontologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marco Ramaioli
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, Palaiseau, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Peyron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR 1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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2
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Abstract
Biomarkers are molecules of biological processes that help in both the diagnosis of human diseases and in follow-up assessments of therapeutic responses. Biomarkers can be measured in many human fluids, such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and saliva. The -omics methods (genomics, RNomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) are useful at measuring thousands of markers in a small volume. Saliva is a human fluid that is easily accessible, without any ethical concerns. Yet, saliva remains unexplored in regard to many human disease biomarkers. In this review, we will give an overview on saliva and how it can be influenced by exogenous factors. As we focus on the potential use of saliva as a diagnostic tool in brain disorders (especially Alzheimer's disease), we will cover how saliva is linked to the brain. We will discuss that saliva is a heterogeneous human fluid, yet useful for the discovery of biomarkers in human disorders. However, a procedure and consensus that is controlled, validated, and standardized for the collection and processing of saliva is required, followed by a highly sensitive diagnostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Zürcher
- University Hospital for Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry & Experimental Alzheimer's Research, Department of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Wargh N, Piltti J, Hedberg P. The performance of saliva test strips for determining ethanol levels, as compared to gas chromatography and breathalyser methods. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2023; 83:432-438. [PMID: 37694716 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2023.2255970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
We set out to determine the performance of the Testi Technologies enzymatic assay saliva ethanol test strips of three different detection levels: 0 g/L, 0.2 g/L and 0.5 g/L, using as the reference method a gas chromatography analyser (GC). Alcohol levels were measured in 104 volunteers at up to three points in time, using up to three test strips per measurement, while gathering blood samples and breathalyser readings in parallel. The plasma alcohol concentrations (PAC) were determined from the plasma samples using GC. The qualitative results of the test strips were compared to the quantitative results from the reference method, as well as the breathalyser readings, and the amount of true and false positive and true and false negative results were classified using predetermined cut-off levels. The best performing test strips were the 0 g/L and the 0.2 g/L strips. The 0 g/L strips had a sensitivity and specificity of 1.00, as false negatives and false positives were not detected. The 0.2 g/L strips had a sensitivity and specificity [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 0.98 (0.96 - 1.00) and 0.83 (0.62 - 1.00) respectively, an accuracy of 0.97 (0.95 - 0.99), and a diagnostic odds ratio of 205.00 (35.33 - 1189.66). The test strips perform their intended purpose of screening for alcohol consumption well, with their great sensitivity as a defining property compared to other testing methods. For them to be able to be implemented in a clinical setting however, further refinement of the tests' characteristics would be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Wargh
- NordLab Wellbeing Services, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Piltti
- NordLab Wellbeing Services, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pirjo Hedberg
- NordLab Wellbeing Services, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Pérez-Jardón A, Pérez-Sayáns M, Peñamaría-Mallón M, Otero-Rey E, Velasco-Ortega E, López-López J, Martínez-González JM, Blanco-Carrión A. Xerostomia, the perception of general and oral health and health risk behaviours in people over 65 years of age. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:982. [PMID: 36536323 PMCID: PMC9764469 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the association between xerostomia and health risk behaviours, general and oral health and quality of life. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving 800 adults over 65 years of age residing in Spain using a computer-assisted telephone questionnaire. The severity of xerostomia was assessed through the Xerostomia Inventory (XI). Both univariate and adjusted multinomial logistic regression were used to determine the risk (OR) of xerostomia. RESULTS The sample comprised of 492 females (61.5%) and 308 males, with a mean age of 73.7 ± 5.8 years. Some, 30.7% had xerostomia: 25.6% mild, 4.8% moderate and 0.3% severe, the majority being female (34.8% vs 24%; p = 0.003). The mean XI was 24.6 ± 6.3 (95% CI 19.2-24.8) for those with poor health, whereas it was 17.4 ± 6.3 (95%CI 16.1-18.6) in those reporting very good health (p < 0.001). This difference was also observed in terms of oral health, with the XI mean recorded as 14.7 ± 10.7 for very poor oral health and 6.4 ± 5.4 for those with very good health (p = 0.002). Logistic regression showed that the highest OR for xerostomia was observed among adults with poor general health (2.81; 95%CI 1.8-4.3; p < 0.001) and for adjusted model the OR was still significant (2.18; 95%CI 1.4-3.4; p = 0.001). Those who needed help with household chores had 2.16 higher OR (95%CI 1.4-3.4; p = 0.001) and 1.69 (95%CI 1.1-2.7; p = 0.03) in the adjusted model. Females had a higher risk of suffering from xerostomia than males. CONCLUSION The strong association between xerostomia and the general and oral health status of older adults justifies the need for early assessment and regular follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pérez-Jardón
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes). Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 A Coruña, Spain ,grid.488911.d0000 0004 0408 4897ORALRES group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mario Pérez-Sayáns
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes). Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 A Coruña, Spain ,grid.488911.d0000 0004 0408 4897ORALRES group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Peñamaría-Mallón
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes). Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eva Otero-Rey
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes). Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 A Coruña, Spain ,grid.488911.d0000 0004 0408 4897ORALRES group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eugenio Velasco-Ortega
- grid.9224.d0000 0001 2168 1229Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Seville, C/Avicena s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - José López-López
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Oral Health and Masticatory System Group-IDIBELL, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Odontological Hospital University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Martínez-González
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Department of dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Blanco-Carrión
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit (MedOralRes). Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 A Coruña, Spain ,grid.488911.d0000 0004 0408 4897ORALRES group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Liao Y, Tong X, Jia Y, Liu Q, Wu Y, Xue W, He Y, Wang T, Zheng X, Zheng M, Jia W. The Effects of Alcohol Drinking on Oral Microbiota in the Chinese Population. IJERPH 2022; 19:5729. [PMID: 35565124 PMCID: PMC9103016 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The dysbiosis of oral microbiota is linked to numerous diseases and is associated with personal lifestyles, such as alcohol drinking. However, there is inadequate data to study the effect of alcohol drinking on oral microbiota from the Chinese population. Here, we profiled the oral microbiota of 150 healthy subjects in the Chinese population by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that drinkers had significantly higher alpha diversity than non-drinkers. A significant difference in overall microbiota composition was observed between non-drinkers and drinkers. Additionally, using DESeq analysis, we found genus Prevotella and Moryella, and species Prevotella melaninogenica and Prevotella tannerae were significantly enriched in drinkers; meanwhile, the genus Lautropia, Haemophilus and Porphyromonas, and species Haemophilus parainfluenzae were significantly depleted in drinkers. PICRUSt analysis showed that significantly different genera were mainly related to metabolism pathways. The oxygen-independent pathways, including galactose, fructose and mannose metabolism pathways, were enriched in drinkers and positively associated with genera enriched in drinkers; while the pyruvate metabolism pathway, an aerobic metabolism pathway, was decreased in drinkers and negatively associated with genera enriched in drinkers. Our results suggested that alcohol drinking may affect health by altering oral microbial composition and potentially affecting microbial functional pathways. These findings may have implications for better understanding the potential role those oral bacteria play in alcohol-related diseases.
