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Opperdoes FR, Záhonová K, Škodová-Sveráková I, Bučková B, Chmelová Ľ, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V. In silico prediction of the metabolism of Blastocrithidia nonstop, a trypanosomatid with non-canonical genetic code. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:184. [PMID: 38365628 PMCID: PMC10874023 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost all extant organisms use the same, so-called canonical, genetic code with departures from it being very rare. Even more exceptional are the instances when a eukaryote with non-canonical code can be easily cultivated and has its whole genome and transcriptome sequenced. This is the case of Blastocrithidia nonstop, a trypanosomatid flagellate that reassigned all three stop codons to encode amino acids. RESULTS We in silico predicted the metabolism of B. nonstop and compared it with that of the well-studied human parasites Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major. The mapped mitochondrial, glycosomal and cytosolic metabolism contains all typical features of these diverse and important parasites. We also provided experimental validation for some of the predicted observations, concerning, specifically presence of glycosomes, cellular respiration, and assembly of the respiratory complexes. CONCLUSIONS In an unusual comparison of metabolism between a parasitic protist with a massively altered genetic code and its close relatives that rely on a canonical code we showed that the dramatic differences on the level of nucleic acids do not seem to be reflected in the metabolisms. Moreover, although the genome of B. nonstop is extremely AT-rich, we could not find any alterations of its pyrimidine synthesis pathway when compared to other trypanosomatids. Hence, we conclude that the dramatic alteration of the genetic code of B. nonstop has no significant repercussions on the metabolism of this flagellate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred R Opperdoes
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristína Záhonová
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ingrid Škodová-Sveráková
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Bučková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubomíra Chmelová
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.
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2
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Gerber M, Suppanz I, Oeljeklaus S, Niemann M, Käser S, Warscheid B, Schneider A, Dewar CE. A Msp1-containing complex removes orphaned proteins in the mitochondrial outer membrane of T. brucei. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302004. [PMID: 37586887 PMCID: PMC10432679 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The AAA-ATPase Msp1 extracts mislocalised outer membrane proteins and thus contributes to mitochondrial proteostasis. Using pulldown experiments, we show that trypanosomal Msp1 localises to both glycosomes and the mitochondrial outer membrane, where it forms a complex with four outer membrane proteins. The trypanosome-specific pATOM36 mediates complex assembly of α-helically anchored mitochondrial outer membrane proteins such as protein translocase subunits. Inhibition of their assembly triggers a pathway that results in the proteasomal digestion of unassembled substrates. Using inducible single, double, and triple RNAi cell lines combined with proteomic analyses, we demonstrate that not only Msp1 but also the trypanosomal homolog of the AAA-ATPase VCP are implicated in this quality control pathway. Moreover, in the absence of VCP three out of the four Msp1-interacting mitochondrial proteins are required for efficient proteasomal digestion of pATOM36 substrates, suggesting they act in concert with Msp1. pATOM36 is a functional analog of the yeast mitochondrial import complex complex and possibly of human mitochondrial animal-specific carrier homolog 2, suggesting that similar mitochondrial quality control pathways linked to Msp1 might also exist in yeast and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gerber
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ida Suppanz
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silke Oeljeklaus
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Niemann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Käser
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - André Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Advanced Study (Wissenschaftskolleg) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline E Dewar
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Andrade-Alviárez D, Bonive-Boscan AD, Cáceres AJ, Quiñones W, Gualdrón-López M, Ginger ML, Michels PAM. Delineating transitions during the evolution of specialised peroxisomes: Glycosome formation in kinetoplastid and diplonemid protists. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:979269. [PMID: 36172271 PMCID: PMC9512073 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.979269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
One peculiarity of protists belonging to classes Kinetoplastea and Diplonemea within the phylum Euglenozoa is compartmentalisation of most glycolytic enzymes within peroxisomes that are hence called glycosomes. This pathway is not sequestered in peroxisomes of the third Euglenozoan class, Euglenida. Previous analysis of well-studied kinetoplastids, the ‘TriTryps’ parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., identified within glycosomes other metabolic processes usually not present in peroxisomes. In addition, trypanosomatid peroxins, i.e. proteins involved in biogenesis of these organelles, are divergent from human and yeast orthologues. In recent years, genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes for a variety of euglenozoans have become available. Here, we track the possible evolution of glycosomes by querying these databases, as well as the genome of Naegleria gruberi, a non-euglenozoan, which belongs to the same protist supergroup Discoba. We searched for orthologues of TriTryps proteins involved in glycosomal metabolism and biogenesis. Predicted cellular location(s) of each metabolic enzyme identified was inferred from presence or absence of peroxisomal-targeting signals. Combined with a survey of relevant literature, we refine extensively our previously postulated hypothesis about glycosome evolution. The data agree glycolysis was compartmentalised in a common ancestor of the kinetoplastids and diplonemids, yet additionally indicates most other processes found in glycosomes of extant trypanosomatids, but not in peroxisomes of other eukaryotes were either sequestered in this ancestor or shortly after separation of the two lineages. In contrast, peroxin divergence is evident in all euglenozoans. Following their gain of pathway complexity, subsequent evolution of peroxisome/glycosome function is complex. We hypothesize compartmentalisation in glycosomes of glycolytic enzymes, their cofactors and subsequently other metabolic enzymes provided selective advantage to kinetoplastids and diplonemids during their evolution in changing marine environments. We contend two specific properties derived from the ancestral peroxisomes were key: existence of nonselective pores for small solutes and the possibility of high turnover by pexophagy. Critically, such pores and pexophagy are characterised in extant trypanosomatids. Increasing amenability of free-living kinetoplastids and recently isolated diplonemids to experimental study means our hypothesis and interpretation of bioinformatic data are suited to experimental interrogation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Andrade-Alviárez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Alejandro D. Bonive-Boscan
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Ana J. Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Wilfredo Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | - Michael L. Ginger
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. M. Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Paul A. M. Michels,
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4
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Howick VM, Peacock L, Kay C, Collett C, Gibson W, Lawniczak MKN. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals expression profiles of Trypanosoma brucei sexual stages. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010346. [PMID: 35255094 PMCID: PMC8939820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diverging lineages such as trypanosomes can provide clues to the evolution of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. In Trypanosoma brucei, the pathogen that causes Human African Trypanosomiasis, sexual reproduction occurs in the salivary glands of the insect host, but analysis of the molecular signatures that define these sexual forms is complicated because they mingle with more numerous, mitotically-dividing developmental stages. We used single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) to profile 388 individual trypanosomes from midgut, proventriculus, and salivary glands of infected tsetse flies allowing us to identify tissue-specific cell types. Further investigation of salivary gland parasite transcriptomes revealed fine-scale changes in gene expression over a developmental progression from putative sexual forms through metacyclics expressing variant surface glycoprotein genes. The cluster of cells potentially containing sexual forms was characterized by high level transcription of the gamete fusion protein HAP2, together with an array of surface proteins and several genes of unknown function. We linked these expression patterns to distinct morphological forms using immunofluorescence assays and reporter gene expression to demonstrate that the kinetoplastid-conserved gene Tb927.10.12080 is exclusively expressed at high levels by meiotic intermediates and gametes. Further experiments are required to establish whether this protein, currently of unknown function, plays a role in gamete formation and/or fusion. African Trypanosomes are single-celled protozoan parasites that cause disease in humans and livestock. They have a complex life cycle that spans a mammalian and tsetse fly host. Within the tsetse fly, the parasite first travels into the midgut when the fly takes up an infectious blood meal. As it develops it moves into the proventriculus followed by the salivary glands taking on distinct morphological forms in each of these tissues. In the salivary glands, the parasite can undergo non-obligatory sexual reproduction via meiosis and the production of gametes. However, the biological processes that underly this sexual developmental and the molecular signatures that define these morphological forms remain elusive because they are found within heterogeneous populations that also contain mitotically dividing forms. Here we have used single-cell RNAseq to profile the transcriptomes of parasites across development in the tsetse with a focus on identifying the patterns of expression that define these sexual stages. We showed that the sexual forms have a unique transcriptional profile and we connect these expression patterns to specific morphological stages of sexual development using a fluorescent reporter. This allowed us to identify a new gene that may be involved in reproduction. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying sexual reproduction and genetic exchange is fundamental to understanding the evolution of key traits such as virulence and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M. Howick
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Lori Peacock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Kay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Collett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mara K. N. Lawniczak
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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5
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Schenk R, Bachmaier S, Bringaud F, Boshart M. Efficient flavinylation of glycosomal fumarate reductase by its own ApbE domain in Trypanosoma brucei. FEBS J 2021; 288:5430-5445. [PMID: 33755328 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A subset of flavoproteins has a covalently attached flavin prosthetic group enzymatically attached via phosphoester bonding. In prokaryotes, this is catalysed by alternative pyrimidine biosynthesis E (ApbE) flavin transferases. ApbE-like domains are present in few eukaryotic taxa, for example the N-terminal domain of fumarate reductase (FRD) of Trypanosoma, a parasitic protist known as a tropical pathogen causing African sleeping sickness. We use the versatile reverse genetic tools available for Trypanosoma to investigate the flavinylation of glycosomal FRD (FRDg) in vivo in the physiological and organellar context. Using direct in-gel fluorescence detection of covalently attached flavin as proxy for activity, we show that the ApbE-like domain of FRDg has flavin transferase activity in vivo. The ApbE domain is preceded by a consensus flavinylation target motif at the extreme N terminus of FRDg, and serine 9 in this motif is essential as flavin acceptor. The preferred mode of flavinylation in the glycosome was addressed by stoichiometric expression and comparison of native and catalytically inactive ApbE domains. In addition to the trans-flavinylation activity, the ApbE domain catalyses the intramolecular cis-flavinylation with at least fivefold higher efficiency. We discuss how the higher efficiency due to unusual fusion of the ApbE domain to its substrate protein FRD may provide a selective advantage by faster FRD biogenesis during rapid metabolic adaptation of trypanosomes. The first 37 amino acids of FRDg, including the consensus motif, are sufficient as flavinylation target upon fusion to other proteins. We propose FRDg(1-37) as 4-kDa heat-stable, detergent-resistant fluorescent protein tag and suggest its use as a new tool to study glycosomal protein import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schenk
- Biozentrum, Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sabine Bachmaier
- Biozentrum, Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael Boshart
- Biozentrum, Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
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6
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Villafraz O, Biran M, Pineda E, Plazolles N, Cahoreau E, Ornitz Oliveira Souza R, Thonnus M, Allmann S, Tetaud E, Rivière L, Silber AM, Barrett MP, Zíková A, Boshart M, Portais JC, Bringaud F. Procyclic trypanosomes recycle glucose catabolites and TCA cycle intermediates to stimulate growth in the presence of physiological amounts of proline. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009204. [PMID: 33647053 PMCID: PMC7951978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, a protist responsible for human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), is transmitted by the tsetse fly where the procyclic forms of the parasite develop in the proline-rich (1–2 mM) and glucose-depleted digestive tract. Proline is essential for the midgut colonization of the parasite in the insect vector, however other carbon sources could be available and used to feed its central metabolism. Here we show that procyclic trypanosomes can consume and metabolize metabolic intermediates, including those excreted from glucose catabolism (succinate, alanine and pyruvate), with the exception of acetate, which is the ultimate end-product excreted by the parasite. Among the tested metabolites, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (succinate, malate and α-ketoglutarate) stimulated growth of the parasite in the presence of 2 mM proline. The pathways used for their metabolism were mapped by proton-NMR metabolic profiling and phenotypic analyses of thirteen RNAi and/or null mutants affecting central carbon metabolism. We showed that (i) malate is converted to succinate by both the reducing and oxidative branches of the TCA cycle, which demonstrates that procyclic trypanosomes can use the full TCA cycle, (ii) the enormous rate of α-ketoglutarate consumption (15-times higher than glucose) is possible thanks to the balanced production and consumption of NADH at the substrate level and (iii) α-ketoglutarate is toxic for trypanosomes if not appropriately metabolized as observed for an α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase null mutant. In addition, epimastigotes produced from procyclics upon overexpression of RBP6 showed a growth defect in the presence of 2 mM proline, which is rescued by α-ketoglutarate, suggesting that physiological amounts of proline are not sufficient per se for the development of trypanosomes in the fly. In conclusion, these data show that trypanosomes can metabolize multiple metabolites, in addition to proline, which allows them to confront challenging environments in the fly. In the midgut of its insect vector, trypanosomes rely on proline to feed their energy metabolism. However, the availability of other potential carbon sources that can be used by the parasite is currently unknown. Here we show that tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, i.e. succinate, malate and α-ketoglutarate, stimulate growth of procyclic trypanosomes incubated in a medium containing 2 mM proline, which is in the range of the amounts measured in the midgut of the fly. Some of these additional carbon sources are needed for the development of epimastigotes, which differentiate from procyclics in the midgut of the fly, since their growth defect observed in the presence of 2 mM proline is rescued by addition of α-ketoglutarate. In addition, we have implemented new approaches to study a poorly explored branch of the TCA cycle converting malate to α-ketoglutarate, which was previously described as non-functional in the parasite, regardless of the glucose levels available. The discovery of this branch reveals that a full TCA cycle can operate in procyclic trypanosomes. Our data broaden the metabolic potential of trypanosomes and pave the way for a better understanding of the parasite’s metabolism in various organ systems of the tsetse fly, where it develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Villafraz
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Biran
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erika Pineda
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Plazolles
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Edern Cahoreau
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI-INSA de Toulouse INSA/CNRS 5504-UMR INSA/INRA 792, Toulouse, France.,MetaToul-MetaboHub, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Rodolpho Ornitz Oliveira Souza
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps-LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magali Thonnus
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stefan Allmann
- Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Tetaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ariel M Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps-LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Boshart
- Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jean-Charles Portais
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI-INSA de Toulouse INSA/CNRS 5504-UMR INSA/INRA 792, Toulouse, France.,MetaToul-MetaboHub, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France.,RESTORE, Université de Toulouse, Inserm U1031, CNRS 5070, UPS, EFS, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
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7
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Abstract
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Class I fumarate hydratases (FHs) are central metabolic
enzymes
that use a [4Fe-4S] cluster to catalyze the reversible conversion
of fumarate to S-malate. The parasite Leishmania
major, which is responsible for leishmaniasis, expresses
two class I FH isoforms: mitochondrial LmFH-1 and cytosolic LmFH-2.
