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Zhang X. Magnetic resonance imaging of the monkey fetal brain in utero. Investig Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 26:177-190. [PMID: 36937817 PMCID: PMC10019598 DOI: 10.13104/imri.2022.26.4.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) are the closest living relatives of the human and play a critical role in investigating the effects of maternal viral infection and consumption of medicines, drugs, and alcohol on fetal development. With the advance of contemporary fast MRI techniques with parallel imaging, fetal MRI is becoming a robust tool increasingly used in clinical practice and preclinical studies to examine congenital abnormalities including placental dysfunction, congenital heart disease (CHD), and brain abnormalities non-invasively. Because NHPs are usually scanned under anesthesia, the motion artifact is reduced substantially, allowing multi-parameter MRI techniques to be used intensively to examine the fetal development in a single scanning session or longitudinal studies. In this paper, the MRI techniques for scanning monkey fetal brains in utero in biomedical research are summarized. Also, a fast imaging protocol including T2-weighted imaging, diffusion MRI, resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) to examine rhesus monkey fetal brains in utero on a clinical 3T scanner is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- EPC Imaging Center and Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30329, USA
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2
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Rossano S, Toyonaga T, Berg E, Lorence I, Fowles K, Nabulsi N, Ropchan J, Li S, Ye Y, Felchner Z, Kukis D, Huang Y, Benveniste H, Tarantal AF, Groman S, Carson RE. Imaging the fetal nonhuman primate brain with SV2A positron emission tomography (PET). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3679-3691. [PMID: 35633376 PMCID: PMC9826644 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exploring synaptic density changes during brain growth is crucial to understanding brain development. Previous studies in nonhuman primates report a rapid increase in synapse number between the late gestational period and the early neonatal period, such that synaptic density approaches adult levels by birth. Prenatal synaptic development may have an enduring impact on postnatal brain development, but precisely how synaptic density changes in utero are unknown because current methods to quantify synaptic density are invasive and require post-mortem brain tissue. METHODS We used synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands [11C]UCB-J and [18F]Syn-VesT-1 to conduct the first assessment of synaptic density in the developing fetal brain in gravid rhesus monkeys. Eight pregnant monkeys were scanned twice during the third trimester at two imaging sites. Fetal post-mortem samples were collected near term in a subset of subjects to quantify SV2A density by Western blot. RESULTS Image-derived fetal brain SV2A measures increased during the third trimester. SV2A concentrations were greater in subcortical regions than in cortical regions at both gestational ages. Near term, SV2A density was higher in primary motor and visual areas than respective associative regions. Post-mortem quantification of SV2A density was significantly correlated with regional SV2A PET measures. CONCLUSION While further study is needed to determine the exact relationship of SV2A and synaptic density, the imaging paradigm developed in the current study allows for the effective in vivo study of SV2A development in the fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Rossano
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Berg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Isabella Lorence
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Krista Fowles
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Songye Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yunpeng Ye
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zachary Felchner
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Kukis
- Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alice F Tarantal
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Groman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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de Almeida Augusto PS, Pereira RLG, Caligiorne SM, Sabato B, Assis BRD, do Espírito Santo LP, Dos Reis KD, Castro Goulart GA, de Fátima Â, de Castro Lourenço das Neves M, Garcia FD. The GNE-KLH anti-cocaine vaccine protects dams and offspring from cocaine-induced effects during the prenatal and lactating periods. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7784-7791. [PMID: 34381172 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protecting children from prenatal cocaine exposure is a significant challenge for physicians and childbearing women with cocaine use disorder. Cocaine use is highly prevalent among reproductive-aged women and prenatal cocaine exposure produces obstetric, foetal neurodevelopmental and long-term behavioural impairments. Cocaine crosses the maternal and foetal blood-brain barrier and the placenta by diffusion. The best approach to prevent prenatal cocaine exposure is to stop cocaine use. However, only 25% of cocaine users can discontinue their use during pregnancy. Anti-cocaine vaccination decreases cocaine passage through the blood-brain barrier. This study describes an innovative approach for preventing prenatal cocaine exposure using the GNE-KLH anti-cocaine vaccine, a novel use for the named anti-drug vaccines. Here, we show that anti-cocaine vaccination with GNE-KLH produced and maintained anti-cocaine IgG antibody titres and avidity during pregnancy. These antibodies protected the pregnant rats and their pups against prenatal cocaine damage during pregnancy until weaning. The present work is the first preclinical evidence of the efficacy of an innovative mechanism to prevent prenatal cocaine exposure damage, a worldwide public health care issue. In the future, this mechanism may be useful in pregnant women with cocaine use disorder. Further studies to understand the mechanisms of how anti-cocaine antibodies exert their protective effects in pregnancy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sérgio de Almeida Augusto
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raissa Lima Gonçalves Pereira
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sordaini Maria Caligiorne
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Brian Sabato
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Rodrigues Dias Assis
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Larissa Pires do Espírito Santo
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Karine Dias Dos Reis
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele Assis Castro Goulart
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Grupo de Estudos em Química Orgânica e Biológica (GEQOB), Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerias (UFMG). Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maila de Castro Lourenço das Neves