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Criado C, Muñoz-González C, Hernández-Ledesma B, Pozo-Bayón MÁ. Temporal changes in salivary composition induced by oral exposure to different wine matrices and the relationship with the behaviour of aroma compounds in the mouth. Food Funct 2022; 13:4600-4611. [PMID: 35355023 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03887g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic changes in saliva flow and composition (pH, total protein capacity (TPC), total polyphenol index (TPI) and saliva antioxidant activity (SAOX)) after the exposure of the oral cavity to aromatized wine matrices with different chemical compositions (dealcoholized, alcoholized, and synthetic wines) have been investigated. For this, stimulated saliva from ten volunteers were collected five days per week (from Monday to Friday) during three non-consecutive weeks, before (basal saliva) and after the oral intervention with the wines (5 and 15 minutes later) (n = 450). In order to know the relationship between the changes induced in salivary composition and the amount of aroma retained in the oral cavity, the expectorated wines were also collected (n = 150). Results showed differences in saliva composition (pH, TPI and SAOX) depending on the wine matrix that were only significant in the first five minutes after the oral exposure to the wines. The wines with ethanol produced significantly lower in-mouth aroma retention, while salivary TPI and, to a minor extent, SAOX, were positively related to the aroma retained. These results prove that not only wine aroma composition, but also the physiological changes in saliva induced by the non-volatile chemical composition of the wine play an important role in wine odorant compounds, and likely, in aroma perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Criado
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carolina Muñoz-González
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Ángeles Pozo-Bayón
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Ma T, Wang X, Chen J. In vitro stability study of saliva emulsions: The impact of time, calcium ion and pH. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Sorkina O, Zaitseva O, Khudyakov A. The effect of long-term alcohol intoxication on the morphological structures and enzymatic activity of rat salivary glands. Alcohol 2022; 99:23-33. [PMID: 34883230 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study changes in the morphological structures and enzymatic activity of the submandibular salivary gland (SMG) and parotid salivary gland (PG) in rats after prolonged alcohol intoxication. METHODS Sexually mature male Wistar rats consumed 20% ethanol (6.9 g/kg/day) for 180 consecutive days. The PG and SMG were collected for morphometric and histochemical analyses (nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05). RESULTS After exposure to ethanol for 180 days, the PG showed a change in the shape of the acini and the secretory cells that formed them, uneven expansion of the interlobular excretory ducts, and moderate fatty infiltration in the stroma. After exposure to ethanol for 180 days, the SMG showed fatty infiltration and stromal edema, and changes in acinar cells, intercalated ducts, and striated ducts. There was a significant decrease in the relative and absolute weight of the SMG. The number of mast cells in the PG and SMG and their degranulation index increased 2-fold after exposure to ethanol. All mast cells were highly active. After ethanol exposure, the activity of alkaline phosphatase increased significantly in the myoepithelial cells of the SMG and PG; the activity of NADPH oxidase increased only in the acini SMG, and the activity of succinate dehydrogenase remained at the control level in the acini of both glands. In the ducts of these glands, the activity of other enzymes did not change. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the morphological structures, morphometric parameters, and enzymatic activity of the rat salivary glands after 180 days of ethanol intoxication are shown for the first time. The most pronounced changes were found in the SMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sorkina
- Chuvash State University, 428015, 15 Moskovsky Prospect, Chuvash Republic, Cheboksary, Russia
| | - Oksana Zaitseva
- Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 167982, 50 Pervomayskaya str., Komi Republic, Syktyvkar, Russia.
| | - Andrey Khudyakov
- Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 167982, 50 Pervomayskaya str., Komi Republic, Syktyvkar, Russia
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Ornelas-González A, Ortiz-Martínez M, González-González M, Rito-Palomares M. Enzymatic Methods for Salivary Biomarkers Detection: Overview and Current Challenges. Molecules 2021; 26:7026. [PMID: 34834116 PMCID: PMC8624596 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection is a key factor in patient fate. Currently, multiple biomolecules have been recognized as biomarkers. Nevertheless, their identification is only the starting line on the way to their implementation in disease diagnosis. Although blood is the biofluid par excellence for the quantification of biomarkers, its extraction is uncomfortable and painful for many patients. In this sense, there is a gap in which saliva emerges as a non-invasive and valuable source of information, as it contains many of the biomarkers found in blood. Recent technological advances have made it possible to detect and quantify biomarkers in saliva samples. However, there are opportunity areas in terms of cost and complexity, which could be solved using simpler methodologies such as those based on enzymes. Many reviews have focused on presenting the state-of-the-art in identifying biomarkers in saliva samples. However, just a few of them provide critical analysis of technical elements for biomarker quantification in enzymatic methods for large-scale clinical applications. Thus, this review proposes enzymatic assays as a cost-effective alternative to overcome the limitations of current methods for the quantification of biomarkers in saliva, highlighting the technical and operational considerations necessary for sampling, method development, optimization, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mirna González-González
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey 64710, N.L., Mexico; (A.O.-G.); (M.O.-M.)
| | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey 64710, N.L., Mexico; (A.O.-G.); (M.O.-M.)
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10
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Aganovic A, Bi Y, Cao G, Drangsholt F, Kurnitski J, Wargocki P. Estimating the impact of indoor relative humidity on SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission risk using a new modification of the Wells-Riley model. Build Environ 2021; 205:108278. [PMID: 34456454 PMCID: PMC8380559 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A novel modified version of the Wells-Riley model was used to estimate the impact of relative humidity (RH) on the removal of respiratory droplets containing the SARS-CoV-2 virus by deposition through gravitational settling and its inactivation by biological decay; the effect of RH on susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 was not considered. These effects were compared with the removal achieved by increased ventilation rate with outdoor air. Modeling was performed assuming that the infected person talked continuously for 60 and 120 min. The results of modeling showed that the relative impact of RH on the infection risk depended on the ventilation rate and the size range of virus-laden droplets. A ventilation rate of 0.5 ACH, the change of RH between 20% and 53% was predicted to have a small effect on the infection risk, while at a ventilation rate of 6 ACH this change had nearly no effect. On the contrary, increasing the ventilation rate from 0.5 ACH to 6 ACH was predicted to decrease the infection risk by half which is remarkably larger effect compared with that predicted for RH. It is thus concluded that increasing the ventilation rate is more beneficial for reducing the airborne levels of SARS-CoV-2 than changing indoor RH. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The present results show that humidification to moderate levels of 40%-60% RH should not be expected to provide a significant reduction in infection risk caused by SARS-CoV-2, hence installing and running humidifiers may not be an efficient solution to reduce the risk of COVID-19 disease in indoor spaces. The results do however confirm that ventilation has a key role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 virus concentration in the air providing considerably higher benefits. The modified model developed in the present work can be used by public health experts, engineers, and epidemiologists when selecting different measures to reduce the infection risk from SARS-CoV-2 indoors allowing informed decisions concerning indoor environmental control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Aganovic
- Department of Automation and Process Engineering, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yang Bi
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guangyu Cao
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn Drangsholt
- Department of Automation and Process Engineering, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jarek Kurnitski
- REHVA Technology and Research Committee, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
The human microbiome contributes metabolic functions, protects against pathogens, educates the immune system, and through these basic functions, directly or indirectly, affects most of our physiologic functions. Here, we consider the human microbiome and its relationship to several major noncommunicable human conditions, including orodigestive tract cancers, neurologic diseases, diabetes, and obesity. We also highlight the scope of contextual macroenvironmental factors (toxicological and chemical environment, built environment, and socioeconomic environment) and individual microenvironmental factors (smoking, alcohol, and diet) that may push the microbiota toward less healthy or more healthy conditions, influencing the development of these diseases. Last, we highlight current uncertainties and challenges in the study of environmental influences on the human microbiome and implications for understanding noncommunicable disease, suggesting a research agenda to strengthen the scientific evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Ahn
- Department of Population Health, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; ,
| | - Richard B Hayes
- Department of Population Health, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; ,
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12
