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Asencio C, Hervé P, Morand P, Oliveres Q, Morel CA, Prouzet-Mauleon V, Biran M, Monic S, Bonhivers M, Robinson DR, Ouellette M, Rivière L, Bringaud F, Tetaud E. Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 ribonucleoprotein delivery for efficient, rapid and marker-free gene editing in Trypanosoma and Leishmania. Mol Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38558208 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Kinetoplastids are unicellular eukaryotic flagellated parasites found in a wide range of hosts within the animal and plant kingdoms. They are known to be responsible in humans for African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei), Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi), and various forms of leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.), as well as several animal diseases with important economic impact (African trypanosomes, including Trypanosoma congolense). Understanding the biology of these parasites necessarily implies the ability to manipulate their genomes. In this study, we demonstrate that transfection of a ribonucleoprotein complex, composed of recombinant Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and an in vitro-synthesized guide RNA, results in rapid and efficient genetic modifications of trypanosomatids, in marker-free conditions. This approach was successfully developed to inactivate, delete, and mutate candidate genes in various stages of the life cycle of T. brucei and T. congolense, and Leishmania promastigotes. The functionality of SpCas9 in these parasites now provides, to the research community working on these parasites, a rapid and efficient method of genome editing, without requiring plasmid construction and selection by antibiotics but requires only cloning and PCR screening of the clones. Importantly, this approach is adaptable to any wild-type parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Perrine Hervé
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MFP, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Marc Biran
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah Monic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MFP, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MFP, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
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Fall F, Mamede L, Schioppa L, Ledoux A, De Tullio P, Michels P, Frédérich M, Quetin-Leclercq J. Trypanosoma brucei: Metabolomics for analysis of cellular metabolism and drug discovery. Metabolomics 2022; 18:20. [PMID: 35305174 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (also known as sleeping sickness), a disease causing serious neurological disorders and fatal if left untreated. Due to its lethal pathogenicity, a variety of treatments have been developed over the years, but which have some important limitations such as acute toxicity and parasite resistance. Metabolomics is an innovative tool used to better understand the parasite's cellular metabolism, and identify new potential targets, modes of action and resistance mechanisms. The metabolomic approach is mainly associated with robust analytical techniques, such as NMR and Mass Spectrometry. Applying these tools to the trypanosome parasite is, thus, useful for providing new insights into the sleeping sickness pathology and guidance towards innovative treatments. AIM OF REVIEW The present review aims to comprehensively describe the T. brucei biology and identify targets for new or commercialized antitrypanosomal drugs. Recent metabolomic applications to provide a deeper knowledge about the mechanisms of action of drugs or potential drugs against T. brucei are highlighted. Additionally, the advantages of metabolomics, alone or combined with other methods, are discussed. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Compared to other parasites, only few studies employing metabolomics have to date been reported on Trypanosoma brucei. Published metabolic studies, treatments and modes of action are discussed. The main interest is to evaluate the metabolomics contribution to the understanding of T. brucei's metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta Fall
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, Avenue E. Mounier B1 72.03, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Lucia Mamede
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Center of Interdisciplinary Research On Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laura Schioppa
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, Avenue E. Mounier B1 72.03, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Allison Ledoux
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Center of Interdisciplinary Research On Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascal De Tullio
- Metabolomics Group, Center of Interdisciplinary Research On Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Paul Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution (CIIE) and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology (CTCB), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Michel Frédérich
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Center of Interdisciplinary Research On Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, Avenue E. Mounier B1 72.03, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bringaud
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicolas Plazolles
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erika Pineda
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Corinne Asencio
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Oriana Villafraz
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yoann Millerioux
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuel Tetaud
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
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4