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Frederico Duarte Garcia
- Centre of Research on Health Vulnerability (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Vulnerabilidade e Saúde - NAVES), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Pós-graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Peng SL, Chiu H, Wu CY, Huang CW, Chung YH, Shih CT, Shen WC. The effect of caffeine on cerebral metabolism during alpha-chloralose anesthesia differs from isoflurane anesthesia in the rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1749-1757. [PMID: 30604185 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Caffeine is a widely studied psychostimulant, even though its exact effect on brain activity remains to be elucidated. Positron emission tomography (PET) allows studying mechanisms underlying cerebral metabolic responses to caffeine in caffeine-naïve rats. Rodent studies are typically performed under anesthesia. However, the anesthesia may affect neurotransmitter systems targeted by tested drugs. OBJECTIVES The scope of the present study was to address the impairing or enhancing effect of two common anesthetics, alpha-chloralose and isoflurane, on the kinetics of caffeine. METHODS The first group of rats (n = 15) were anesthetized under 1.5% isoflurane anesthesia. The second group of rats (n = 15) were anesthetized under alpha-chloralose (80 mg/kg). These rats received an intravenous injection of saline (n = 5) or of 2.5 mg/kg (n = 5) or 40 mg/kg (n = 5) caffeine for both groups. RESULTS With 2.5 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg caffeine, whole-brain cerebral metabolism was significantly reduced by 17.2% and 17% (both P < 0.01), respectively, under alpha-chloralose anesthesia. However, the lower dose of caffeine (2.5 mg/kg) had a limited effect on brain metabolism, whereas its higher dose (40 mg/kg) produced enhancements in brain metabolism in the striatum, hippocampus, and thalamus (all P < 0.05) under isoflurane anesthesia. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate significant differences in brain responses to caffeine on the basic of the anesthesia regimen used, which highlights the importance of attention to the anesthetic used when interpreting findings from animal pharmacological studies because of possible interactions between the anesthetic and the drug under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Lei Peng
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Han Chiu
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chiun-Wei Huang
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Chung
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Shih
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chung Shen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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5
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Tsai SYA, Bendriem RM, Lee CTD. The cellular basis of fetal endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in drug-induced neurodevelopmental deficits. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 10:100145. [PMID: 30937351 PMCID: PMC6430408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal substance exposure is a growing public health concern worldwide. Although the opioid crisis remains one of the most prevalent addiction problems in our society, abuse of cocaine, methamphetamines, and other illicit drugs, particularly amongst pregnant women, are nonetheless significant and widespread. Evidence demonstrates prenatal drug exposure can affect fetal brain development and thus can have long-lasting impact on neurobehavioral and cognitive performance later in life. In this review, we highlight research examining the most prevalent drugs of abuse and their effects on brain development with a focus on endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress signaling pathways. A thorough exploration of drug-induced cellular stress mechanisms during prenatal brain development may provide insight into therapeutic interventions to combat effects of prenatal drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y A Tsai
- Integrative Neuroscience Branch, Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Drug Abuse, The National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Raphael M Bendriem
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Chun-Ting D Lee
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
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Wiers CE, Cabrera E, Skarda E, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. PET imaging for addiction medicine: From neural mechanisms to clinical considerations. Prog Brain Res 2015; 224:175-201. [PMID: 26822359 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown to be an effective imaging technique to study neurometabolic and neurochemical processes involved in addiction. That is, PET has been used to research neurobiological differences in substance abusers versus healthy controls and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of abused drugs. Over the past years, the research scope has shifted to investigating neurobiological effects of abstinence and treatment, and their predictive power for relapse and other clinical outcomes. This chapter provides an overview of PET methodology, recent human PET studies on drug addiction and their implications for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Cabrera
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Skarda
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Singer LT, Minnes S, Min MO, Lewis BA, Short EJ. Prenatal cocaine exposure and child outcomes: a conference report based on a prospective study from Cleveland. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015; 30:285-9. [PMID: 26216564 PMCID: PMC4595926 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to describe developmental outcomes from a longitudinal prospective cohort (Cleveland study) of prenatally cocaine-exposed (CE) infants. METHODS Two hundred eighteen CE and 197 nonexposed infants were enrolled at birth and followed through mid-adolescence. Birth CE status was determined by interview and biologic measures. Multiple demographic, drug, and environmental correlates were controlled. Standardized, normative, reliable measures of fetal growth, intelligence quotient (IQ), behavior, executive function, and language were given at each age and risk for substance misuse assessed in adolescence. A subset of children received volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7 years and functional MRI at 14 years. The effect of CE was determined through multiple regression analyses controlling for confounders. RESULTS Cocaine exposed had significant negative effects on fetal growth, attention, executive function, language, and behavior, while overall IQ was not affected. CE had significant negative effects on perceptual reasoning IQ and visual-motor skills and predicted lower volume of corpus callosum and decreased gray matter in the occipital and parietal lobes. CE children had higher risk for substance misuse. Confounding risk factors had additive effects on developmental outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to cocaine was related to poorer perceptual organization IQ, visual-spatial information processing, attention, language, executive function, and behavior regulation through early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Nixon CC, Schwartz BH, Dixit D, Zack JA, Vatakis DN. Cocaine exposure impairs multilineage hematopoiesis of human hematopoietic progenitor cells mediated by the sigma-1 receptor [corrected]. