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Abstract
The broad deployment of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in modern society is increasing day by day to the point that some have seen in this process the transition from the Silicon Age to a new Nano Age. Nanocrystals─a distinct class of nanomaterials─are forecast to play a pivotal role in the next generation of devices such as liquid crystal displays, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and luminescent solar concentrators. However, it is not to be forgotten that this cutting-edge technology is rooted in empirical knowledge and craftsmanship developed over the millennia. This review aims to span the major applications in which nanocrystals were consistently employed by our forebears. Through an analysis of these examples, we show that the modern-age discoveries stem from multimillennial experience passed on from our proto-chemist ancestors to us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Montanarella
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa−Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maksym V. Kovalenko
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa−Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Costantino F, Gavioli L, Kamat PV. A Bipolar CdS/Pd Photocatalytic Membrane for Selective Segregation of Reduction and Oxidation Processes. ACS Phys Chem Au 2022; 2:89-97. [PMID: 36855507 PMCID: PMC9718303 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalytically active bipolar membrane consisting of a CdS photocatalyst and Pd electrocatalyst has been constructed to carry out environmentally relevant oxidation and reduction processes. The ion exchange property of a bipolar membrane (BPM) has allowed us to load the CdS photocatalyst on one side and Pd electrocatalyst on the other side. By inserting the photocatalytic BPM-CdS/Pd membrane between the two compartments of an H-cell, we can separate the reduction and oxidation processes. Following visible light excitation of CdS in the BPM-CdS/Pd membrane, we can induce vectorial electron transfer from CdS to Pd and to an electron acceptor (4-nitrophenol). The holes generated at CdS are scavenged by ethanol or 4-chlorophenol. The photocatalytic reduction rate dependence on the Pd loading in the membrane as well as its effect on modulating the rates of electron and hole transfer processes are discussed. The design of a semiconductor and metal loaded membrane paves the way for improving selectivity and efficiency of photocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Costantino
- Notre
Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of
Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Intersciplinary
Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP) and Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica, Università
Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via della Garzetta 46, Brescia 25133, Italy
- Smart
Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
(IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Gavioli
- Intersciplinary
Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP) and Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica, Università
Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via della Garzetta 46, Brescia 25133, Italy
| | - Prashant V. Kamat
- Notre
Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of
Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Abstract
This review traces nanocrystal quantum dot (QD) research from the early discoveries to the present day and into the future. We describe the extensive body of theoretical and experimental knowledge that comprises the modern science of QDs. Indeed, the spatial confinement of electrons, holes, and excitons in nanocrystals, coupled with the ability of modern chemical synthesis to make complex designed structures, is today enabling multiple applications of QD size-tunable electronic and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Efros
- Center for Computational Material Science, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Louis E Brus
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stolar
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Solar Materials, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Belinda Heyne
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Solar Materials, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Solar Materials, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Young RM, Jensen SC, Edme K, Wu Y, Krzyaniak MD, Vermeulen NA, Dale EJ, Stoddart JF, Weiss EA, Wasielewski MR, Co DT. Ultrafast Two-Electron Transfer in a CdS Quantum Dot-Extended-Viologen Cyclophane Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6163-70. [PMID: 27111529 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved optical spectroscopies reveal multielectron transfer from the biexcitonic state of a CdS quantum dot to an adsorbed tetracationic compound cyclobis(4,4'-(1,4-phenylene) bipyridin-1-ium-1,4-phenylene-bis(methylene)) (ExBox(4+)) to form both the ExBox(3+•) and the doubly reduced ExBox(2(+•)) states from a single laser pulse. Electron transfer in the single-exciton regime occurs in 1 ps. At higher excitation powers the second electron transfer takes ∼5 ps, which leads to a mixture of redox states of the acceptor ligand. The doubly reduced ExBox(2(+•)) state has a lifetime of ∼10 ns, while CdS(+•):ExBox(3+•) recombines with multiple time constants, the longest of which is ∼300 μs. The long-lived charge separation and ability to accumulate multiple charges on ExBox(4+) demonstrate the potential of the CdS:ExBox(4+) complex to serve as a platform for two-electron photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Stephen C Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kedy Edme
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Nicolaas A Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Edward J Dale
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Dick T Co
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Zhang Q, Qu DH. Artificial Molecular Machine Immobilized Surfaces: A New Platform To Construct Functional Materials. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1759-68. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai China
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Zhang Q, Qu D, Wang Q, Tian H. Dual‐Mode Controlled Self‐Assembly of TiO
2
Nanoparticles Through a Cucurbit[8]uril‐Enhanced Radical Cation Dimerization Interaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15789-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 (China)
| | - Da‐Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 (China)
| | - Qiao‐Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 (China)
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 (China)