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Liang X, Justice AC, So-Armah K, Krystal JH, Sinha R, Xu K. DNA methylation signature on phosphatidylethanol, not on self-reported alcohol consumption, predicts hazardous alcohol consumption in two distinct populations. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2238-2253. [PMID: 32034291 PMCID: PMC8440221 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The process of diagnosing hazardous alcohol drinking (HAD) is based on self-reported data and is thereby vulnerable to bias. There has been an interest in developing epigenetic biomarkers for HAD that might complement clinical assessment. Because alcohol consumption has been previously linked to DNA methylation (DNAm), we aimed to select DNAm signatures in blood to predict HAD from two demographically and clinically distinct populations (Ntotal = 1,549). We first separately conducted an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) for phosphatidylethanol (PEth), an objective measure of alcohol consumption, and for self-reported alcohol consumption in Cohort 1. We identified 83 PEth-associated CpGs, including 23 CpGs previously associated with alcohol consumption or alcohol use disorder. In contrast, no CpG reached epigenome-wide significance on self-reported alcohol consumption. Using a machine learning approach, two CpG subsets from EWAS on PEth and on self-reported alcohol consumption from Cohort 1 were separately tested for the prediction of HAD in Cohort 2. We found that a subset of 143 CpGs selected from the EWAS on PEth showed an excellent prediction of HAD with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 89.4% in training set and 73.9% in validation set of Cohort 2. However, CpGs preselected from the EWAS on self-reported alcohol consumption showed a poor prediction of HAD with AUC 75.2% in training set and 57.6% in validation set. Our results demonstrate that an objective measure for alcohol consumption is a more informative phenotype than self-reported data for revealing epigenetic mechanisms. The PEth-associated DNAm signature in blood could serve as a robust biomarker for alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kaku So-Armah
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Stress Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
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Ferreira RO, Aragão WAB, Bittencourt LO, Fernandes LPM, Balbinot KM, Alves-Junior SM, Pinheiro JDJV, Maia CDSF, Crespo-Lopez ME, Lima RR. Ethanol binge drinking during pregnancy and its effects on salivary glands of offspring rats: oxidative stress, morphometric changes and salivary function impairments. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110979. [PMID: 33190033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the biochemical and morphological effects of ethanol (EtOH) binge drinking during pregnancy on parotid glands (PG), submandibular glands (SMG), and saliva of offspring rats. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats (n = 8) were exposed to EtOH consumption (3 g/kg/day - 20 % w/v) for three consecutive days. The saliva of 40-day-old offspring rats was collected to determine amylase activity and total protein concentration. PG and SMG were collected to performe oxidative biochemistry, morphometric and immunohistochemistry analyses (Student's t-test, p < .05). RESULTS EtOH consumption during pregnancy significantly decreased the total protein concentration and decreased amylase activity. In the PG, the EtOH group showed increased lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant capacity against peroxyl. In the SMG, the EtOH group showed increased lipid peroxidation and NOx metabolite levels. PG exposed to EtOH showed a decrease of acini, ducts, and total parenchymal area. SMG exposed to EtOH showed an increase in the total stromal area. The expression of CK-19 and Vimentin were found not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, a three-day EtOH binge-drinking protocol during pregnancy is associated with oxidative stress and morphometric alterations in the salivary glands of offspring rats and with the functional reduction of the main salivary enzyme (amylase). CLINICAL RELEVANCE EtOH consumption during pregnancy altered the morphology and physiology of the salivary glands of offspring rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Railson O Ferreira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Walessa A B Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Leonardo O Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Luanna P M Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Karolyny M Balbinot
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Sérgio M Alves-Junior
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - João de Jesus V Pinheiro
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria E Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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14
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Kakabadze MZ, Paresishvili T, Karalashvili L, Chakhunashvili D, Kakabadze Z. Oral microbiota and oral cancer: Review. Oncol Rev 2020; 14:476. [PMID: 32676172 PMCID: PMC7358985 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2020.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we draw attention and discuss the risk factors and causes of the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) focusing on oral microbiota. Recently, a breakthrough in the study of cancer has been the discovery of the relationship between the presence of certain types of bacteria and the development of cancer in the human body. Studies have shown that, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) bacteria that is responsible for the destructive processes in the oral cavity, could play an important role in the development of OSCC. In our continuing search for bacteria that causes oral squamous cell carcinoma, we came across the Pseudomona aeruginosa, which due to its metabolite properties, may play important role in carcinogenesis of oral cancer. One possible mechanism is the ability of Pseudomonas to synthesize nitric oxide (NO) that modulates different cancer-related appearances such as apoptosis, cell cycle, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. We think that P. aeruginosa increases the concentration of NO by converting salivary nitrite to nitric oxide, and this is how it contributes to NO-related carcinogenesis. Early diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis are very important not only for patients' oral health, but also for the prevention of OSCC development. Screening test for OSCC based on determination of salivary NO levels could be appealing and may prove to be useful assay for diagnosis and early detection of disease progression in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lia Karalashvili
- Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
- Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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15
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Lan X, Chan JYK, Pu JJ, Qiao W, Pang S, Yang WF, Wong KCW, Kwong DLW, Su YX. Saliva electrolyte analysis and xerostomia-related quality of life in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients following intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol 2020; 150:97-103. [PMID: 32544605 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common cancers in southern China and the first-line treatment is radiotherapy. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) can deliver high dose to cancer and low dose to normal tissue, but xerostomia is still one of the complications after IMRT. However, how the concentration of saliva electrolytes be affected by IMRT and the effects on the quality of life are still unknown. In this prospective study, 76 NPC patients were recruited from hospitals in Hong Kong to identify the change of saliva electrolytes and xerostomia-related quality of life before and after IMRT. METHODS AND MATERIALS Saliva and questionnaire were collected before IMRT, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after IMRT. The concentration of saliva electrolytes was detected using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). RESULTS Saliva flow rate significantly decreased after IMRT. Decrease in the mean value of pH was observed but the difference is not statistically significant. The concentrations of potassium, iodine, and calcium decreased and chloride concentration increased after IMRT, while the concentrations of sodium, magnesium, copper or zinc were kept at the same level before and after treatment. Xerostomia-related quality of life was adversely affected by IMRT, but partially recovered after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed the change of saliva electrolytes and xerostomia-related quality of life in patients undergone IMRT for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Lan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jason Y K Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jingya Jane Pu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wei Qiao
- Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Siling Pang
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wei-Fa Yang
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kenneth C W Wong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Dora L W Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Yu-Xiong Su
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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16
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Dal Prá KJ, de Fatima Moraes da Silva A, Chaves-Neto AH, Soubhia AMP. Effects of cachaça, a typical Brazilian alcoholic beverage, on submandibular glands of rats: a histomorphometric and biochemical study. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4283-90. [PMID: 32356210 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic consumption of cachaça, a Brazilian beverage containing alcohol, on submandibular glands (SM) of rats by using histomorphometric and biochemical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four male rats (40 days of age) were assigned into the following four groups (n = 6): two control groups for 75 days (C75) and 105 days (C105), and two experimental groups of cachaça ingestion with ascending concentrations for consecutive 75 days (CA75) and 105 days (CA105). On the right SM glands, the striated, granular and acini ducts were processed for histomorphometric analysis. The left SM glands were weighed and stored at - 80 °C, to evaluate through biochemical tests carried out by spectrophotometric methods, the functional activity of total acid phosphatase (TAP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and to determine the mucin levels. RESULTS The absolute and relative weights of the SM glands in both experimental groups were reduced in relation to the controls (p < 0.05). The histomorphometric analysis showed a significant reduction of the acini area (p < 0.05) and non-relevant reduction of striated ducts (p > 0.05). The granular ducts did not show a significant increase of the area (p > 0.05). The TAP and TRAP activities were significantly decreased in the experimental groups (p < 0.05), while the ALP functional activity decreased moderately (p > 0.05). Mucin levels also had a significant reduction when compared with the control groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Chronic consumption of cachaça can cause morphological changes associated with glandular atrophy, loss of biochemical functionality of phosphatases, and the reduction of mucin synthesis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The consumption of cachaça can compromise the functions of the submandibular glands by altering their morphology and enzymatic activity.
