1
|
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) is a naturally occurring form of polymers synthesized through enzymatic reactions catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). It is known for regulating various important cellular signaling pathways and processes. As a water soluble and biocompatible type of polymer, PAR may hold promise for safe and efficient delivery of therapeutics. To explore the therapeutic potential of PAR polymers, we herein generate PAR polymers conjugated with human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) protein by harnessing human PARP1-catalyzed auto-poly-ADP-ribosylation and a clickable analogue of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The resulting PAR polymer-based conjugate with multivalent GCSF ligands exhibits a potent cell proliferative activity. Notably, mice treated with a single dose of the PAR polymer-GCSF conjugate show sustained high levels of neutrophil in blood for 11 days, demonstrating excellent in vivo efficacy. Functionalized PAR polymers may provide new scaffolds for conjugating with therapeutic proteins or peptides toward improved pharmacological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Xiao-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Yiling Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, Research Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Um J, Lee JH, Jung DW, Williams DR. Re-education begins at home: an overview of the discovery of in vivo-active small molecule modulators of endogenous stem cells. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:307-326. [PMID: 29421943 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1437140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, heart disease and arthritis cause great suffering and are major socioeconomic burdens. An attractive treatment approach is stem cell transplantation to regenerate damaged or destroyed tissues. However, this can be problematic. For example, donor cells may not functionally integrate into the host tissue. An alternative methodology is to deliver bioactive agents, such as small molecules, directly into the diseased tissue to enhance the regenerative potential of endogenous stem cells. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the necessity of developing these small molecules to treat degenerative diseases and survey progress in their application as therapeutics. They describe both the successes and caveats of developing small molecules that target endogenous stem cells to induce tissue regeneration. This article is based on literature searches which encompass databases for biomedical research and clinical trials. These small molecules are also categorized per their target disease and mechanism of action. Expert opinion: The development of small molecules targeting endogenous stem cells is a high-profile research area. Some compounds have made the successful transition to the clinic. Novel approaches, such as modulating the stem cell niche or targeted delivery to disease sites, should increase the likelihood of future successes in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JungIn Um
- a New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Buk-Gu , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Lee
- a New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Buk-Gu , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Woon Jung
- a New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Buk-Gu , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Darren R Williams
- a New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Buk-Gu , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goodall LJ, Ovecka M, Rycroft D, Friel SL, Sanderson A, Mistry P, Davies ML, Stoop AA. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characterisation of an Anti-Mouse TNF Receptor 1 Domain Antibody Formatted for In Vivo Half-Life Extension. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137065. [PMID: 26352810 PMCID: PMC4564187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) inhibition has been transformational in the treatment of patients with inflammatory disease, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis. Intriguingly, TNF-α signals through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which have been associated with detrimental inflammatory and beneficial immune-regulatory processes, respectively. To investigate if selective TNFR1 inhibition might provide benefits over pan TNF-α inhibition, tools to investigate the potential impact of pharmacological intervention are needed. Receptor-deficient mice have been very insightful, but are not reversible and could distort receptor cross-talk, while inhibitory anti-TNFR1 monoclonal antibodies have a propensity to induce receptor agonism. Therefore, we set out to characterise a monovalent anti-TNFR1 domain antibody (dAb) formatted for in vivo use. The mouse TNFR1 antagonist (DMS5540) is a genetic fusion product of an anti-TNFR1 dAb with an albumin-binding dAb (AlbudAb). It bound mouse TNFR1, but not human TNFR1, and was an antagonist of TNF-α-mediated cytotoxicity in a L929 cell assay. Surprisingly, the dAb did not compete with TNF-α for TNFR1-binding. This was supported by additional data showing the anti-TNFR1 epitope mapped to a single residue in the first domain of TNFR1. Pharmacokinetic studies of DMS5540 in mice over three doses (0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/kg) confirmed extended in vivo half-life, mediated by the AlbudAb, and demonstrated non-linear clearance of DMS5540. Target engagement was further confirmed by dose-dependent increases in total soluble TNFR1 levels. Functional in vivo activity was demonstrated in a mouse challenge study, where DMS5540 provided dose-dependent inhibition of serum IL-6 increases in response to bolus mouse TNF-α injections. Hence, DMS5540 is a potent mouse TNFR1 antagonist with in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties compatible with use in pre-clinical disease models and could provide a useful tool to dissect the individual contributions of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in homeostasis and disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- Cell Line