In this study, we present kinetic characterizations of both LmFH isoforms,
present 13 crystal structures of LmFH-2 variants, and employ site-directed
mutagenesis to investigate the enzyme’s mechanism. Our kinetic
data confirm that both LmFH-1 and LmFH-2 are susceptible to oxygen-dependent
inhibition, with data from crystallography and electron paramagnetic
resonance spectroscopy showing that oxygen exposure converts an active
[4Fe-4S] cluster to an inactive [3Fe-4S] cluster. Our anaerobically
conducted kinetic studies reveal a preference for fumarate over S-malate. Our data further reveal that single alanine substitutions
of T467, R421, R471, D135, and H334 decrease kcat values 9–16000-fold without substantially affecting Km values, suggesting that these residues function
in catalytic roles. Crystal structures of LmFH-2 variants are consistent
with this idea, showing similar bidentate binding to the unique iron
of the [4Fe-4S] cluster for substrate S-malate as
observed in wild type FH. We further present LmFH-2 structures with
substrate fumarate and weak inhibitors succinate and malonate bound
in the active site and the first structure of an LmFH that is substrate-free
and inhibitor-free, the latter showing increased mobility in the C-terminal
domain. Collectively, these data provide insight into the molecular
basis for the reaction catalyzed by LmFHs, enzymes that are potential
drug targets against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Feliciano
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,Department of Biology , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Catherine L Drennan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,Department of Biology , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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8
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Acosta H, Burchmore R, Naula C, Gualdrón-López M, Quintero-Troconis E, Cáceres AJ, Michels PAM, Concepción JL, Quiñones W. Proteomic analysis of glycosomes from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 229:62-74. [PMID: 30831156 PMCID: PMC7082770 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, the first seven steps of glycolysis are compartmentalized in glycosomes, which are authentic but specialized peroxisomes. Besides glycolysis, activity of enzymes of other metabolic processes have been reported to be present in glycosomes, such as β-oxidation of fatty acids, purine salvage, pentose-phosphate pathway, gluconeogenesis and biosynthesis of ether-lipids, isoprenoids, sterols and pyrimidines. In this study, we have purified glycosomes from T. cruzi epimastigotes, collected the soluble and membrane fractions of these organelles, and separated peripheral and integral membrane proteins by Na2CO3 treatment and osmotic shock. Proteomic analysis was performed on each of these fractions, allowing us to confirm the presence of enzymes involved in various metabolic pathways as well as identify new components of this parasite's glycosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Acosta
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 5101, Venezuela
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Christina Naula
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Melisa Gualdrón-López
- Instituto Salud Global, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, and Institute for Health Sciences Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ender Quintero-Troconis
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 5101, Venezuela
| | - Ana J Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 5101, Venezuela
| | - Paul A M Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Juan Luis Concepción
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 5101, Venezuela
| | - Wilfredo Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 5101, Venezuela.
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9
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Abstract
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Leishmaniases
affect the poorest people on earth and have no effective
drug therapy. Here, we present the crystal structure of the mitochondrial
isoform of class I fumarate hydratase (FH) from Leishmania
major and compare it to the previously determined cytosolic Leishmania major isoform. We further describe the mechanism
of action of the first class-specific FH inhibitor, 2-thiomalate,
through X-ray crystallography and inhibition assays. Our crystal structures
of both FH isoforms with inhibitor bound at 2.05 Å resolution
and 1.60 Å resolution show high structural similarity. These
structures further reveal that the selectivity of 2-thiomalate for
class I FHs is due to direct coordination of the inhibitor to the
unique Fe of the catalytic [4Fe-4S] cluster that is found in class
I parasitic FHs but is absent from class II human FH. These studies
provide the structural scaffold in order to exploit class I FHs as
potential drug targets against leishmaniases as well as Chagas diseases,
sleeping sickness, and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R. Feliciano
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Catherine L. Drennan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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10
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Millerioux Y, Mazet M, Bouyssou G, Allmann S, Kiema TR, Bertiaux E, Fouillen L, Thapa C, Biran M, Plazolles N, Dittrich-Domergue F, Crouzols A, Wierenga RK, Rotureau B, Moreau P, Bringaud F. De novo biosynthesis of sterols and fatty acids in the Trypanosoma brucei procyclic form: Carbon source preferences and metabolic flux redistributions. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007116. [PMID: 29813135 PMCID: PMC5993337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo biosynthesis of lipids is essential for Trypanosoma brucei, a protist responsible for the sleeping sickness. Here, we demonstrate that the ketogenic carbon sources, threonine, acetate and glucose, are precursors for both fatty acid and sterol synthesis, while leucine only contributes to sterol production in the tsetse fly midgut stage of the parasite. Degradation of these carbon sources into lipids was investigated using a combination of reverse genetics and analysis of radio-labelled precursors incorporation into lipids. For instance, (i) deletion of the gene encoding isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, involved in the leucine degradation pathway, abolished leucine incorporation into sterols, and (ii) RNAi-mediated down-regulation of the SCP2-thiolase gene expression abolished incorporation of the three ketogenic carbon sources into sterols. The SCP2-thiolase is part of a unidirectional two-step bridge between the fatty acid precursor, acetyl-CoA, and the precursor of the mevalonate pathway leading to sterol biosynthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA. Metabolic flux through this bridge is increased either in the isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase null mutant or when the degradation of the ketogenic carbon sources is affected. We also observed a preference for fatty acids synthesis from ketogenic carbon sources, since blocking acetyl-CoA production from both glucose and threonine abolished acetate incorporation into sterols, while incorporation of acetate into fatty acids was increased. Interestingly, the growth of the isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase null mutant, but not that of the parental cells, is interrupted in the absence of ketogenic carbon sources, including lipids, which demonstrates the essential role of the mevalonate pathway. We concluded that procyclic trypanosomes have a strong preference for fatty acid versus sterol biosynthesis from ketogenic carbon sources, and as a consequence, that leucine is likely to be the main source, if not the only one, used by trypanosomes in the infected insect vector digestive tract to feed the mevalonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Millerioux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Mazet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Bouyssou
- Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR-5200, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stefan Allmann
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tiila-Riikka Kiema
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR-5200, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux, Functional Genomics Center, Villenave d'Ornon
| | - Chandan Thapa
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marc Biran
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Plazolles
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Franziska Dittrich-Domergue
- Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR-5200, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Aline Crouzols
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rik K. Wierenga
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Moreau
- Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR-5200, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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11
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de Pádua RA, Kia AM, Costa-Filho AJ, Wilkinson SR, Nonato MC. Characterisation of the fumarate hydratase repertoire in Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Feliciano PR, Drennan CL, Nonato MC. Crystal structure of an Fe-S cluster-containing fumarate hydratase enzyme from Leishmania major reveals a unique protein fold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9804-9. [PMID: 27528683 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605031113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumarate hydratases (FHs) are essential metabolic enzymes grouped into two classes. Here, we present the crystal structure of a class I FH, the cytosolic FH from Leishmania major, which reveals a previously undiscovered protein fold that coordinates a catalytically essential [4Fe-4S] cluster. Our 2.05 Å resolution data further reveal a dimeric architecture for this FH that resembles a heart, with each lobe comprised of two domains that are arranged around the active site. Besides the active site, where the substrate S-malate is bound bidentate to the unique iron of the [4Fe-4S] cluster, other binding pockets are found near the dimeric enzyme interface, some of which are occupied by malonate, shown here to be a weak inhibitor of this enzyme. Taken together, these data provide a framework both for investigations of the class I FH catalytic mechanism and for drug design aimed at fighting neglected tropical diseases.