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Allmann S, Wargnies M, Plazolles N, Cahoreau E, Biran M, Morand P, Pineda E, Kulyk H, Asencio C, Villafraz O, Rivière L, Tetaud E, Rotureau B, Mourier A, Portais JC, Bringaud F. Glycerol suppresses glucose consumption in trypanosomes through metabolic contest. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001359. [PMID: 34388147 PMCID: PMC8386887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms must make the right choice for nutrient consumption to adapt to their changing environment. As a consequence, bacteria and yeasts have developed regulatory mechanisms involving nutrient sensing and signaling, known as "catabolite repression," allowing redirection of cell metabolism to maximize the consumption of an energy-efficient carbon source. Here, we report a new mechanism named "metabolic contest" for regulating the use of carbon sources without nutrient sensing and signaling. Trypanosoma brucei is a unicellular eukaryote transmitted by tsetse flies and causing human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness. We showed that, in contrast to most microorganisms, the insect stages of this parasite developed a preference for glycerol over glucose, with glucose consumption beginning after the depletion of glycerol present in the medium. This "metabolic contest" depends on the combination of 3 conditions: (i) the sequestration of both metabolic pathways in the same subcellular compartment, here in the peroxisomal-related organelles named glycosomes; (ii) the competition for the same substrate, here ATP, with the first enzymatic step of the glycerol and glucose metabolic pathways both being ATP-dependent (glycerol kinase and hexokinase, respectively); and (iii) an unbalanced activity between the competing enzymes, here the glycerol kinase activity being approximately 80-fold higher than the hexokinase activity. As predicted by our model, an approximately 50-fold down-regulation of the GK expression abolished the preference for glycerol over glucose, with glucose and glycerol being metabolized concomitantly. In theory, a metabolic contest could be found in any organism provided that the 3 conditions listed above are met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Allmann
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marion Wargnies
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Plazolles
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Edern Cahoreau
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
- MetaToul–MetaboHUB, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Biran
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pauline Morand
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erika Pineda
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hanna Kulyk
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
- MetaToul–MetaboHUB, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Asencio
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Oriana Villafraz
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuel Tetaud
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Mourier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Cell (IBGC), CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Charles Portais
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
- MetaToul–MetaboHUB, Toulouse, France
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, INSERM U1031, EFS, INP-ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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Steketee PC, Dickie EA, Iremonger J, Crouch K, Paxton E, Jayaraman S, Alfituri OA, Awuah-Mensah G, Ritchie R, Schnaufer A, Rowan T, de Koning HP, Gadelha C, Wickstead B, Barrett MP, Morrison LJ. Divergent metabolism between Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei results in differential sensitivity to metabolic inhibition. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009734. [PMID: 34310651 PMCID: PMC8384185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a debilitating livestock disease prevalent across sub-Saharan Africa, a main cause of which is the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma congolense. In comparison to the well-studied T. brucei, there is a major paucity of knowledge regarding the biology of T. congolense. Here, we use a combination of omics technologies and novel genetic tools to characterise core metabolism in T. congolense mammalian-infective bloodstream-form parasites, and test whether metabolic differences compared to T. brucei impact upon sensitivity to metabolic inhibition. Like the bloodstream stage of T. brucei, glycolysis plays a major part in T. congolense energy metabolism. However, the rate of glucose uptake is significantly lower in bloodstream stage T. congolense, with cells remaining viable when cultured in concentrations as low as 2 mM. Instead of pyruvate, the primary glycolytic endpoints are succinate, malate and acetate. Transcriptomics analysis showed higher levels of transcripts associated with the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, acetate generation, and the glycosomal succinate shunt in T. congolense, compared to T. brucei. Stable-isotope labelling of glucose enabled the comparison of carbon usage between T. brucei and T. congolense, highlighting differences in nucleotide and saturated fatty acid metabolism. To validate the metabolic similarities and differences, both species were treated with metabolic inhibitors, confirming that electron transport chain activity is not essential in T. congolense. However, the parasite exhibits increased sensitivity to inhibition of mitochondrial pyruvate import, compared to T. brucei. Strikingly, T. congolense exhibited significant resistance to inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis, including a 780-fold higher EC50 for the lipase and fatty acid synthase inhibitor Orlistat, compared to T. brucei. These data highlight that bloodstream form T. congolense diverges from T. brucei in key areas of metabolism, with several features that are intermediate between bloodstream- and insect-stage T. brucei. These results have implications for drug development, mechanisms of drug resistance and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C Steketee
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily A Dickie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Iremonger
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Crouch
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Omar A Alfituri