- Epitopes/drug effects
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/blood
- Mice
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Signal Transduction
- Single-Domain Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Goodall
- Biopharm Innovation Unit, Biopharm R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Milan Ovecka
- Biopharm Innovation Unit, Biopharm R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Rycroft
- Biopharm Innovation Unit, Biopharm R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Friel
- Biopharm Innovation Unit, Biopharm R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sanderson
- Biopharm Innovation Unit, Biopharm R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Prafull Mistry
- R&D Projects, Clinical Platforms and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Marie L. Davies
- Biopharm Innovation Unit, Biopharm R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - A. Allart Stoop
- Biopharm Innovation Unit, Biopharm R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu Y, Lin EC, Pham LM, Cajica J, Amantea CM, Okerberg E, Brown HE, Fraser A, Du L, Kohno Y, Ishiyama J, Kozarich JW, Shreder KR. Amides of 4-hydroxy-8-methanesulfonylamino-quinoline-2-carboxylic acid as zinc-dependent inhibitors of Lp-PLA2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1553-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
5
|
Abstract
Our understanding of the detailed mechanism of action of cytokine and growth factor receptors - and particularly our quantitative understanding of the link between structure, mechanism and function - lags significantly behind our knowledge of comparable functional protein classes such as enzymes, G protein-coupled receptors, and ion channels. In particular, it remains controversial whether such receptors are activated by a mechanism of ligand-induced oligomerization, versus a mechanism in which the ligand binds to a pre-associated receptor dimer or oligomer that becomes activated through subsequent conformational rearrangement. A major limitation to progress has been the relative paucity of methods for performing quantitative mechanistic experiments on unmodified receptors expressed at endogenous levels on live cells. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge on the activation mechanisms of cytokine and growth factor receptors, critically evaluate the evidence for and against the different proposed mechanisms, and highlight other key questions that remain unanswered. New approaches and techniques have led to rapid recent progress in this area, and the field is poised for major advances in the coming years which promise to revolutionize our understanding of this large and biologically and medically important class of receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Atanasova
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Reiter LA, Jones CS, Brissette WH, Mccurdy SP, Abramov YA, Bordner J, Dicapua FM, Munchhof MJ, Rescek DM, Samardjiev IJ, Withka JM. Molecular features crucial to the activity of pyrimidine benzamide-based thrombopoietin receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3000-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Kim MJ, Park SH, Opella SJ, Marsilje TH, Michellys PY, Seidel HM, Tian SS. NMR Structural Studies of Interactions of a Small, Nonpeptidyl Tpo Mimic with the Thrombopoietin Receptor Extracellular Juxtamembrane and Transmembrane Domains. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:14253-61. [PMID: 17369254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611616200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (Tpo) is a glycoprotein growth factor that supports hematopoietic stem cell survival and expansion and is the principal regulator of megakaryocyte growth and differentiation. Several small, nonpeptidyl molecules have been identified as selective human Tpo receptor (hTpoR) agonists. To understand how the small molecule Tpo mimic SB394725 interacts and activates hTpoR, we performed receptor domain swap and mutagenesis studies. The results suggest that SB394725 interacts specifically with the extracellular juxtamembrane region (JMR) and the transmembrane (TM) domain of hTpoR. Solution and solid-state NMR structural studies using a peptide containing the JMR-TM sequences showed that this region of hTpoR, unexpectedly, consists of two alpha-helices separated by a few nonhelical residues. SB394725 interacts specifically with His-499 in the TM domain and a few distinct residues in the JMR-TM region and affects several specific C-terminal TM domain residues. The unique structural information provided by these studies both sheds light on the distinctive mechanism of action of SB394725 and provides valuable insight into the mechanism of ligand-induced cytokine receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Kim