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13
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Harijan RK, Mazet M, Kiema TR, Bouyssou G, Alexson SEH, Bergmann U, Moreau P, Michels PAM, Bringaud F, Wierenga RK. The SCP2-thiolase-like protein (SLP) of Trypanosoma brucei is an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism. Proteins 2016; 84:1075-96. [PMID: 27093562 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bioinformatics studies have shown that the genomes of trypanosomatid species each encode one SCP2-thiolase-like protein (SLP), which is characterized by having the YDCF thiolase sequence fingerprint of the Cβ2-Cα2 loop. SLPs are only encoded by the genomes of these parasitic protists and not by those of mammals, including human. Deletion of the Trypanosoma brucei SLP gene (TbSLP) increases the doubling time of procyclic T. brucei and causes a 5-fold reduction of de novo sterol biosynthesis from glucose- and acetate-derived acetyl-CoA. Fluorescence analyses of EGFP-tagged TbSLP expressed in the parasite located the TbSLP in the mitochondrion. The crystal structure of TbSLP (refined at 1.75 Å resolution) confirms that TbSLP has the canonical dimeric thiolase fold. In addition, the structures of the TbSLP-acetoacetyl-CoA (1.90 Å) and TbSLP-malonyl-CoA (2.30 Å) complexes reveal that the two oxyanion holes of the thiolase active site are preserved. TbSLP binds malonyl-CoA tightly (Kd 90 µM), acetoacetyl-CoA moderately (Kd 0.9 mM) and acetyl-CoA and CoA very weakly. TbSLP possesses low malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity. Altogether, the data show that TbSLP is a mitochondrial enzyme involved in lipid metabolism. Proteins 2016; 84:1075-1096. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Harijan
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Muriel Mazet
- Centre De Résonance Magnétique Des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), UMR5536, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France.,Laboratoire De Microbiologie Fondamentale Et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR5234, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Tiila R Kiema
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Guillaume Bouyssou
- Laboratoire De Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR-5200, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, Bâtiment A3 - 1er Étage, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine BP81, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave D'Ornon Cedex, 33883, France
| | - Stefan E H Alexson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE 141 86, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Bergmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Patrick Moreau
- Laboratoire De Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR-5200, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, Bâtiment A3 - 1er Étage, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine BP81, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave D'Ornon Cedex, 33883, France
| | - Paul A M Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, the King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Centre De Résonance Magnétique Des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), UMR5536, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France.,Laboratoire De Microbiologie Fondamentale Et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR5234, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Rik K Wierenga
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
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14
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Horáková E, Changmai P, Paris Z, Salmon D, Lukeš J. Simultaneous depletion of Atm and Mdl rebalances cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly but not heme import into the mitochondrion ofTrypanosoma brucei. FEBS J 2015; 282:4157-75. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Horáková
- Biology Centre; Institute of Parasitology; Czech Academy of Sciences; České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
| | - Piya Changmai
- Biology Centre; Institute of Parasitology; Czech Academy of Sciences; České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Paris
- Biology Centre; Institute of Parasitology; Czech Academy of Sciences; České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
| | - Didier Salmon
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis; Centro de Ciências e da Saude; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre; Institute of Parasitology; Czech Academy of Sciences; České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Toronto Ontario Canada
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15
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Bringaud F, Biran M, Millerioux Y, Wargnies M, Allmann S, Mazet M. Combining reverse genetics and nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics unravels trypanosome-specific metabolic pathways. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:917-26. [PMID: 25753950 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Numerous eukaryotes have developed specific metabolic traits that are not present in extensively studied model organisms. For instance, the procyclic insect form of Trypanosoma brucei, a parasite responsible for sleeping sickness in its mammalian-specific bloodstream form, metabolizes glucose into excreted succinate and acetate through pathways with unique features. Succinate is primarily produced from glucose-derived phosphoenolpyruvate in peroxisome-like organelles, also known as glycosomes, by a soluble NADH-dependent fumarate reductase only described in trypanosomes so far. Acetate is produced in the mitochondrion of the parasite from acetyl-CoA by a CoA-transferase, which forms an ATP-producing cycle with succinyl-CoA synthetase. The role of this cycle in ATP production was recently demonstrated in procyclic trypanosomes and has only been proposed so far for anaerobic organisms, in addition to trypanosomatids. We review how nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry can be used to analyze the metabolic network perturbed by deletion (knockout) or downregulation (RNAi) of the candidate genes involved in these two particular metabolic pathways of procyclic trypanosomes. The role of succinate and acetate production in trypanosomes is discussed, as well as the connections between the succinate and acetate branches, which increase the metabolic flexibility probably required by the parasite to deal with environmental changes such as oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bringaud
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR-5536 Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Biran
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR-5536 Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yoann Millerioux
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR-5536 Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marion Wargnies
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR-5536 Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stefan Allmann
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR-5536 Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Mazet
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR-5536 Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
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16
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Creek DJ, Mazet M, Achcar F, Anderson J, Kim DH, Kamour R, Morand P, Millerioux Y, Biran M, Kerkhoven EJ, Chokkathukalam A, Weidt SK, Burgess KEV, Breitling R, Watson DG, Bringaud F, Barrett MP. Probing the metabolic network in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei using untargeted metabolomics with stable isotope labelled glucose. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004689. [PMID: 25775470 PMCID: PMC4361558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics coupled with heavy-atom isotope-labelled glucose has been used to probe the metabolic pathways active in cultured bloodstream form trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma brucei, a parasite responsible for human African trypanosomiasis. Glucose enters many branches of metabolism beyond glycolysis, which has been widely held to be the sole route of glucose metabolism. Whilst pyruvate is the major end-product of glucose catabolism, its transamination product, alanine, is also produced in significant quantities. The oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway is operative, although the non-oxidative branch is not. Ribose 5-phosphate generated through this pathway distributes widely into nucleotide synthesis and other branches of metabolism. Acetate, derived from glucose, is found associated with a range of acetylated amino acids and, to a lesser extent, fatty acids; while labelled glycerol is found in many glycerophospholipids. Glucose also enters inositol and several sugar nucleotides that serve as precursors to macromolecule biosynthesis. Although a Krebs cycle is not operative, malate, fumarate and succinate, primarily labelled in three carbons, were present, indicating an origin from phosphoenolpyruvate via oxaloacetate. Interestingly, the enzyme responsible for conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, was shown to be essential to the bloodstream form trypanosomes, as demonstrated by the lethal phenotype induced by RNAi-mediated downregulation of its expression. In addition, glucose derivatives enter pyrimidine biosynthesis via oxaloacetate as a precursor to aspartate and orotate. In this work we have followed the distribution of carbon derived from glucose in bloodstream form trypanosomes, the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis, revealing it to enter a diverse range of metabolites. The work involved using 13C-labelled glucose and following the fate of the labelled carbon with an LC-MS based metabolomics platform. Beyond glycolysis and the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway the label entered lipid biosynthesis both through glycerol 3-phosphate and also acetate. Glucose derived carbon also entered nucleotide synthesis through ribose and pyrimidine synthesis through oxaloacetate-derived aspartate. Appreciable quantities of the carboxylic acids succinate and malate were identified, although labelling patterns indicate they are not TCA cycle derived. Amino sugars and sugar nucleotides were also labelled as was inositol used in protein modification but not in inositol phospholipid headgroup production. We confirm active and essential oxaloacetate production in bloodstream form trypanosomes and show that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is essential to these parasites using RNA interference. The amount of glucose entering these metabolites is minor compared to the quantity that enters pyruvate excreted from the cell, but the observation that enzymes contributing to the metabolism of glucose beyond glycolysis can be essential offers potential new targets for chemotherapy against trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J. Creek
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Muriel Mazet
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fiona Achcar