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan Ritchie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Achim Schnaufer
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Rowan
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Gadelha
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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6
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Michels PAM, Villafraz O, Pineda E, Alencar MB, Cáceres AJ, Silber AM, Bringaud F. Carbohydrate metabolism in trypanosomatids: New insights revealing novel complexity, diversity and species-unique features. Exp Parasitol 2021; 224:108102. [PMID: 33775649 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human pathogenic trypanosomatid species collectively called the "TriTryp parasites" - Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. - have complex life cycles, with each of these parasitic protists residing in a different niche during their successive developmental stages where they encounter diverse nutrients. Consequently, they adapt their metabolic network accordingly. Yet, throughout the life cycles, carbohydrate metabolism - involving the glycolytic, gluconeogenic and pentose-phosphate pathways - always plays a central role in the biology of these parasites, whether the available carbon and free energy sources are saccharides, amino acids or lipids. In this paper, we provide an updated review of the carbohydrate metabolism of the TriTryps, highlighting new data about this metabolic network, the interconnection of its pathways and the compartmentalisation of its enzymes within glycosomes, cytosol and mitochondrion. Differences in the expression of the branches of the metabolic network between the successive life-cycle stages of each of these parasitic trypanosomatids are discussed, as well as differences between them. Recent structural and kinetic studies have revealed unique regulatory mechanisms for some of the network's key enzymes with important species-specific variations. Furthermore, reports of multiple post-translational modifications of trypanosomal glycolytic enzymes suggest that additional mechanisms for stage- and/or environmental cues that regulate activity are operational in the parasites. The detailed comparison of the carbohydrate metabolism of the TriTryps has thus revealed multiple differences and a greater complexity, including for the reduced metabolic network in bloodstream-form T. brucei, than previously appreciated. Although these parasites are related, share many cytological and metabolic features and are grouped within a single taxonomic family, the differences highlighted in this review reflect their separate evolutionary tracks from a common ancestor to the extant organisms. These differences are indicative of their adaptation to the different insect vectors and niches occupied in their mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A M Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Oriana Villafraz
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, France
| | - Erika Pineda
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, France
| | - Mayke B Alencar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana J Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 5101, Venezuela.
| | - Ariel M Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, France.
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Wargnies M, Plazolles N, Schenk R, Villafraz O, Dupuy JW, Biran M, Bachmaier S, Baudouin H, Clayton C, Boshart M, Bringaud F. Metabolic selection of a homologous recombination-mediated gene loss protects Trypanosoma brucei from ROS production by glycosomal fumarate reductase. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100548. [PMID: 33741344 PMCID: PMC8065229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of trypanosomatids rearranges by using repeated sequences as platforms for amplification or deletion of genomic segments. These stochastic recombination events have a direct impact on gene dosage and foster the selection of adaptive traits in response to environmental pressure. We provide here such an example by showing that the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene knockout (Δpepck) leads to the selection of a deletion event between two tandemly arranged fumarate reductase (FRDg and FRDm2) genes to produce a chimeric FRDg-m2 gene in the Δpepck∗ cell line. FRDg is expressed in peroxisome-related organelles, named glycosomes, expression of FRDm2 has not been detected to date, and FRDg-m2 is nonfunctional and cytosolic. Re-expression of FRDg significantly impaired growth of the Δpepck∗ cells, but FRD enzyme activity was not required for this negative effect. Instead, glycosomal localization as well as the covalent flavinylation motif of FRD is required to confer growth retardation and intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The data suggest that FRDg, similar to Escherichia coli FRD, can generate ROS in a flavin-dependent process by transfer of electrons from NADH to molecular oxygen instead of fumarate when the latter is unavailable, as in the Δpepck background. Hence, growth retardation is interpreted as a consequence of increased production of ROS, and rearrangement of the FRD locus liberates Δpepck∗ cells from this obstacle. Interestingly, intracellular production of ROS has been shown to be required to complete the parasitic cycle in the insect vector, suggesting that FRDg may play a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Wargnies
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Plazolles
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Robin Schenk
- Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Oriana Villafraz
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Marc Biran
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sabine Bachmaier
- Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hélène Baudouin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christine Clayton
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZBMH), Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boshart
- Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, Bordeaux, France.