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Batista TBD, Chaiben CL, Penteado CAS, Nascimento JMC, Ventura TMO, Dionizio A, Rosa EAR, Buzalaf MAR, Azevedo-Alanis LR. Salivary proteome characterization of alcohol and tobacco dependents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107510. [PMID: 31494441 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and substances found in tobacco may alter salivary flow and amount of saliva proteins. This study aimed to compare salivary proteins between alcohol dependent smokers and controls. METHODS This is a case-control study with men older than 18 years of age, matched by age. The alcohol-dependent group was composed by heavy smokers and alcohol consumers. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from all subjects. Analysis of digested peptides was performed in mass spectrometer. Data were processed using ProteinLynx GlobalServer software. Results were obtained by searching theHomo sapiens database from the UniProt catalog. The search tool IBI-IMIM was used to identify candidate proteins for biomarkers. RESULTS Alcohol-dependent and control groups were composed of nine participants each, with mean age of 36.89 ± 2.57 and 35.78 ± 1.64 years, respectively. 404 salivary proteins were found in both groups; 282 in the alcohol-dependent. Among the 96 proteins presented in both groups, 32 were up-regulated in the alcohol dependents (i.e. "Hemoglobin subunit beta" and "Forkhead box protein P2" were up-regulated at least 10-fold), 23 were down-regulated (i.e. "Statherin" and "RNA-binding protein 25" were down-regulated at least 10-fold), and 41 presented similar expression in both groups. 71 proteins were candidates for biomarkers of disorders 58 presented in alcohol dependents' saliva. The most common disorders were neoplasms, genetic, cardiovascular, metabolic and glandular diseases. CONCLUSIONS Salivary protein profile undergoes strong changes in alcohol and tobacco dependents. 34% of salivary proteins present in alcohol and tobacco dependents were present in controls; 14.5% of them were expressed in similar quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Beltrami Dias Batista
- Graduate student, Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia, Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Cassiano Lima Chaiben
- Graduate student, Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia, Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Antonio Schäffer Penteado
- Graduate student, Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia, Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Júlia Milena Carvalho Nascimento
- Undergraduate student, Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade, Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Talita Mendes Oliveira Ventura
- Graduate student, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Doutor, Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, SP, 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Graduate student, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Doutor, Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, SP, 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Edvaldo Antonio Ribeiro Rosa
- Full Professor, Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia, Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Full Professor, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Doutor, Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, SP, 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Reis Azevedo-Alanis
- Full Professor, Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia, Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
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Yamamoto Y, Saruta J, Takahashi T, To M, Shimizu T, Hayashi T, Morozumi T, Kubota N, Kamata Y, Makino S, Kano H, Hemmi J, Asami Y, Nagai T, Misawa K, Kato S, Tsukinoki K. Effect of ingesting yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 on influenza virus-bound salivary IgA in elderly residents of nursing homes: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Odontol Scand 2019; 77:517-524. [PMID: 31094267 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1609697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of consuming yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 (1073R-1-yogurt) on influenza virus-bound salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels, in the elderly residents of nursing homes. Methods: A double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 96 elderly volunteers residing in 2 nursing homes. During the trial, participants consumed 100 g of 1073R-1-yogurt every morning for 12 weeks, whereas the control participants consumed yogurt fermented with a different Lactobacillus strain (control yogurt). Saliva was collected before the trial and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of yogurt ingestion. Results: Our data indicated that consumption of 1073R-1-yogurt affected influenza A virus subtype H3N2-bound IgA levels in saliva (p = .001). In addition, saliva flow rate and total IgA levels increased in response to the yogurt intake period in both the 1073R-1 and control yogurt groups (p = .04). Conclusions: Our study suggests that continuous daily ingestion of 1073R-1-yogurt may help prevent infection with influenza A virus subtype H3N2 in elderly subjects with weakened immunity, by increasing the production of influenza A virus subtype of H3N2-bound salivary IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University Junior College, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Koriyama Women’s University, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Masahiro To
- Division of Dental Anatomy, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Toshiya Morozumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kubota
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Yohei Kamata
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Seiya Makino
- R&D Division, Food Microbiology Research Laboratories, Meiji Co. Ltd., Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kano
- R&D Division, Food Microbiology Research Laboratories, Meiji Co. Ltd., Hachioji, Japan
| | - Jun Hemmi
- R&D Division, Food Microbiology Research Laboratories, Meiji Co. Ltd., Hachioji, Japan
| | - Yukio Asami
- R&D Division, Food Microbiology Research Laboratories, Meiji Co. Ltd., Hachioji, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagai
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
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19
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Lin CQ, Wang LH, Yang L, Qiu XH, Wang DX, Liang XD, Chen LH, Xie HM, Wang SS, Li RL. Abnormalities in acute salivary biochemical characteristic responses to gustatory stimulation with citric acid in chronic non-atrophic gastritis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:1563-1570. [PMID: 30597598 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Salivary characteristics are altered in gastrointestinal diseases and related to oral taste disorder. However, specific salivary biochemical characteristics and their relationships with oral taste disturbances in chronic non-atrophy gastritis (CNAG) remain uncertain. METHODS Seventy patients with CNAG and 70 subjects in healthy control group (HCG) were enrolled in our study. The levels of salivary flow rate (SFR), pH, salivary α-amylase (sAA) activity, total protein density (TPD), chloride concentration, and calcium concentration were determined before and after citric acid stimulation and compared between CNAG with and without oral taste disturbances. RESULTS Average body mass index (BMI) of CNAG (17.75 ± 2.08) was lower than that of HCG (21.96 ± 1.72, P < 0.01). Compared with HCG, CNAG showed increased TPD and calcium concentration but decreased SFR both before and after acid stimulation (P < 0.01), as well as reduced sAA and salivary chloride responses to acid stimulation (P < 0.01). Compared with CNAG with normal BMI (24.29%, 17/70), sAA activity response to acid stimulation was reduced in those with low BMI (75.71%, 53/70, P < 0.05). Under resting condition, CNAG with dry mouth (55.71%, 39/70) showed increased SFR and decreased TPD (P < 0.05), as compared with CNAG without dry mouth (44.29%, 31/70). Compared with CNAG without bitter taste (57.14%, 40/70), pH was decreased in those with bitter taste (42.86%, 30/70) under both resting and stimulated conditions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Decreased sAA activity may reflect malnutrition state and be one potential marker of poor digestion, decreased salivary pH may contribute to bitter taste perception, and reduced TPD might be a cause of dry mouth in CNAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Quan Lin
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hui Wang
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Yang
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Qiu
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Spleen and Stomach Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Xu Wang
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Dan Liang
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long-Hui Chen
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Mei Xie
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Wang
- Spleen and Stomach Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ru-Liu Li
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Fan X, Peters BA, Jacobs EJ, Gapstur SM, Purdue MP, Freedman ND, Alekseyenko AV, Wu J, Yang L, Pei Z, Hayes RB, Ahn J. Drinking alcohol is associated with variation in the human oral microbiome in a large study of American adults. Microbiome 2018; 6:59. [PMID: 29685174 PMCID: PMC5914044 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysbiosis of the oral microbiome can lead to local oral disease and potentially to cancers of the head, neck, and digestive tract. However, little is known regarding exogenous factors contributing to such microbial imbalance. RESULTS We examined the impact of alcohol consumption on the oral microbiome in a cross-sectional study of 1044 US adults. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes from oral wash samples were amplified, sequenced, and assigned to bacterial taxa. We tested the association of alcohol drinking level (non-drinker, moderate drinker, or heavy drinker) and type (liquor, beer, or wine) with overall microbial composition and individual taxon abundance. The diversity of oral microbiota and overall bacterial profiles differed between heavy drinkers and non-drinkers (α-diversity richness p = 0.0059 and β-diversity unweighted UniFrac p = 0.0036), and abundance of commensal order Lactobacillales tends to be decreased with higher alcohol consumption (fold changes = 0.89 and 0.94 for heavy and moderate drinkers, p trend = 0.005 [q = 0.064]). Additionally, certain genera were enriched in subjects with higher alcohol consumption, including Actinomyces, Leptotrichia, Cardiobacterium, and Neisseria; some of these genera contain oral pathogens, while Neisseria can synthesize the human carcinogen acetaldehyde from ethanol. Wine drinkers may differ from non-drinkers in microbial diversity and profiles (α-diversity richness p = 0.048 and β-diversity unweighted UniFrac p = 0.059) after controlling for drinking amount, while liquor and beer drinkers did not. All significant differences between drinkers and non-drinkers remained after exclusion of current smokers. CONCLUSIONS Our results, from a large human study of alcohol consumption and the oral microbiome, indicate that alcohol consumption, and heavy drinking in particular, may influence the oral microbiome composition. These findings may have implications for better understanding the potential role that oral bacteria play in alcohol-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Fan