- Wellcome Trust Centre of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Anderson
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruwida Kamour
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Pauline Morand
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yoann Millerioux
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Biran
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eduard J. Kerkhoven
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Achuthanunni Chokkathukalam
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan K. Weidt
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Karl E. V. Burgess
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Breitling
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Centre of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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Deramchia K, Morand P, Biran M, Millerioux Y, Mazet M, Wargnies M, Franconi JM, Bringaud F. Contribution of pyruvate phosphate dikinase in the maintenance of the glycosomal ATP/ADP balance in the Trypanosoma brucei procyclic form. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17365-78. [PMID: 24794874 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.567230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei belongs to a group of protists that sequester the first six or seven glycolytic steps inside specialized peroxisomes, named glycosomes. Because of the glycosomal membrane impermeability to nucleotides, ATP molecules consumed by the first glycolytic steps need to be regenerated in the glycosomes by kinases, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). The glycosomal pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK), which reversibly converts phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate, could also be involved in this process. To address this question, we analyzed the metabolism of the main carbon sources used by the procyclic trypanosomes (glucose, proline, and threonine) after deletion of the PPDK gene in the wild-type (Δppdk) and PEPCK null (Δppdk/Δpepck) backgrounds. The rate of acetate production from glucose is 30% reduced in the Δppdk mutant, whereas threonine-derived acetate production is not affected, showing that PPDK function in the glycolytic direction with production of ATP in the glycosomes. The Δppdk/Δpepck mutant incubated in glucose as the only carbon source showed a 3.8-fold reduction of the glycolytic rate compared with the Δpepck mutant, as a consequence of the imbalanced glycosomal ATP/ADP ratio. The role of PPDK in maintenance of the ATP/ADP balance was confirmed by expressing the glycosomal phosphoglycerate kinase (PGKC) in the Δppdk/Δpepck cell line, which restored the glycolytic flux. We also observed that expression of PGKC is lethal for procyclic trypanosomes, as a consequence of ATP depletion, due to glycosomal relocation of cytosolic ATP production. This illustrates the key roles played by glycosomal and cytosolic kinases, including PPDK, to maintain the cellular ATP/ADP homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Deramchia
- From the Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Pauline Morand
- From the Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Marc Biran
- From the Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Yoann Millerioux
- From the Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Mazet
- From the Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Marion Wargnies
- From the Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Franconi
- From the Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- From the Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Makiuchi T, Nozaki T. Highly divergent mitochondrion-related organelles in anaerobic parasitic protozoa. Biochimie 2014; 100:3-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pereira de Pádua RA, Nonato MC. Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of recombinant human fumarase. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2013; 70:120-2. [PMID: 24419633 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x13033955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human fumarase (HsFH) is a well-known citric acid cycle enzyme and is therefore a key component in energy metabolism. Genetic studies on human patients have shown that polymorphisms in the fumarase gene are responsible for diseases such as hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer. As a first step in unravelling the molecular basis of the mechanism of fumarase deficiency in genetic disorders, the HsFH gene was cloned in pET-28a, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by nickel-affinity chromatography and crystallized using the vapour-diffusion technique. X-ray diffraction experiments were performed at a synchrotron source and the structure was solved at 2.1 Å resolution by molecular replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Pereira de Pádua
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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Changmai P, Horáková E, Long S, Černotíková-Stříbrná E, McDonald LM, Bontempi EJ, Lukeš J. Both human ferredoxins equally efficiently rescue ferredoxin deficiency in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 2013; 89:135-51. [PMID: 23675735 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ferredoxins are highly conserved proteins that function universally as electron transporters. They not only require Fe-S clusters for their own activity, but are also involved in Fe-S formation itself. We identified two homologues of ferredoxin in the genome of the parasitic protist Trypanosoma brucei and named them TbFdxA and TbFdxB. TbFdxA protein, which is homologous to other eukaryotic mitochondrial ferredoxins, is essential in both the procyclic (= insect-transmitted) and bloodstream (mammalian) stage, but is more abundant in the active mitochondrion of the former stage. Depletion of TbFdxA caused disruption of Fe-S cluster biogenesis and lowered the level of intracellular haem. However, TbFdxB, which is present exclusively within kinetoplastid flagellates, was non-essential for the procyclic stage, and double knock-down with TbFdxA showed this was not due to functional redundancy between the two homologues. Heterologous expressions of human orthologues HsFdx1 and HsFdx2 fully rescued the growth and Fe-S-dependent enzymatic activities of TbFdxA knock-down. In both cases, the genuine human import signals allowed efficient import into the T. brucei mitochondrion. Given the huge evolutionary distance between trypanosomes and humans, ferredoxins clearly have ancestral and highly conserved function in eukaryotes and both human orthologues have retained the capacity to participate in Fe-S cluster assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piya Changmai
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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Allmann S, Morand P, Ebikeme C, Gales L, Biran M, Hubert J, Brennand A, Mazet M, Franconi JM, Michels PAM, Portais JC, Boshart M, Bringaud F. Cytosolic NADPH homeostasis in glucose-starved procyclic Trypanosoma brucei relies on malic enzyme and the pentose phosphate pathway fed by gluconeogenic flux. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18494-505. [PMID: 23665470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.462978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
All living organisms depend on NADPH production to feed essential biosyntheses and for oxidative stress defense. Protozoan parasites such as the sleeping sickness pathogen Trypanosoma brucei adapt to different host environments, carbon sources, and oxidative stresses during their infectious life cycle. The procyclic stage develops in the midgut of the tsetse insect vector, where they rely on proline as carbon source, although they prefer glucose when grown in rich media. Here, we investigate the flexible and carbon source-dependent use of NADPH synthesis pathways in the cytosol of the procyclic stage. The T. brucei genome encodes two cytosolic NADPH-producing pathways, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and the NADP-dependent malic enzyme (MEc). Reverse genetic blocking of those pathways and a specific inhibitor (dehydroepiandrosterone) of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase together established redundancy with respect to H2O2 stress management and parasite growth. Blocking both pathways resulted in ∼10-fold increase of susceptibility to H2O2 stress and cell death. Unexpectedly, the same pathway redundancy was observed in glucose-rich and glucose-depleted conditions, suggesting that gluconeogenesis can feed the PPP to provide NADPH. This was confirmed by (i) a lethal phenotype of RNAi-mediated depletion of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (PGI) in the glucose-depleted Δmec/Δmec null background, (ii) an ∼10-fold increase of susceptibility to H2O2 stress observed for the Δmec/Δmec/(RNAi)PGI double mutant when compared with the single mutants, and (iii) the (13)C enrichment of glycolytic and PPP intermediates from cells incubated with [U-(13)C]proline, in the absence of glucose. Gluconeogenesis-supported NADPH supply may also be important for nucleotide and glycoconjugate syntheses in the insect host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Allmann
- Faculty of Biology, Section of Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Basu S, Leonard JC, Desai N, Mavridou DA, Tang KH, Goddard AD, Ginger ML, Lukeš J, Allen JW. Divergence of Erv1-associated mitochondrial import and export pathways in trypanosomes and anaerobic protists. Eukaryot Cell 2013; 12:343-55. [PMID: 23264646 DOI: 10.1128/EC.00304-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and animals, the sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1 functions with Mia40 in the import and oxidative folding of numerous cysteine-rich proteins in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS). Erv1 is also required for Fe-S cluster assembly in the cytosol, which uses at least one mitochondrially derived precursor. Here, we characterize an essential Erv1 orthologue from the protist Trypanosoma brucei (TbERV1), which naturally lacks a Mia40 homolog. We report kinetic parameters for physiologically relevant oxidants cytochrome c and O(2), unexpectedly find O(2) and cytochrome c are reduced simultaneously, and demonstrate that efficient reduction of O(2) by TbERV1 is not dependent upon a simple O(2) channel defined by conserved histidine and tyrosine residues. Massive mitochondrial swelling following TbERV1 RNA interference (RNAi) provides evidence that trypanosome Erv1 functions in IMS protein import despite the natural absence of the key player in the yeast and animal import pathways, Mia40. This suggests significant evolutionary divergence from a recently established paradigm in mitochondrial cell biology. Phylogenomic profiling of genes also points to a conserved role for TbERV1 in cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly. Conversely, loss of genes implicated in precursor delivery for cytosolic Fe-S assembly in Entamoeba, Trichomonas, and Giardia suggests fundamental differences in intracellular trafficking pathways for activated iron or sulfur species in anaerobic versus aerobic eukaryotes.