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8670. [PMID: 25728014 PMCID: PMC4345342 DOI: 10.1038/srep08670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to cocaine is a significant source of fetal and neonatal developmental defects. While cocaine associated neurological and cardiac pathologies are well-documented, it is apparent that cocaine use has far more diverse physiological effects. It is known that in some cell types, the sigma-1 receptor mediates many of cocaine's cellular effects. Here we present a novel and concise investigation into the mechanism that underlies cocaine associated hematopoietic pathology. Indeed, this is the first examination of the effects of cocaine on hematopoiesis. We show that cocaine impairs multilineage hematopoiesis from human progenitors from multiple donors and tissue types. We go on to present the first demonstration of the expression of the sigma-1 receptor in human CD34 + human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these cocaine-induced hematopoietic defects can be reversed through sigma-1 receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Brandon H. Schwartz
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Dhaval Dixit
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, UCLA
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Division of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Dimitrios N. Vatakis
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Division of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
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Grewen K, Burchinal M, Vachet C, Gouttard S, Gilmore JH, Lin W, Johns J, Elam M, Gerig G. Prenatal cocaine effects on brain structure in early infancy. Neuroimage 2014; 101:114-23. [PMID: 24999039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is related to subtle deficits in cognitive and behavioral function in infancy, childhood and adolescence. Very little is known about the effects of in utero PCE on early brain development that may contribute to these impairments. The purpose of this study was to examine brain structural differences in infants with and without PCE. We conducted MRI scans of newborns (mean age = 5 weeks) to determine cocaine's impact on early brain structural development. Subjects were three groups of infants: 33 with PCE co-morbid with other drugs, 46 drug-free controls and 40 with prenatal exposure to other drugs (nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, opiates, SSRIs) but without cocaine. Infants with PCE exhibited lesser total gray matter (GM) volume and greater total cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) volume compared with controls and infants with non-cocaine drug exposure. Analysis of regional volumes revealed that whole brain GM differences were driven primarily by lesser GM in prefrontal and frontal brain regions in infants with PCE, while more posterior regions (parietal, occipital) did not differ across groups. Greater CSF volumes in PCE infants were present in prefrontal, frontal and parietal but not occipital regions. Greatest differences (GM reduction, CSF enlargement) in PCE infants were observed in dorsal prefrontal cortex. Results suggest that PCE is associated with structural deficits in neonatal cortical gray matter, specifically in prefrontal and frontal regions involved in executive function and inhibitory control. Longitudinal study is required to determine whether these early differences persist and contribute to deficits in cognitive functions and enhanced risk for drug abuse seen at school age and in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Grewen
- University of North Carolina, Department of Psychiatry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Margaret Burchinal
- University of North Carolina, Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Clement Vachet
- University of Utah, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sylvain Gouttard
- University of Utah, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- University of North Carolina, Department of Psychiatry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Weili Lin
- University of North Carolina, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josephine Johns
- University of North Carolina, Department of Psychiatry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mala Elam
- University of North Carolina, Department of Psychiatry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Guido Gerig
- University of Utah, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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12
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Bartlett RM, Murali D, Nickles RJ, Barnhart TE, Holden JE, DeJesus OT. Assessment of fetal brain uptake of paraquat in utero using in vivo PET/CT imaging. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:551-6. [PMID: 21546347 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal in utero conditions are thought to play a role in the development of adult diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Paraquat is a common herbicide with chemical structure similar to 1-methyl-4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, a neurotoxin known to induce parkinsonism. In order to assess the role of in utero paraquat exposure in PD, uptake in maternal and fetal brains were measured using positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging. Two anesthetized pregnant rhesus macaques in the late second trimester of pregnancy were given bolus iv injections of ¹¹C-paraquat, and whole-body PET/CT imaging was performed. Using maternal ventricular blood pool as the input function, the unidirectional influx rate constants (K(i)s), a measure of the irreversible transport of paraquat from plasma to brain, were calculated for the maternal and fetal brains using Patlak graphical analysis. Results indicate minimal uptake of paraquat by both maternal and fetal brains with average K(i)s of 0.0009 and 0.0016 per minute, respectively. The highest regional cerebral uptake in the maternal brain (0.0009% injected dose) was seen in the pineal gland, a structure known to lack a blood brain barrier. The finding of minimal paraquat uptake in maternal and fetal brains is similar to previous findings in adult male macaques and extends the contention that a single acute paraquat exposure, prenatally or postnatally, is unlikely to play a role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Bartlett
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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