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, Room 518, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Brandilyn A. Peters
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, Room 518, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Eric J. Jacobs
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Susan M. Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Mark P. Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Alexander V. Alekseyenko
- Biomedical Informatics Center, Departments of Public Health Sciences and Oral Health Sciences, Program for Human Microbiome Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, Room 518, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Liying Yang
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 423 East 23rd St, New York, NY 10010 USA
| | - Zhiheng Pei
- NYU Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Institute, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010 USA
| | - Richard B. Hayes
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, Room 518, New York, NY 10016 USA
- NYU Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Institute, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 650 First Avenue, Room 518, New York, NY 10016 USA
- NYU Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Institute, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 USA
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21
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Waszkiewicz N, Galińska-Skok B, Zalewska A, Szajda SD, Zwierz K, Więdłocha M, Szulc A. Salivary immune proteins monitoring can help detection of binge and chronic alcohol drinkers: Preliminary findings. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 183:13-18. [PMID: 29222991 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared effects of binge and chronic alcohol drinking on oral health and salivary immunity proteins. METHODS The study involved males: 13 healthy social-drinking (C), 10 alcohol-dependent after chronic alcohol-intoxication (A), and 8 binge-drinkers after a single binge-drinking session (B). We compared periodontal/dental state and salivary immune proteins (lactoferrin -Lf, lysozyme -Lz, oral peroxidase -OPO, immunoglobulin A -IgA) in all groups. RESULTS Group A had worse dental and periodontal states than group C and B. Group B had a lower OPO activity and Lz concentration, and a higher IgA concentration in comparison to group C. Group A had a higher OPO activity than group C. Group B had a lower Lz and a higher LF and IgA outputs than C. Group A had a lower IgA output and a strong tendency of Lf and Lz outputs to be lower than in group C. Positive correlations were found between alcohol amounts and OPO and Lf output in group A, with no such correlations in group B. Only IgA concentration in group B and OPO activity in group A have potential to be markers that help to differentiate binge from chronic alcohol drinking, and OPO activity had better accuracy than IgA. CONCLUSION Binge alcohol consumption resulted in specific disturbances in salivary innate immunity (Lz), whereas chronic drinking led to disturbances in both adaptive and innate immunity (IgA, Lz and Lf). There is potential applicability of raised salivary IgA concentration and especially OPO activity in binge and chronic drinking detection and differential-diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Białystok, Plac Brodowicza 1 Str., 16-070 Choroszcz, Poland.
| | - Beata Galińska-Skok
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Białystok, Plac Brodowicza 1 Str., 16-070 Choroszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University Bialystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A Str., 15-276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Dariusz Szajda
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Białystok, Plac Brodowicza 1 Str., 16-070 Choroszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zwierz
- Medical College of the Universal Education Society, Mickiewicza 59 Str., 18-400 Łomża, Poland
| | - Magdalena Więdłocha
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Partyzantów 2/4 Str., 05-802 Pruszków, Poland
| | - Agata Szulc
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Partyzantów 2/4 Str., 05-802 Pruszków, Poland
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Bellagambi F, Degano I, Ghimenti S, Lomonaco T, Dini V, Romanelli M, Mastorci F, Gemignani A, Salvo P, Fuoco R, Di Francesco F. Determination of salivary α-amylase and cortisol in psoriatic subjects undergoing the Trier Social Stress Test. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Strahler J, Skoluda N, Kappert MB, Nater UM. Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:657-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Zeng Q, Zheng L, Zhou J, Xiao H, Zheng J, Zhou Z. Effect of alcohol stimulation on salivary pellicle formation on human tooth enamel surface and its lubricating performance. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:567-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Haslam A, Wirth MD, Robb SW. Relationship Between Meditation Depth and Waking Salivary Alpha-Amylase Secretion Among Long-Term MBSR Instructors. Stress Health 2017; 33:298-306. [PMID: 27677965 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize sympathetic activity by using waking salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) concentrations in a group of long-term meditation instructors and to examine the association between meditation (depth, dose and duration) and the waking alpha-amylase response. Salivary alpha-amylase samples were collected (immediately upon waking and at 15-min, 30-min and 45-min intervals after waking) from mindfulness-based stress reduction instructors to determine both the area under the curve and the awakening slope (difference in alpha-amylase concentrations between waking and 30-min post-waking). It was determined through general linear models that neither years of meditation nor meditation dose were associated with the awakening sAA slope, but higher scores for meditation depth (greater depth) was associated with a more negative (or steeper) awakening slope [Quartile (Q)1: -7 versus Q4: -21 U/mL; p = 0.06], in fully adjusted models. Older age (p = 0.04) and a later time of waking (p < 0.01) also were associated with less negative awakening slope values. Smoking was associated with lower area under the curve values (smokers: 1716 U/mL versus nonsmokers: 2107 U/mL; p = 0.05) in fully adjusted models. The results suggest a 'healthy' sAA waking slope among individuals who meditate more deeply. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Haslam
- College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael D Wirth
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sara Wagner Robb
- College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Inenaga K, Ono K, Hitomi S, Kuroki A, Ujihara I. Thirst sensation and oral dryness following alcohol intake. Jpn Dent Sci Rev 2017; 53:78-85. [PMID: 28725298 PMCID: PMC5501731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial acute and chronic intakes of alcohol or ethanol (EtOH) severely influence oral sensations, such as thirst and oral dryness (dry mouth, xerostomia). Thirst sensation and oral dryness are primarily caused by the activation of neurons in brain regions, including the circumventricular organs and hypothalamus, which are referred to as the dipsogenic center, and by a decrease in salivary secretion, respectively. The sensation of thirst experienced after heavy-alcohol drinking is widely regarded as a consequence of EtOH-induced diuresis; however, EtOH in high doses induces anti-diuresis. Recently, it has been proposed that the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde induces thirst via two distinct processes in the central nervous system from EtOH-induced diuresis, based on the results of animal experiments. The present review describes new insights regarding the induction mechanism of thirst sensation and oral dryness after drinking alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotoshi Inenaga
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Ayu Kuroki
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Izumi Ujihara
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
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Janssens PMW. Recognizing and differentiating uncommon body fluids: Considerations and tools for a proper practical approach. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 471:6-11. [PMID: 28495388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical laboratories are regularly requested to inspect uncommon body fluids obtained from patients because clinicians are uncertain as to the origin of the collected material. They may need this information for the actual diagnosis, to confirm a supposition, or for guiding treatment and invasive operations like draining and puncturing. Often there is also a need to know more precisely what is going on in the cavity that gave rise to the fluid, for instance a local infection or metastasis, or whether the cavity is connected to organs or fluid compartments nearby etcetera. The results of the laboratory investigations often have () direct consequences. As the investigation of uncommon body fluids is distinct from routine laboratory analyses it requires special attention. This paper presents an overview of the characteristics of uncommon human body fluids, constituents useful as markers for recognizing and differentiating fluids and considerations that have to be taken into account when interpreting the results of analyses. In addition a number of practical recommendations for approaching the task of identifying uncommon body fluids are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim M W Janssens
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Rijnstate Hospital, P.O. Box 9555, 6800 TA Arnhem, The Netherlands.