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Ghozlane A, Bringaud F, Soueidan H, Dutour I, Jourdan F, Thébault P. Flux Analysis of the Trypanosoma brucei Glycolysis Based on a Multiobjective-Criteria Bioinformatic Approach. Adv Bioinformatics 2012; 2012:159423. [PMID: 23097667 DOI: 10.1155/2012/159423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite of major of interest in discovering new genes for drug targets. This parasite alternates its life cycle between the mammal host(s) (bloodstream form) and the insect vector (procyclic form), with two divergent glucose metabolism amenable to in vitro culture. While the metabolic network of the bloodstream forms has been well characterized, the flux distribution between the different branches of the glucose metabolic network in the procyclic form has not been addressed so far. We present a computational analysis (called Metaboflux) that exploits the metabolic topology of the procyclic form, and allows the incorporation of multipurpose experimental data to increase the biological relevance of the model. The alternatives resulting from the structural complexity of networks are formulated as an optimization problem solved by a metaheuristic where experimental data are modeled in a multiobjective function.
Our results show that the current metabolic model is in agreement with experimental data and confirms the observed high metabolic flexibility of glucose metabolism. In addition, Metaboflux offers a rational explanation for the high flexibility in the ratio between final products from glucose metabolism, thsat is, flux redistribution through the malic enzyme steps.
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Feliciano PR, Gupta S, Dyszy F, Dias-baruffi M, Costa-filho AJ, Michels PA, Nonato MC. Fumarate hydratase isoforms of Leishmania major: Subcellular localization, structural and kinetic properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
The causative agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, metabolizes glucose through two major pathways: glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Glucose is taken up via one facilitated transporter and its catabolism by the glycolytic pathway leads to the excretion of reduced products, succinate and l-alanine, even in the presence of oxygen; the first six enzymes are located in a peroxisome-like organelle, the glycosome, and the lack of regulatory controls in hexokinase and phosphofructokinase results in the lack of the Pasteur effect. All of the enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway are present in the four major stages of the parasite's life cycle, and some of them are possible targets for chemotherapy. The gluconeogenic enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase are present, but there is no reserve polysaccharide.
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Millerioux Y, Morand P, Biran M, Mazet M, Moreau P, Wargnies M, Ebikeme C, Deramchia K, Gales L, Portais JC, Boshart M, Franconi JM, Bringaud F. ATP synthesis-coupled and -uncoupled acetate production from acetyl-CoA by mitochondrial acetate:succinate CoA-transferase and acetyl-CoA thioesterase in Trypanosoma. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17186-17197. [PMID: 22474284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.355404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect stage trypanosomes use an "acetate shuttle" to transfer mitochondrial acetyl-CoA to the cytosol for the essential fatty acid biosynthesis. The mitochondrial acetate sources are acetate:succinate CoA-transferase (ASCT) and an unknown enzymatic activity. We have identified a gene encoding acetyl-CoA thioesterase (ACH) activity, which is shown to be the second acetate source. First, RNAi-mediated repression of ASCT in the ACH null background abolishes acetate production from glucose, as opposed to both single ASCT and ACH mutants. Second, incorporation of radiolabeled glucose into fatty acids is also abolished in this ACH/ASCT double mutant. ASCT is involved in ATP production, whereas ACH is not, because the ASCT null mutant is ∼1000 times more sensitive to oligomycin, a specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial F(0)/F(1)-ATP synthase, than wild-type cells or the ACH null mutant. This was confirmed by RNAi repression of the F(0)/F(1)-ATP synthase F(1)β subunit, which is lethal when performed in the ASCT null background but not in the wild-type cells or the ACH null background. We concluded that acetate is produced from both ASCT and ACH; however, only ASCT is responsible, together with the F(0)/F(1)-ATP synthase, for ATP production in the mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Millerioux
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Université Bordeaux Segalen, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pauline Morand
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Université Bordeaux Segalen, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Biran
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Université Bordeaux Segalen, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Mazet
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Université Bordeaux Segalen, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Moreau
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Université Bordeaux Segalen, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marion Wargnies
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Université Bordeaux Segalen, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Charles Ebikeme
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Université Bordeaux Segalen, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Kamel Deramchia
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Université Bordeaux Segalen, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lara Gales
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France; INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Portais
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France; INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Michael Boshart
- Biozentrum, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstr, 2-4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jean-Michel Franconi
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Université Bordeaux Segalen, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Université Bordeaux Segalen, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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Creek DJ, Anderson J, McConville MJ, Barrett MP. Metabolomic analysis of trypanosomatid protozoa. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 181:73-84. [PMID: 22027026 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics aims to measure all low molecular weight chemicals within a given system in a manner analogous to transcriptomics, proteomics and genomics. In this review we highlight metabolomics approaches that are currently being applied to the kinetoplastid parasites, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania spp. The use of untargeted metabolomics approaches, made possible through advances in mass spectrometry and informatics, and stable isotope labelling has increased our understanding of the metabolism in these organisms beyond the views established using classical biochemical approaches. Set within the context of metabolic networks, predicted using genome-wide reconstructions of metabolism, new hypotheses on how to target aspects of metabolism to design new drugs against these protozoa are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Creek
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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Long S, Changmai P, Tsaousis AD, Skalický T, Verner Z, Wen YZ, Roger AJ, Lukeš J. Stage-specific requirement for Isa1 and Isa2 proteins in the mitochondrion of Trypanosoma brucei and heterologous rescue by human and Blastocystis orthologues. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:1403-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Costa TL, Ribeiro-Dias F, Oliveira MA, Bezerra JC, Vinaud MC. Energetic metabolism of axenic promastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:438-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Saunders EC, Ng WW, Chambers JM, Ng M, Naderer T, Krömer JO, Likic VA, McConville MJ. Isotopomer profiling of Leishmania mexicana promastigotes reveals important roles for succinate fermentation and aspartate uptake in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) anaplerosis, glutamate synthesis, and growth. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27706-17. [PMID: 21636575 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.213553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites proliferate within nutritionally complex niches in their sandfly vector and mammalian hosts. However, the extent to which these parasites utilize different carbon sources remains poorly defined. In this study, we have followed the incorporation of various (13)C-labeled carbon sources into the intracellular and secreted metabolites of Leishmania mexicana promastigotes using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and (13)C NMR. [U-(13)C]Glucose was rapidly incorporated into intermediates in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the cytoplasmic carbohydrate reserve material, mannogen. Enzymes involved in the upper glycolytic pathway are sequestered within glycosomes, and the ATP and NAD(+) consumed by these reactions were primarily regenerated by the fermentation of phosphoenolpyruvate to succinate (glycosomal succinate fermentation). The initiating enzyme in this pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, was exclusively localized to the glycosome. Although some of the glycosomal succinate was secreted, most of the C4 dicarboxylic acids generated during succinate fermentation were further catabolized in the TCA cycle. A high rate of TCA cycle anaplerosis was further suggested by measurement of [U-(13)C]aspartate and [U-(13)C]alanine uptake and catabolism. TCA cycle anaplerosis is apparently needed to sustain glutamate production under standard culture conditions. Specifically, inhibition of mitochondrial aconitase with sodium fluoroacetate resulted in the rapid depletion of intracellular glutamate pools and growth arrest. Addition of high concentrations of exogenous glutamate alleviated this growth arrest. These findings suggest that glycosomal and mitochondrial metabolism in Leishmania promastigotes is tightly coupled and that, in contrast to the situation in some other trypanosomatid parasites, the TCA cycle has crucial anabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Bulusu V, Jayaraman V, Balaram H. Metabolic fate of fumarate, a side product of the purine salvage pathway in the intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9236-45. [PMID: 21209090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.173328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In aerobic respiration, the tricarboxylic acid cycle is pivotal to the complete oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids to carbon dioxide and water. Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of human malaria, lacks a conventional tricarboxylic acid cycle and depends exclusively on glycolysis for ATP production. However, all of the constituent enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are annotated in the genome of P. falciparum, which implies that the pathway might have important, yet unidentified biosynthetic functions. Here we show that fumarate, a side product of the purine salvage pathway and a metabolic intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is not a metabolic waste but is converted to aspartate through malate and oxaloacetate. P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes and free parasites incorporated [2,3-(14)C]fumarate into the nucleic acid and protein fractions. (13)C NMR of parasites incubated with [2,3-(13)C]fumarate showed the formation of malate, pyruvate, lactate, and aspartate but not citrate or succinate. Further, treatment of free parasites with atovaquone inhibited the conversion of fumarate to aspartate, thereby indicating this pathway as an electron transport chain-dependent process. This study, therefore, provides a biosynthetic function for fumarate hydratase, malate quinone oxidoreductase, and aspartate aminotransferase of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Bulusu