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huxley P, Sutton DH, Debnam P, Matthews IR, Brewer JE, Rose J, Trickett M, Williams DD, Andersen TB, Classon BJ. High-affinity small molecule inhibitors of T cell costimulation: compounds for immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:1651-8. [PMID: 15610849 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules are important regulators of T cell activation and thus favored targets for therapeutic manipulation of immune responses. One of the key costimulatory receptors is CD80, which binds the T cell ligands, CD28, and CTLA-4. We describe a set of small compounds that bind with high specificity and low nanomolar affinity to CD80. The compounds have relatively slow off-rates and block both CD28 and CTLA-4 binding, implying that they occlude the shared ligand binding site. The compounds inhibit proinflammatory cytokine release in T cell assays with submicromolar potency, and as such, they represent promising leads for the development of novel therapeutics for immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Our results also suggest that other predominantly beta proteins, such as those that dominate the cell surface, may also be accessible as potentially therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
10
|
Carver TE, Bordeau B, Cummings MD, Petrella EC, Pucci MJ, Zawadzke LE, Dougherty BA, Tredup JA, Bryson JW, Yanchunas J, Doyle ML, Witmer MR, Nelen MI, DesJarlais RL, Jaeger EP, Devine H, Asel ED, Springer BA, Bone R, Salemme FR, Todd MJ. Decrypting the biochemical function of an essential gene from Streptococcus pneumoniae using ThermoFluor technology. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:11704-12. [PMID: 15634672 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413278200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein product of an essential gene of unknown function from Streptococcus pneumoniae was expressed and purified for screening in the ThermoFluor affinity screening assay. This assay can detect ligand binding to proteins of unknown function. The recombinant protein was found to be in a dimeric, native-like folded state and to unfold cooperatively. ThermoFluor was used to screen the protein against a library of 3000 compounds that were specifically selected to provide information about possible biological functions. The results of this screen identified pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate as equilibrium binding ligands (K(d) approximately 50 pM, K(d) approximately 2.5 microM, respectively), consistent with an enzymatic cofactor function. Several nucleotides and nucleotide sugars were also identified as ligands of this protein. Sequence comparison with two enzymes of known structure but relatively low overall sequence homology established that several key residues directly involved in pyridoxal phosphate binding were strictly conserved. Screening a collection of generic drugs and natural products identified the antifungal compound canescin A as an irreversible covalent modifier of the enzyme. Our investigation of this protein indicates that its probable biological role is that of a nucleoside diphospho-keto-sugar aminotransferase, although the preferred keto-sugar substrate remains unknown. These experiments demonstrate the utility of a generic affinity-based ligand binding technology in decrypting possible biological functions of a protein, an approach that is both independent of and complementary to existing genomic and proteomic technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore E Carver
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kawahara M, Ishii S, Tsumoto K, Kumagai I, Ueda H, Nagamune T. Reversal of antigen-dependent signaling by two mutations in antibody/receptor chimera: implication of inverse agonism in cytokine receptor superfamily. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:539-48. [PMID: 15242820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the receptor activation mechanism is essential for the rational design of pharmacologically active ligand molecules. However, the activation mechanism of most cytokine receptors remains still unclear, and while agonism and antagonism have been described for ligand-mimetic peptides, there has been no report of inverse agonism that has been characterized for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). To explore the activation mechanism of cytokine receptors, here we tried to investigate how agonism and antagonism could be altered by randomizing antibody variable region of an antibody/cytokine receptor chimera recognizing hen egg lysozyme (HEL) as an agonist. Based on our previous finding that the co-expression of V(H)-gp130 and V(L)-erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) chimeras transduced strict and efficient HEL-dependent cell growth signal, a V(H)-gp130 library encoding four randomized CDR2 residues was retrovirally infected to IL-3-dependent Ba/F3 cells already transfected with V(L)-EpoR. The selection without IL-3 resulted in a clonal expansion of the transduced cells, and interestingly some of which showed HEL dose-dependent growth suppression. Our results clearly indicate that agonism and antagonism of the antibody/cytokine receptor chimera can be readily switched by a subtle modification of the ligand binding domain as well as that of GPCRs, also implying the existence of inverse agonism in cytokine receptor superfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|