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8
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Villafraz O, Biran M, Pineda E, Plazolles N, Cahoreau E, Ornitz Oliveira Souza R, Thonnus M, Allmann S, Tetaud E, Rivière L, Silber AM, Barrett MP, Zíková A, Boshart M, Portais JC, Bringaud F. Procyclic trypanosomes recycle glucose catabolites and TCA cycle intermediates to stimulate growth in the presence of physiological amounts of proline. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009204. [PMID: 33647053 PMCID: PMC7951978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, a protist responsible for human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), is transmitted by the tsetse fly where the procyclic forms of the parasite develop in the proline-rich (1–2 mM) and glucose-depleted digestive tract. Proline is essential for the midgut colonization of the parasite in the insect vector, however other carbon sources could be available and used to feed its central metabolism. Here we show that procyclic trypanosomes can consume and metabolize metabolic intermediates, including those excreted from glucose catabolism (succinate, alanine and pyruvate), with the exception of acetate, which is the ultimate end-product excreted by the parasite. Among the tested metabolites, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (succinate, malate and α-ketoglutarate) stimulated growth of the parasite in the presence of 2 mM proline. The pathways used for their metabolism were mapped by proton-NMR metabolic profiling and phenotypic analyses of thirteen RNAi and/or null mutants affecting central carbon metabolism. We showed that (i) malate is converted to succinate by both the reducing and oxidative branches of the TCA cycle, which demonstrates that procyclic trypanosomes can use the full TCA cycle, (ii) the enormous rate of α-ketoglutarate consumption (15-times higher than glucose) is possible thanks to the balanced production and consumption of NADH at the substrate level and (iii) α-ketoglutarate is toxic for trypanosomes if not appropriately metabolized as observed for an α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase null mutant. In addition, epimastigotes produced from procyclics upon overexpression of RBP6 showed a growth defect in the presence of 2 mM proline, which is rescued by α-ketoglutarate, suggesting that physiological amounts of proline are not sufficient per se for the development of trypanosomes in the fly. In conclusion, these data show that trypanosomes can metabolize multiple metabolites, in addition to proline, which allows them to confront challenging environments in the fly. In the midgut of its insect vector, trypanosomes rely on proline to feed their energy metabolism. However, the availability of other potential carbon sources that can be used by the parasite is currently unknown. Here we show that tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, i.e. succinate, malate and α-ketoglutarate, stimulate growth of procyclic trypanosomes incubated in a medium containing 2 mM proline, which is in the range of the amounts measured in the midgut of the fly. Some of these additional carbon sources are needed for the development of epimastigotes, which differentiate from procyclics in the midgut of the fly, since their growth defect observed in the presence of 2 mM proline is rescued by addition of α-ketoglutarate. In addition, we have implemented new approaches to study a poorly explored branch of the TCA cycle converting malate to α-ketoglutarate, which was previously described as non-functional in the parasite, regardless of the glucose levels available. The discovery of this branch reveals that a full TCA cycle can operate in procyclic trypanosomes. Our data broaden the metabolic potential of trypanosomes and pave the way for a better understanding of the parasite’s metabolism in various organ systems of the tsetse fly, where it develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Villafraz
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Biran
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erika Pineda
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Plazolles
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Edern Cahoreau
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI-INSA de Toulouse INSA/CNRS 5504-UMR INSA/INRA 792, Toulouse, France.,MetaToul-MetaboHub, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Rodolpho Ornitz Oliveira Souza
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps-LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magali Thonnus
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stefan Allmann
- Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Tetaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ariel M Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps-LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Boshart
- Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jean-Charles Portais
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI-INSA de Toulouse INSA/CNRS 5504-UMR INSA/INRA 792, Toulouse, France.,MetaToul-MetaboHub, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France.,RESTORE, Université de Toulouse, Inserm U1031, CNRS 5070, UPS, EFS, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
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9