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Bellmann S, Lelieveld J, Gorissen T, Minekus M, Havenaar R. Development of an advanced in vitro model of the stomach and its evaluation versus human gastric physiology. Food Res Int 2016; 88:191-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ittichaicharoen J, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Is salivary gland function altered in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity–insulin resistance? Arch Oral Biol 2016; 64:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nakajima K. Low serum amylase and obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome: A novel interpretation. World J Diabetes 2016; 7:112-121. [PMID: 27022442 PMCID: PMC4807301 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i6.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For the last decade, low serum amylase (hypoamylasemia) has been reported in certain common cardiometabolic conditions such as obesity, diabetes (regardless of type), and metabolic syndrome, all of which appear to have a common etiology of insufficient insulin action due to insulin resistance and/or diminished insulin secretion. Some clinical studies have shown that salivary amylase may be preferentially decreased in obese individuals, whereas others have revealed that pancreatic amylase may be preferentially decreased in diabetic subjects with insulin dependence. Despite this accumulated evidence, the clinical relevance of serum, salivary, and pancreatic amylase and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In recent years, copy number variations (CNVs) in the salivary amylase gene (AMY1), which range more broadly than the pancreatic amylase gene (AMY2A and AMY2B), have been shown to be well correlated with salivary and serum amylase levels. In addition, low CNV of AMY1, indicating low salivary amylase, was associated with insulin resistance, obesity, low taste perception/satiety, and postprandial hyperglycemia through impaired insulin secretion at early cephalic phase. In most populations, insulin-dependent diabetes is less prevalent (minor contribution) compared with insulin-independent diabetes, and obesity is highly prevalent compared with low body weight. Therefore, obesity as a condition that elicits cardiometabolic diseases relating to insulin resistance (major contribution) may be a common determinant for low serum amylase in a general population. In this review, the novel interpretation of low serum, salivary, and pancreas amylase is discussed in terms of major contributions of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
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Jourdren S, Panouillé M, Saint-Eve A, Déléris I, Forest D, Lejeune P, Souchon I. Breakdown pathways during oral processing of different breads: impact of crumb and crust structures. Food Funct 2016; 7:1446-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An in vivo approach permitted to determine the respective contribution of bread properties and physiology characteristics to oral breakdown pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jourdren
- UMR GMPA
- AgroParisTech
- INRA
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Thiverval-Grignon
| | - M. Panouillé
- UMR GMPA
- AgroParisTech
- INRA
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Thiverval-Grignon
| | - A. Saint-Eve
- UMR GMPA
- AgroParisTech
- INRA
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Thiverval-Grignon
| | - I. Déléris
- UMR GMPA
- AgroParisTech
- INRA
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Thiverval-Grignon
| | - D. Forest
- UMR GMPA
- AgroParisTech
- INRA
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Thiverval-Grignon
| | - P. Lejeune
- Lesaffre International
- Marcq-en-Baroeul
- France
| | - I. Souchon
- UMR GMPA
- AgroParisTech
- INRA
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Thiverval-Grignon
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Muddugangadhar BC, Sangur R, Rudraprasad IV, Nandeeshwar DB, Kumar BHD. A clinical study to compare between resting and stimulated whole salivary flow rate and pH before and after complete denture placement in different age groups. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2015; 15:356-66. [PMID: 26929540 PMCID: PMC4762355 DOI: 10.4103/0972-4052.164907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the flow rate and pH of resting (unstimulated) and stimulated whole saliva before and after complete denture placement in different age groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty healthy, non-medicated edentulous individuals of different age groups requiring complete denture prostheses were selected from the outpatient department. The resting (unstimulated) and stimulated whole saliva and pH were measured at three stages i.e., i)Before complete denture placement;ii)Immediately after complete denture placement; andiii)After 2 to 3 months of complete denture placement. Saliva production was stimulated by chewing paraffin wax. pH was determined by using a digital pH meter. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were seen in resting(unstimulated) and stimulated whole salivary flow rate and pH obtained before, immediately after, and after 2 to 3 months of complete denture placement. No statistically significant differences were found between the different age groups in resting (unstimulated) as well as stimulated whole salivary flow rate and pH. CONCLUSION Stimulated whole salivary flow rates and pH were significantly higher than resting (unstimulated) whole salivary flow rates and pH obtained before, immediately after, and after 2 to 3 months of complete denture placement. No age related variations in whole salivary flow rate and pH were observed in healthy, non-medicated individuals. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The assessment of salivary flow rate, pH in different age groups is of prognostic value, which is an important aspect to be considered in the practice of removable prosthodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Muddugangadhar
- Department of Prosthodontics Including Crown and Bridge and Implantology, M R Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajashekar Sangur
- Department of Prosthodontics Including Crown and Bridge and Implantology, Rama Dental College and Hospital, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - I. V. Rudraprasad
- Department of Prosthodontics Including Crown and Bridge and Implantology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - D. B. Nandeeshwar
- Department of Prosthodontics Including Crown and Bridge and Implantology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - B. H. Dhanya Kumar
- Department of Prosthodontics Including Crown and Bridge and Implantology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Lages EJP, Costa FO, Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Cota LOM, Cyrino RM, Lages EMB, Nobre-Franco GC, Brito JAR, Gomez RS. Alcohol Consumption and Periodontitis: Quantification of Periodontal Pathogens and Cytokines. J Periodontol 2015; 86:1058-68. [PMID: 26062839 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies on periodontal status related to microbiologic and immunologic profiles among individuals not or occasionally using alcohol and those with alcohol dependence. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of alcohol consumption on the levels of subgingival periodontal pathogens and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) in the gingival fluid among individuals with and without periodontitis. METHODS This observational analytic study includes 88 volunteers allocated in four groups (n = 22): individuals with alcohol dependence and periodontitis (ADP), individuals with alcohol dependence and without periodontitis (ADNP), individuals not or occasionally using alcohol with periodontitis (NAP), and individuals not or occasionally using alcohol without periodontitis (NANP). Levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Eikenella corrodens, and Fusobacterium nucleatum were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction on the basis of the subgingival biofilm, and IL-1β and TNF-α were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in gingival fluid samples. RESULTS Individuals with alcohol dependence showed worse periodontal status and higher levels of P. intermedia, E. corrodens, F. nucleatum, and IL-1β than non-users. No significant correlations between TNF-α and bacterial levels were observed. However, in the ADP group, higher levels of E. corrodens were correlated with higher levels of IL-1β. CONCLUSION A negative influence of alcohol consumption was observed on clinical and microbiologic periodontal parameters, as well as a slight influence on immunologic parameters, signaling the need for additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugênio J P Lages
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Dental Surgery; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando O Costa
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Dental Surgery; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sheila C Cortelli
- Department of Dentistry, Periodontics Research Division, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Cortelli
- Department of Dentistry, Periodontics Research Division, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís O M Cota
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Dental Surgery; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renata Magalhães Cyrino
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Dental Surgery; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth M B Lages
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Dental Surgery; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gilson C Nobre-Franco
- Department of Dentistry, Periodontics Research Division, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João A R Brito
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Dental Surgery; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Gomez
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Dental Surgery; Faculty of Dentistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Shimizu Y, Ichihara K; Asia-Pacific Federation of Clinical Biochemistry. Sources of variation analysis and derivation of reference intervals for ALP, LDH, and amylase isozymes using sera from the Asian multicenter study on reference values. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 446:64-72. [PMID: 25843264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sources of variation (SV) of ALP, LDH, and amylase isozymes were explored. METHODS We analyzed 3511 sera from well-defined healthy individuals recruited during the 2009 Asian project for derivation of common reference intervals (RIs). Up-to-date electrophoresis auto-analyzer and reagents were employed for high resolution and reproducibility. SVs including sex, age, body mass index (BMI), ABO blood groups, and levels of drinking, smoking, and exercise were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. RIs were determined by parametric methods after refining healthy individuals by use of latent reference values exclusion method. RESULTS Age-related changes in ALP2-3 were different in females: ALP2, linear increase from 20-64y; ALP3, lowering until 45 y and rising steeply thereafter. ALP2 increased with BMI especially in females. ALP5 was barely detectable except in blood-types O and B. Age-related increases in LDH1-LDH3 were noted in females, whereas BMI-related increases were found only for LDH2-LDH5 in both sexes. Pancreatic amylase showed age-related increase in females and was slightly higher in blood-type O. RIs for absolute and relative activities of each isozyme were derived in consideration of sex and age. CONCLUSIONS Investigation of these isozymes revealed various age-, BMI-, and blood-type-related changes that are all relevant in clinical interpretation of enzyme test results.