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, Karnataka, India
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Coustou V, Guegan F, Plazolles N, Baltz T. Complete in vitro life cycle of Trypanosoma congolense: development of genetic tools. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e618. [PMID: 20209144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal African trypanosomosis, a disease mainly caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma congolense, is a major constraint to livestock productivity and has a significant impact in the developing countries of Africa. RNA interference (RNAi) has been used to study gene function and identify drug and vaccine targets in a variety of organisms including trypanosomes. However, trypanosome RNAi studies have mainly been conducted in T. brucei, as a model for human infection, largely ignoring livestock parasites of economical importance such as T. congolense, which displays different pathogenesis profiles. The whole T. congolense life cycle can be completed in vitro, but this attractive model displayed important limitations: (i) genetic tools were currently limited to insect forms and production of modified infectious BSF through differentiation was never achieved, (ii) in vitro differentiation techniques lasted several months, (iii) absence of long-term bloodstream forms (BSF) in vitro culture prevented genomic analyses. Methodology/Principal Findings We optimized culture conditions for each developmental stage and secured the differentiation steps. Specifically, we devised a medium adapted for the strenuous development of stable long-term BSF culture. Using Amaxa nucleofection technology, we greatly improved the transfection rate of the insect form and designed an inducible transgene expression system using the IL3000 reference strain. We tested it by expression of reporter genes and through RNAi. Subsequently, we achieved the complete in vitro life cycle with dramatically shortened time requirements for various wild type and transgenic strains. Finally, we established the use of modified strains for experimental infections and underlined a host adaptation phase requirement. Conclusions/Significance We devised an improved T. congolense model, which offers the opportunity to perform functional genomics analyses throughout the whole life cycle. It represents a very useful tool to understand pathogenesis mechanisms and to study potential therapeutic targets either in vitro or in vivo using a mouse model. Trypanosoma congolense is a parasite responsible for severe disease of African livestock. Its life cycle is complex and divided into two phases, one in the tsetse fly vector and one in the bloodstream of the mammalian host. Molecular tools for gene function analyses in parasitic organisms are essential. Previous studies described the possibility of completing the entire T. congolense life cycle in vitro. However, the model showed major flaws including the absence of stable long-term culture of the infectious bloodstream forms, a laborious time-consuming period to perform the cycle and a lack of genetic tools. We therefore aimed to develop a standardized model convenient for genetic engineering. We succeeded in producing long-term cultures of all the developmental stages on long-term, to define all the differentiation steps and to finally complete the whole cycle in vitro. This improved model offers the opportunity to conduct phenotype analyses of genetically modified strains throughout the in vitro cycle and also during experimental infections.
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Bringaud F, Ebikeme C, Boshart M. Acetate and succinate production in amoebae, helminths, diplomonads, trichomonads and trypanosomatids: common and diverse metabolic strategies used by parasitic lower eukaryotes. Parasitology 2010; 137:1315-31. [PMID: 20028611 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182009991843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Parasites that often grow anaerobically in their hosts have adopted a fermentative strategy relying on the production of partially oxidized end products, including lactate, glycerol, ethanol, succinate and acetate. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding acetate production in protist parasites, such as amoebae, diplomonads, trichomonads, trypanosomatids and in the metazoan parasites helminths, as well as the succinate production pathway(s) present in some of them. We also describe the unconventional organisation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle associated with the fermentative strategy adopted by the procyclic trypanosomes, which may resemble the probable structure of the primordial TCA cycle in prokaryotes.
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Rivière L, Moreau P, Allmann S, Hahn M, Biran M, Plazolles N, Franconi JM, Boshart M, Bringaud F. Acetate produced in the mitochondrion is the essential precursor for lipid biosynthesis in procyclic trypanosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:12694-9. [PMID: 19625628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903355106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA produced in mitochondria from carbohydrate or amino acid catabolism needs to reach the cytosol to initiate de novo synthesis of fatty acids. All eukaryotes analyzed so far use a citrate/malate shuttle to transfer acetyl group equivalents from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol. Here we investigate how this acetyl group transfer occurs in the procyclic life cycle stage of Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite responsible of human sleeping sickness and economically important livestock diseases. Deletion of the potential citrate lyase gene, a critical cytosolic enzyme of the citrate/malate shuttle, has no effect on de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids from (14)C-labeled glucose, indicating that another route is used for acetyl group transfer. Because acetate is produced from acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrion of this parasite, we considered genes encoding cytosolic enzymes producing acetyl-CoA from acetate. We identified an acetyl-CoA synthetase gene encoding a cytosolic enzyme (AceCS), which is essential for cell viability. Repression of AceCS by inducible RNAi results in a 20-fold reduction of (14)C-incorporation from radiolabeled glucose or acetate into de novo synthesized fatty acids. Thus, we demonstrate that the essential cytosolic enzyme AceCS of T. brucei is responsible for activation of acetate into acetyl-CoA to feed de novo biosynthesis of lipids. To date, Trypanosoma is the only known eukaryotic organism that uses acetate instead of citrate to transfer acetyl groups over the mitochondrial membrane for cytosolic lipid synthesis.
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Carranza JC, Kowaltowski AJ, Mendonça MAG, de Oliveira TC, Gadelha FR, Zingales B. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox state are unaltered in Trypanosoma cruzi isolates with compromised mitochondrial complex I subunit genes. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2009; 41:299-308. [PMID: 19618257 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-009-9228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In trypanosomatids the involvement of mitochondrial complex I in NADH oxidation has long been debated. Here, we took advantage of natural Trypanosoma cruzi mutants which present conspicuous deletions in ND4, ND5 and ND7 genes coding for complex I subunits to further investigate its functionality. Mitochondrial bioenergetics of wild type and complex I mutants showed no significant differences in oxygen consumption or respiratory control ratios in the presence of NADH-linked substrates or FADH(2)-generating succinate. No correlation could be established between mitochondrial membrane potentials and ND deletions. Since release of reactive oxygen species occurs at complex I, we measured mitochondrial H(2)O(2) formation induced by different substrates. Significant differences not associated to ND deletions were observed among the parasite isolates, demonstrating that these mutations are not important for the control of oxidant production. Our data support the notion that complex I has a limited function in T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio César Carranza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
In trypanosomes, the apparent lack of regulation of RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription initiation poses a challenge to understand how these eukaryotes adjust gene expression to adapt to the contrasting environments they find during their life cycles. Evidence so far indicates that mRNA turnover and translation are the major control points in which regulation is exerted in trypanosomes. However, very little is known about which proteins are involved, and how do they regulate the abundance and translation of different mRNAs in different life stages. In this work, an RNA-binding protein, TbDRBD3, has been identified by affinity chromatography, and its function addressed using RNA interference, microarray analysis and immunoprecipitation of mRNA-protein complexes. The results obtained indicate that TbDRBD3 binds to a subset of developmentally regulated mRNAs encoding membrane proteins, and that this association promotes the stabilization of the target transcripts. These observations raise the possibility that TbDRBD3-mRNA complexes act as a post-transcriptional operon, and provide a framework to interpret how trypanosomes regulate gene expression in the absence of transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Estévez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, CSIC Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100-Granada, Spain.