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Fuertes I, Barata C. Characterization of neurotransmitters and related metabolites in Daphnia magna juveniles deficient in serotonin and exposed to neuroactive chemicals that affect its behavior: A targeted LC-MS/MS method. Chemosphere 2021; 263:127814. [PMID: 32822934 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are endogenous metabolites that play a crucial role within an organism, at the chemical synapses. There is a growing interest in their analytical determination for understanding the neurotoxic effect of contaminants. Daphnia magna represents an excellent aquatic model for these environmental studies, due to its similarities with vertebrates in several neurotransmitters and related gene pathways and because of its wide application in ecotoxicological studies. Within this study, an accurate and sensible method of analysis of 17 neurotransmitters and related precursors and metabolites was developed. The method was validated in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility, precision, and accuracy, and also matrix effect was evaluated. As an independent probe of method validation and applicability, the method was applied to two different scenarios. First, it was used for the study of neurotransmitter levels in genetically mutated tryptophan hydrolase D. magna clones, confirming the absence of serotonin and its metabolite 5-HIAA. Additionally, the method was applied for determining the effects of chemical compounds known to affect different neurotransmitter systems and to alter Daphnia behavior. Significant changes were observed in 13 of the analyzed neurotransmitters across treatments, which were related to the neurotransmitter systems described as being affected by these neurochemicals. These two studies, which provide results on the ways in which the neurotransmitter systems in D. magna are affected, have corroborated the applicability of the presented method, of great importance due to the suitability of this organism for environmental neurotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Fuertes
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Vesteg M, Hadariová L, Horváth A, Estraño CE, Schwartzbach SD, Krajčovič J. Comparative molecular cell biology of phototrophic euglenids and parasitic trypanosomatids sheds light on the ancestor of Euglenozoa. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1701-1721. [PMID: 31095885 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic trypanosomatids and phototrophic euglenids are among the most extensively studied euglenozoans. The phototrophic euglenid lineage arose relatively recently through secondary endosymbiosis between a phagotrophic euglenid and a prasinophyte green alga that evolved into the euglenid secondary chloroplast. The parasitic trypanosomatids (i.e. Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp.) and the freshwater phototrophic euglenids (i.e. Euglena gracilis) are the most evolutionary distant lineages in the Euglenozoa phylogenetic tree. The molecular and cell biological traits they share can thus be considered as ancestral traits originating in the common euglenozoan ancestor. These euglenozoan ancestral traits include common mitochondrial presequence motifs, respiratory chain complexes containing various unique subunits, a unique ATP synthase structure, the absence of mitochondria-encoded transfer RNAs (tRNAs), a nucleus with a centrally positioned nucleolus, closed mitosis without dissolution of the nuclear membrane and nucleoli, a nuclear genome containing the unusual 'J' base (β-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil), processing of nucleus-encoded precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) via spliced-leader RNA (SL-RNA) trans-splicing, post-transcriptional gene silencing by the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway and the absence of transcriptional regulation of nuclear gene expression. Mitochondrial uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing directed by guide RNAs (gRNAs) evolved in the ancestor of the kinetoplastid lineage. The evolutionary origin of other molecular features known to be present only in either kinetoplastids (i.e. polycistronic transcripts, compaction of nuclear genomes) or euglenids (i.e. monocistronic transcripts, huge genomes, many nuclear cis-spliced introns, polyproteins) is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Vesteg
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, 974 01, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Hadariová
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anton Horváth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Carlos E Estraño
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3560, USA
| | - Steven D Schwartzbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3560, USA
| | - Juraj Krajčovič
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of ss. Cyril and Methodius, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia
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11
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Connors J, Dawe N, Van Limbergen J. The Role of Succinate in the Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation. Nutrients 2018; 11:E25. [PMID: 30583500 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinate is a metabolic intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle within host cells. Succinate is also produced in large amounts during bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber. Elevated succinate levels within the gut lumen have been reported in association with microbiome disturbances (dysbiosis), as well as in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and animal models of intestinal inflammation. Recent studies indicate that succinate can activate immune cells via its specific surface receptor, succinate receptor 1(SUCNR1), and enhance inflammation. However, the role of succinate in inflammatory processes within the gut mucosal immune system is unclear. This review includes current literature on the association of succinate with intestinal inflammation and the potential role of succinate–SUCNR1 signaling in gut immune functions.