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8
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Zhang Q, Qu D, Wang Q, Tian H. Dual‐Mode Controlled Self‐Assembly of TiO
2
Nanoparticles Through a Cucurbit[8]uril‐Enhanced Radical Cation Dimerization Interaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 (China)
| | - Da‐Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 (China)
| | - Qiao‐Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 (China)
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 (China)
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627,
United States
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000,
United States
| | - Amanda J. Neukirch
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627,
United States
| | - Oleg V. Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627,
United States
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Mohamed HH, Dillert R, Bahnemann DW. TiO2 nanoparticles as electron pools: Single- and multi-step electron transfer processes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012; 245:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Zhu H, Song N, Lv H, Hill CL, Lian T. Near Unity Quantum Yield of Light-Driven Redox Mediator Reduction and Efficient H2 Generation Using Colloidal Nanorod Heterostructures. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11701-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303698e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Nianhui Song
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Hongjin Lv
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Craig L. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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12
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Lestini E, Nikitin K, Stolarczyk JK, Fitzmaurice D. Electron Transfer and Switching in Rigid [2]Rotaxanes Adsorbed on TiO2 Nanoparticles. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:797-810. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Yamada Y, Miyahigashi T, Kotani H, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S. Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution under Highly Basic Conditions by Using Ru Nanoparticles and 2-Phenyl-4-(1-naphthyl)quinolinium Ion. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16136-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ja206079e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yamada
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, and ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Miyahigashi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, and ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, and ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, and ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, and ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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Tinnemans AHA, Koster TPM, Thewissen DHMW, Mackor A. Tetraaza-macrocyclic cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes as electron-transfer agents in the photo(electro)chemical and electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19841031004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hambourger M, Brune A, Gust D, Moore AL, Moore TA. Enzyme-assisted Reforming of Glucose to Hydrogen in a Photoelectrochemical Cell¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hambourger M, Brune A, Gust D, Moore AL, Moore TA. Enzyme-assisted Reforming of Glucose to Hydrogen in a Photoelectrochemical Cell¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2005-05-15-rc-528r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang W, Shi Y, Gan L, Huang C, Luo H, Wu D, Li N. pH-Dependent Photoinduced Electron Transfer at C60-EDTA Langmuir−Blodgett Film Modified ITO Electrode. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983315y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yaru Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Liangbing Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Dengguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Nanqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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Liang K, Law KY, Whitten DG. Synthesis, Characterization, Photophysics, and Photosensitization Studies of Squaraine−Bipyridinium Diads. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962996z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangning Liang
- NSF Center for Photoinduced Charge Transfer, Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Wilson Center for Research and Technology, Xerox Corporation, 800 Phillips Road, 114-39D, Webster, New York 14580
| | - Kock-Yee Law
- NSF Center for Photoinduced Charge Transfer, Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Wilson Center for Research and Technology, Xerox Corporation, 800 Phillips Road, 114-39D, Webster, New York 14580
| | - David G. Whitten
- NSF Center for Photoinduced Charge Transfer, Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Wilson Center for Research and Technology, Xerox Corporation, 800 Phillips Road, 114-39D, Webster, New York 14580
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Xia WS, Huang CH, Gan LB, Li H. Photoelectric response from a stilbazolium dye in a Langmuir–Blodgett film-modified SnO2electrode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/ft9969203131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Usui S, Inoue H, Ishida H, Ohkubo K. Laser-Induced Photoionization of Two-Electron-Reduced Viologen. CHEM LETT 1993. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1993.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Serpone N, Sharma DK, Moser J, Grätzel M. Reduction of acceptor relay species by conduction band electrons of colloidal titanium dioxide; light-induced charge separation in the picosecond time domain. Chem Phys Lett 1987; 136:47-51. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(87)87296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Crouigneau P, Enea O, Beden B. “In situ” investigation by simultaneous voltammetry and UV-visible reflectance spectroscopy of some viologen radicals absorbed on a platinum electrode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987; 218:307-17. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(87)87025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kalyanasundaram K, Grätzel M. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis with Semiconductor Particulate Systems. In: Vanselow R, Howe R, editors. Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces V. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1984. pp. 111-39. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-82253-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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