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Peterson S, Jackson V. Acetylation of H4 suppresses the repressive effects of the N-termini of histones H3/H4 and facilitates the formation of positively coiled DNA. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7053-65. [PMID: 18543948 DOI: 10.1021/bi8004945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the role of the N-termini of histones H3/H4 in the regulation of the conformational changes that occur in H3/H4 during their deposition on DNA by NAP1 (nucleosome assembly protein 1). Removal of the N-termini extensively increased the right-handed conformation of H3/H4 as assayed by the increased levels of positive coils that were formed on DNA. The osmolytes, TMAO, betaine, sarcosine, alanine, glycine, and proline to varying degrees, facilitated the formation of positive coils. The denaturant, urea (0.6 M), blocked the osmolyte effects, causing a preference of H3/H4 to form negative coils (the left-handed conformation). Acetylated H3/H4 also formed high levels of positive coils, and it is proposed that both the osmolytes and acetylation promote the formation of an alpha-helix in the N-termini. This structural change may ultimately explain a unique feature of transcription through nucleosomes, i.e., that H2A/H2B tends to be more mobile than H3/H4. By using combinations of H3 and H4 that were either acetylated or the N-termini removed, it was also determined that the N-terminus of H4 is primarily responsible for repressing the formation of positive coils. Additional gradient analyses indicate that NAP1 establishes an equilibrium with the H3/H4-DNA complexes. This equilibrium facilitates a histone saturation of the DNA, a unique state that promotes the right-handed conformation. NAP1 persists in the binding of the complexes through interaction with the N-terminus of H3, which may be a mechanism for subsequent remodeling of the nucleosome during transcription and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Coustou V, Biran M, Breton M, Guegan F, Rivière L, Plazolles N, Nolan D, Barrett MP, Franconi JM, Bringaud F. Glucose-induced remodeling of intermediary and energy metabolism in procyclic Trypanosoma brucei. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16342-54. [PMID: 18430732 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709592200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei is a parasitic protozoan that normally dwells in the midgut of its insect vector. In vitro, this parasite prefers d-glucose to l -proline as a carbon source, although this amino acid is the main carbon source available in its natural habitat. Here, we investigated how l -proline is metabolized in glucose-rich and glucose-depleted conditions. Analysis of the excreted end products of (13)C-enriched l -proline metabolism showed that the amino acid is converted into succinate or l -alanine depending on the presence or absence of d-glucose, respectively. The fact that the pathway of l -proline metabolism was truncated in glucose-rich conditions was confirmed by the analysis of 13 separate RNA interference-harboring or knock-out cell lines affecting different steps of this pathway. For instance, RNA interference studies revealed the loss of succinate dehydrogenase activity to be conditionally lethal only in the absence of d-glucose, confirming that in glucose-depleted conditions, l -proline needs to be converted beyond succinate. In addition, depletion of the F(0)/F(1)-ATP synthase activity by RNA interference led to cell death in glucose-depleted medium, but not in glucose-rich medium. This implies that, in the presence of d-glucose, the importance of the F(0)/F(1)-ATP synthase is diminished and ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation. We conclude that trypanosomes develop an elaborate adaptation of their energy production pathways in response to carbon source availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Coustou
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire et Pathogénicité, UMR-5234 CNRS
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Vertommen D, Van Roy J, Szikora JP, Rider MH, Michels PAM, Opperdoes FR. Differential expression of glycosomal and mitochondrial proteins in the two major life-cycle stages of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 158:189-201. [PMID: 18242729 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Label-free semi-quantitative differential three-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (3D-LC-MS/MS) was used to compare the glycosomal and mitochondrial proteomes of the bloodstream- and insect-form of Trypanosoma brucei. The abundance of glycosomal marker proteins identified in the two life-cycle stages corresponded well with the relative importance of biochemical pathways present in the glycosomes of the two stages and the peptide spectral count ratios of selected enzymes were in good agreement with published data about their enzymatic specific activities. This approach proved extremely useful for the generation of large scale proteomics data for the comparison of different life-cycle stages. Several proteins involved in oxidative stress protection, sugar-nucleotide synthesis, purine salvage, nucleotide-monophosphate formation and purine-nucleotide cycle were identified as glycosomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Vertommen
- Hormone Research Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Guo GB, Xu CS. Expression profiles of the organic acid metabolism-associated genes during rat liver regeneration. Amino Acids 2007; 34:597-604. [PMID: 18095055 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 55 of the organic acid metabolism-involved genes were primarily confirmed to be associated with liver regeneration (LR) by bioinformatics and gene expression profiling analysis. Number of the initially and totally expressed genes occurring in initiation phase of LR, G(0)/G(1), cell proliferation, cell differentiation and liver tissue structure-function reconstruction were 21, 5, 33, 1 and 40, 20, 174, 44, respectively, illustrating that genes were initially expressed mainly in initiation stage, and worked in different phases. 151 times up-regulation and 114 times down-regulation as well as 14 types of expression patterns showed the diversification and complication of genes expression changes. It is inferred from the above gene expression changes and patterns that acetate biosynthesis enhanced at forepart, propionate biosynthesis at forepart, prophase and early metaphase, pyruvate biosynthesis at forepart, metaphase and anaphase, succinate biosynthesis at forepart and anaphase; malate biosynthesis in metaphase and N-acetylneuraminate biosynthesis at 36, 66 and 96 h. Whereas, carnitine biosynthsis attenuates at forepart and prophase, enhancement at middle metaphase; isocitrate in the forepart, quinolinate at forepart and early metaphase, creatine at early metaphase and fumarate at anaphase perform the restrained biosynthesis, respectively; catabolisms of propionate and pyruvate were depressed in metaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Jianshe RD, Xinxiang, 453007 Henan Province, China.
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Michels PAM, Bringaud F, Herman M, Hannaert V. Metabolic functions of glycosomes in trypanosomatids. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1763:1463-77. [PMID: 17023066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan Kinetoplastida, including the pathogenic trypanosomatids of the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania, compartmentalize several important metabolic systems in their peroxisomes which are designated glycosomes. The enzymatic content of these organelles may vary considerably during the life-cycle of most trypanosomatid parasites which often are transmitted between their mammalian hosts by insects. The glycosomes of the Trypanosoma brucei form living in the mammalian bloodstream display the highest level of specialization; 90% of their protein content is made up of glycolytic enzymes. The compartmentation of glycolysis in these organelles appears essential for the regulation of this process and enables the cells to overcome short periods of anaerobiosis. Glycosomes of all other trypanosomatid forms studied contain an extended glycolytic pathway catalyzing the aerobic fermentation of glucose to succinate. In addition, these organelles contain enzymes for several other processes such as the pentose-phosphate pathway, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, purine salvage, and biosynthetic pathways for pyrimidines, ether-lipids and squalenes. The enzymatic content of glycosomes is rapidly changed during differentiation of mammalian bloodstream-form trypanosomes to the forms living in the insect midgut. Autophagy appears to play an important role in trypanosomatid differentiation, and several lines of evidence indicate that it is then also involved in the degradation of old glycosomes, while a population of new organelles containing different enzymes is synthesized. The compartmentation of environment-sensitive parts of the metabolic network within glycosomes would, through this way of organelle renewal, enable the parasites to adapt rapidly and efficiently to the new conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A M Michels
- Research Unit for Tropical Diseases, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Laboratory of Biochemistry, Université catholique de Louvain, ICP-TROP 74.39, Avenue Hippocrate 74, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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