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12
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Wargnies M, Bertiaux E, Cahoreau E, Ziebart N, Crouzols A, Morand P, Biran M, Allmann S, Hubert J, Villafraz O, Millerioux Y, Plazolles N, Asencio C, Rivière L, Rotureau B, Boshart M, Portais JC, Bringaud F. Gluconeogenesis is essential for trypanosome development in the tsetse fly vector. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007502. [PMID: 30557412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the glucose-free environment that is the midgut of the tsetse fly vector, the procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei primarily uses proline to feed its central carbon and energy metabolism. In these conditions, the parasite needs to produce glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) through gluconeogenesis from metabolism of non-glycolytic carbon source(s). We showed here that two phosphoenolpyruvate-producing enzymes, PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK) and pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) have a redundant function for the essential gluconeogenesis from proline. Indeed, incorporation of 13C-enriched proline into G6P was abolished in the PEPCK/PPDK null double mutant (Δppdk/Δpepck), but not in the single Δppdk and Δpepck mutant cell lines. The procyclic trypanosome also uses the glycerol conversion pathway to feed gluconeogenesis, since the death of the Δppdk/Δpepck double null mutant in glucose-free conditions is only observed after RNAi-mediated down-regulation of the expression of the glycerol kinase, the first enzyme of the glycerol conversion pathways. Deletion of the gene encoding fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Δfbpase), a key gluconeogenic enzyme irreversibly producing fructose 6-phosphate from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, considerably reduced, but not abolished, incorporation of 13C-enriched proline into G6P. In addition, the Δfbpase cell line is viable in glucose-free conditions, suggesting that an alternative pathway can be used for G6P production in vitro. However, FBPase is essential in vivo, as shown by the incapacity of the Δfbpase null mutant to colonise the fly vector salivary glands, while the parental phenotype is restored in the Δfbpase rescued cell line re-expressing FBPase. The essential role of FBPase for the development of T. brucei in the tsetse was confirmed by taking advantage of an in vitro differentiation assay based on the RNA-binding protein 6 over-expression, in which the procyclic forms differentiate into epimastigote forms but not into mammalian-infective metacyclic parasites. In total, morphology, immunofluorescence and cytometry analyses showed that the differentiation of the epimastigote stages into the metacyclic forms is abolished in the Δfbpase mutant.
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13
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Pineda E, Thonnus M, Mazet M, Mourier A, Cahoreau E, Kulyk H, Dupuy JW, Biran M, Masante C, Allmann S, Rivière L, Rotureau B, Portais JC, Bringaud F. Glycerol supports growth of the Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms in the absence of glucose: Analysis of metabolic adaptations on glycerol-rich conditions. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007412. [PMID: 30383867 PMCID: PMC6245841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei (BSF), the parasite protist causing sleeping sickness, primarily proliferate in the blood of their mammalian hosts. The skin and adipose tissues were recently identified as additional major sites for parasite development. Glucose was the only carbon source known to be used by bloodstream trypanosomes to feed their central carbon metabolism, however, the metabolic behaviour of extravascular tissue-adapted parasites has not been addressed yet. Since the production of glycerol is an important primary function of adipocytes, we have adapted BSF trypanosomes to a glucose-depleted but glycerol-rich culture medium (CMM_Glyc/GlcNAc) and compared their metabolism and proteome to those of parasites grown in standard glucose-rich conditions (CMM_Glc). BSF were shown to consume 2-folds more oxygen per consumed carbon unit in CMM_Glyc/GlcNAc and were 11.5-times more sensitive to SHAM, a specific inhibitor of the plant-like alternative oxidase (TAO), which is the only mitochondrial terminal oxidase expressed in BSF. This is consistent with (i) the absolute requirement of the mitochondrial respiratory activity to convert glycerol into dihydroxyacetone phosphate, as deduced from the updated metabolic scheme and (ii) with the 1.8-fold increase of the TAO expression level compared to the presence of glucose. Proton NMR analysis of excreted end products from glycerol and glucose metabolism showed that these two carbon sources are metabolised through the same pathways, although the contributions of the acetate and succinate branches are more important in the presence of glycerol than glucose (10.2% versus 3.4% of the excreted end products, respectively). In addition, metabolomic analyses by mass spectrometry showed that, in the absence of glucose, 13C-labelled glycerol was incorporated into hexose phosphates through gluconeogenesis. As expected, RNAi-mediated down-regulation of glycerol kinase expression abolished glycerol metabolism and was lethal for BSF grown in CMM_Glyc/GlcNAc. Interestingly, BSF have adapted their metabolism to grow in CMM_Glyc/GlcNAc by concomitantly increasing their rate of glycerol consumption and decreasing that of glucose. However, the glycerol kinase activity was 7.8-fold lower in CMM_Glyc/GlcNAc, as confirmed by both western blotting and proteomic analyses. This suggests that the huge excess in glycerol kinase that is not absolutely required for glycerol metabolism, might be used for another yet undetermined non-essential function in glucose rich-conditions. Altogether, these data demonstrate that BSF trypanosomes are well-adapted to glycerol-rich conditions that could be encountered by the parasite in extravascular niches, such as the skin and adipose tissues. Until very recently, the bloodstream forms (BSF) of the Trypanosoma brucei group species have been considered to propagate exclusively in the mammalian fluids, including the blood, the lymphatic network and the cerebrospinal fluid. All these fluids are rich in glucose, which is widely considered by the scientific community