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Bueno LHP, da Silva RHA, Azenha AV, de Souza Dias MC, De Martinis BS. Oral fluid as an alternative matrix to determine ethanol for forensic purposes. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:117-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ahmadi-Motamayel F, Shahriari S, Goodarzi MT, Moghimbeigi A, Jazaeri M, Babaei P. The relationship between the level of salivary alpha amylase activity and pain severity in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Restor Dent Endod 2013; 38:141-5. [PMID: 24010080 PMCID: PMC3761122 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2013.38.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Assessment of dental pain severity is very challenging in dentistry. Previous studies have suggested that elevated salivary alpha amylase may contribute to increased physical stresses. There is a close association between salivary alpha amylase and plasma norepinephrine under stressful physical conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pain severity and salivary alpha amylase levels in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Materials and Methods Thirty-six patients (20 females and 16 males) with severe tooth pain due to symptomatic irreversible pulpitis were selected. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used to assess the pain severity in each patient. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected, and the level of alpha amylase activity was assessed by the spectrophotometric method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13. Results The level of alpha amylase was significantly increased in the saliva in association with pain severity assessed by VAS. The salivary alpha amylase was also elevated with increased age and in males. Conclusions There was a significant correlation between the VAS pain scale and salivary alpha amylase level, which indicates this biomarker may be a good index for the objective assessment of pain intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel
- Dental Research Center, Department of Oral Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan, Iran
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Fujimaki Y, Tsunoda K, Ishimoto SI, Okada K, Kinoshita M, Igaki H, Terahara A, Asakage T, Yamasoba T. Non-invasive objective evaluation of radiotherapy-induced dry mouth. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 43:97-102. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youko Fujimaki
- Department of Otolaryngology; Faculty of Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Artificial Organs and Otolaryngology; National Institute of Sensory Organs; Tokyo Japan
| | - Koichi Tsunoda
- Department of Artificial Organs and Otolaryngology; National Institute of Sensory Organs; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology; Social Insurance Central General Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazunari Okada
- Department of Otolaryngology; Social Insurance Central General Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Otolaryngology; Faculty of Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Igaki
- Department of Radiology; Faculty of Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsuro Terahara
- Department of Radiology; Toho University Omori Medical Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takahiro Asakage
- Department of Otolaryngology; Faculty of Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tastuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology; Faculty of Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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Dukić W, Trivanović Dobrijević T, Katunarić M, Lešić S. Caries Prevalence in Chronic Alcoholics and the Relationship to Salivary Flow Rate and pH. Cent Eur J Public Health 2013; 21:43-7. [DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Arhakis A, Karagiannis V, Kalfas S. Salivary alpha-amylase activity and salivary flow rate in young adults. Open Dent J 2013; 7:7-15. [PMID: 23524385 PMCID: PMC3601341 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601307010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretion of salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is more associated with psychoneuroendocrinological response to stress than with the flow rate and age. The aim of this cross sectional study is to build an explanatory model based on patterns of relationship between age 20-39 in resting and stimulated saliva under no stressful condition in healthy volunteers. Both resting and stimulated saliva were collected from 40 subjects. The sAA values were log-transformed, the normality assumption was verified with the Shapiro-Wilk test and the reliability of the measurements was estimated by the Pearsons’ r correlation coefficient. The estimated model was based on the theory of the Linear Mixed Models. Significant mean changes were observed in flow rate and sAA activity between resting and stimulated saliva. The final model consists of two components, the first revealed a positive correlation between age and sAA while the second one revealed a negative correlation between the interaction of age × flow rate in its condition (resting or stimulated saliva), with sAA. Both flow rate and age influence sAA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis Arhakis
- School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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40
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of chronotype on salivary cortisol or salivary α-amylase (sAA). METHODS From 108 male university students, saliva samples were collected in the afternoon (between 15:00 and 17:00). The salivary cortisol and sAA levels were determined with commercial kits. Chronotype was quantitatively evaluated using the Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. Subjects were categorized into morning types and evening types. RESULTS The sAA levels were lower in the morning types than in the evening types. We found no significant difference in salivary cortisol levels between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the sAA levels may be associated with chronotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Toda
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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41
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Picco DC, Costa LF, Delbem AC, Sassaki KT, Sumida DH, Antoniali C. Spontaneously hypertensive rat as experimental model of salivary hypofunction. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1320-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Rinaldi A, Gambuti A, Moio L. Application of the SPI (Saliva Precipitation Index) to the evaluation of red wine astringency. Food Chem 2012; 135:2498-504. [PMID: 22980834 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the astringency of red wines by means of a SDS-PAGE based-method. The optimization of the in vitro assay, named SPI (Saliva Precipitation Index) that measured the reactivity of salivary proteins towards wine polyphenols, has been performed. Improvements included the choice of saliva:wine ratio, saliva typology (resting or stimulated saliva), and temperature of binding. The LOD (0.05 g/L of condensed tannin) and LOQ (0.1g/L of condensed tannin) for the binding reaction between salivary proteins and tannins added in white wine were also determined. Fifty-seven red wines were analysed by the optimised SPI, the Folin-Ciocalteu Index, the gelatine index, the content of total tannins and the sensory quantitative evaluation of astringency. A significant correlation between the SPI and the astringency of red wines was found (R(2)=0.969), thus indicating that this assay may be useful as estimator of astringency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rinaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli Federico II, Facoltà di Agraria, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
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Abstract
There is mounting evidence that the aerosol transmission route plays a significant role in the spread of influenza in temperate regions and that the efficiency of this route depends on humidity. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms by which humidity might influence transmissibility via the aerosol route have not been elucidated. We hypothesize that airborne concentrations of infectious influenza A viruses (IAVs) vary with humidity through its influence on virus inactivation rate and respiratory droplet size. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which humidity might influence aerosol transmission, we modeled the size distribution and dynamics of IAVs emitted from a cough in typical residential and public settings over a relative humidity (RH) range of 10-90%. The model incorporates the size transformation of virus-containing droplets due to evaporation and then removal by gravitational settling, ventilation, and virus inactivation. The predicted concentration of infectious IAVs in air is 2.4 times higher at 10% RH than at 90% RH after 10 min in a residential setting, and this ratio grows over time. Settling is important for removal of large droplets containing large amounts of IAVs, while ventilation and inactivation are relatively more important for removal of IAVs associated with droplets <5 µm. The inactivation rate increases linearly with RH; at the highest RH, inactivation can remove up to 28% of IAVs in 10 min. Humidity is an important variable in aerosol transmission of IAVs because it both induces droplet size transformation and affects IAV inactivation rates. Our model advances a mechanistic understanding of the aerosol transmission route, and results complement recent studies on the relationship between humidity and influenza's seasonality. Maintaining a high indoor RH and ventilation rate may help reduce chances of IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Linsey C. Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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Milman G, Barnes AJ, Schwope DM, Schwilke EW, Goodwin RS, Kelly DL, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA. Cannabinoids and metabolites in expectorated oral fluid after 8 days of controlled around-the-clock oral THC administration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:599-607. [PMID: 21637933 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluid (OF) is an increasingly accepted matrix for drug testing programs, but questions remain about its usefulness for monitoring cannabinoids. Expectorated OF specimens (n = 360) were obtained from 10 adult daily cannabis smokers before, during, and after 37 20-mg oral Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) doses over 9 days to characterize cannabinoid disposition in this matrix. Specimens were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron-impact ionization for THC, 11-hydroxy-THC, cannabidiol, and cannabinol, and negative chemical ionization for 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH). Linear ranges for THC, 11-hydroxy-THC, and cannabidiol were 0.25-50 ng/mL; cannabinol 1-50 ng/mL; and THCCOOH 5-500 pg/mL. THCCOOH was the most prevalent analyte in 344 specimens (96.9%), with concentrations up to 1,390.3 pg/mL. 11-hydroxy-THC, cannabidiol, and cannabinol were detected in 1, 1, and 3 specimens, respectively. THC was detected in only 13.8% of specimens. The highest THC concentrations were obtained at admission (median 1.4 ng/mL, range 0.3-113.6) from previously self-administered smoked cannabis. A total of 2.5 and 3.7% of specimens were THC-positive at the recommended Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2 ng/mL) and Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines (DRUID) (1 ng/mL) confirmation cutoffs, respectively. THC is currently the only analyte for monitoring cannabis exposure in OF; however, these data indicate chronic therapeutic oral THC administration and illicit oral THC use are unlikely to be identified with current guidelines. Measurement of THCCOOH may improve the detection and interpretation of OF cannabinoid tests and minimize the possibility of OF contamination from passive inhalation of cannabis smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Milman
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Abstract
This experiment used both biological and self-report measures to examine how alcohol modifies stress responses, and to test whether the interaction between these two factors alters risk-taking in healthy young adults. Participants were divided into stress or no-stress conditions and then further divided into one of three beverage groups. The alcohol group consumed a binge-drinking level of alcohol; the placebo group consumed soda, but believed they were consuming alcohol; the sober group was aware that they were not consuming alcohol. Following beverage consumption, the stress group was subjected to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) while the no-stress group completed crossword puzzles; all participants subsequently completed a computerized risk-taking task. Exposure to the TSST significantly increased salivary levels of the hormone cortisol and the enzyme alpha-amylase, as well as subjective self-ratings of anxiety and tension. In the stress condition, both placebo and intoxicated groups reported less tension and anxiety, and exhibited a smaller increase in cortisol, following the TSST than did the sober group. Thus, the expectation of receiving alcohol altered subjective and physiological responses to the stressor. Neither alcohol nor stress increased risk taking, however the sober group demonstrated lower risk-taking on the computer task on the second session. These findings clearly demonstrate that the expectation of alcohol (placebo) alters subsequent physiological responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris M Balodis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Mattioli TM, Koubik AC, de Oliveira Ribas M, França BH, Brancher JA, de Lima AA. Salivary flow rate, calcium, urea, total protein, and amylase levels in fanconi anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2010; 32:e46-9. [PMID: 20147854 DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181c29c11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disease characterized by a chromosomal instability that develops a progressive pancitopenia, leukemia, and/or solid tumors. Nevertheless, it is unknown if this illness induces changes on the salivary gland parenchyma and function. The aim of this study was to assess the stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR) and calcium, urea, total protein, and amylase levels in saliva of FA patients. METHODS Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 34 randomly selected FA patients and 34 age-matched and sex-matched controls. Both samples were analyzed for salivary flow rate, calcium, urea, total proteins, and amylase. The SSFR was analyzed by gravimetric method and calcium, urea, total protein, and amylase concentrations were realized by chemistry tests. RESULTS Mean values of SSFR for experimental and control groups were, respectively, 0.5 mL/min and 0.8 mL/min (P<0.05). Calcium concentration was 36% (P<0.05) and urea concentration was 21% (P<0.01) lower in the FA group saliva compared with saliva from the controls. The saliva concentration of amylase was almost equal in both groups. CONCLUSIONS FA patients may exhibit significant changes in SSFR, calcium, and urea concentration of saliva.
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Dinnella C, Recchia A, Vincenzi S, Tuorila H, Monteleone E. Temporary Modification of Salivary Protein Profile and Individual Responses to Repeated Phenolic Astringent Stimuli. Chem Senses 2009; 35:75-85. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjp084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Prestifilippo JP, Fernández-Solari J, Medina V, Rettori V, Elverdin JC. Role of the endocannabinoid system in ethanol-induced inhibition of salivary secretion. Alcohol Alcohol 2009; 44:443-8. [PMID: 19589828 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agp040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to determine whether the endocannabinoid system could be involved in the ethanol-induced inhibition of salivation in adult male Wistar rats. METHODS Salivary secretion induced by different concentrations of methacholine, a cholinergic agonist, and the endocannabinoid arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) production in the submandibular gland (SMG) were determined in rats after ethanol (3 g/kg) administration by gastric gavage. To study the participation of cannabinod receptors in ethanol action, we evaluated methacholine-induced salivary secretion after ethanol administration when CB1 or CB2 receptors were blocked by intra-SMG injections of their selective antagonists AM251 and AM630, respectively. Additionally, we evaluated the in vitro effect of ethanol (0.1 M) on SMG production of cAMP, alone or combined with AM251 or AM630. RESULTS Acute ethanol administration increased AEA production in SMG and also inhibited the methacholine-induced saliva secretion that was partially restored by intraglandular injection of AM251 or AM630. In addition, ethanol significantly reduced the forskolin-induced increase in cAMP content in SMG in vitro while treatment with AM251 blocked this response. CONCLUSION We conclude that the inhibitory effect produced by ethanol on submandibular gland salivary secretion is mediated, at least in part, by the endocannabinoid system.
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Rohleder N, Nater UM. Determinants of salivary alpha-amylase in humans and methodological considerations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:469-85. [PMID: 19155141 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 12/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has been proposed as a marker for activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Recent studies in support of this hypothesis have led to an increased number of researchers integrating amylase measurements into their study designs. Salivary alpha-amylase is produced locally in the salivary glands, controlled by the autonomic nervous system. This entails some methodological consequences and potential pitfalls that might lead to increased error variance and thus prevent successful testing of hypotheses. The goal of this review is to summarize basic and recent findings on methodological issues and potential factors influencing sAA measurement, and to derive a set of recommendations enabling researchers to successfully using sAA in psychoneuroendocrinological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, MS 062, PO Box 549110, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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50
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Waszkiewicz N, Szajda SD, Jankowska A, Zwierz P, Czernikiewicz A, Szulc A, Zwierz K. The Effect of Acute Ethanol Intoxication on Salivary Proteins of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:652-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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