as the only carbon source used by the parasite to feed its central carbon metabolism and its ATP production. Here, we show for the first time that the BSF trypanosomes efficiently grow in glucose-free conditions as long as glycerol is supplied. The raison d'être of this capacity developed by BSF trypanosomes to grow in glycerol-rich conditions regardless of the glucose concentration, including in glucose-free conditions, is not yet understood. However, the recent discovery that trypanosomes colonize and proliferate in the skin and the adipose tissues of their mammalian hosts may provide a rational explanation for the development of a glycerol-based metabolism in BSF. Indeed, the adipocytes composing adipose tissues and also abundantly present in subcutaneous layers excrete large amounts of glycerol produced from the catabolism of glucose and triglycerides. We also show that BSF trypanosomes adapted to glucose-depleted conditions activate gluconeogenesis to produce the essential hexose phosphates from glycerol metabolism. Interestingly, the constitutive expression of the key gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, which is not used for glycolysis, suggests that BSF trypanosomes maintained in the standard glucose-rich medium are pre-adapted to glucose-depleted conditions. This further strengthens the new paradigm that BSF trypanosomes can use glycerol in tissues producing this carbon source, such as the skin the adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pineda
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Magali Thonnus
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Mazet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arnaud Mourier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Cell (IBGC) du CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Edern Cahoreau
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Hanna Kulyk
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-William Dupuy
- Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Plateforme Protéome, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Biran
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Masante
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stefan Allmann
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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14
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Wang T, Hu C, Zhang R, Sun A, Li D, Shi X. Mechanism study of cyfluthrin biodegradation by Photobacterium ganghwense with comparative metabolomics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:473-488. [PMID: 30374672 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A high-efficiency pyrethroid-degrading bacterium, Photobacterium ganghwense strain 6046 (PGS6046), was first isolated from an offshore seawater environment. Metabolomics method was used to investigate the biotransformation pathway of PGS6046 to cyfluthrin wherein 156 metabolites were identified. The growth rates of the PGS6046 cultivated in nourishing media were much higher than those cultivated in seawater, regardless of the presence of cyfluthrin. Statistical analyses revealed that the metabolic profile of PGS6046 was associated with the culture medium, the presence of cyfluthrin, and culture time. The PGS6046 cultivated in a nourishing medium was characterized by higher levels of amino acids, a lower abundance of intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the presence of some fatty acids than those cultivated in seawater. The effects of cyfluthrin on PGS6046 metabolism varied based on the culture medium, whereas the cyanoalanine levels increased under both culture conditions. Culture time significantly affected the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates in PGS6046. The present study revealed the metabolic characteristics of PGS6046 under different culture conditions and will further facilitate the exploration of the fundamental questions regarding PGS6046 and its potential applications in environmental bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengzhou Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, 315211, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Hu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, 315211, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, 315211, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Aili Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, 315211, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexiang Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, 315211, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizhi Shi
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, 315211, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Millerioux Y, Mazet M, Bouyssou G, Allmann S, Kiema TR, Bertiaux E, Fouillen L, Thapa C, Biran M, Plazolles N, Dittrich-Domergue F, Crouzols A, Wierenga RK, Rotureau B, Moreau P, Bringaud F. De novo biosynthesis of sterols and fatty acids in the Trypanosoma brucei procyclic form: Carbon source preferences and metabolic flux redistributions. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007116. [PMID: 29813135 PMCID: PMC5993337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo biosynthesis of lipids is essential for Trypanosoma brucei, a protist responsible for the sleeping sickness. Here, we demonstrate that the ketogenic carbon sources, threonine, acetate and glucose, are precursors for both fatty acid and sterol synthesis, while leucine only contributes to sterol production in the tsetse fly midgut stage of the parasite. Degradation of these carbon sources into lipids was investigated using a combination of reverse genetics and analysis of radio-labelled precursors incorporation into lipids. For instance, (i) deletion of the gene encoding isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, involved in the leucine degradation pathway, abolished leucine incorporation into sterols, and (ii) RNAi-mediated down-regulation of the SCP2-thiolase gene expression abolished incorporation of the three ketogenic carbon sources into sterols. The SCP2-thiolase is part of a unidirectional two-step bridge between the fatty acid precursor, acetyl-CoA, and the precursor of the mevalonate pathway leading to sterol biosynthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA. Metabolic flux through this bridge is increased either in the isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase null mutant or when the degradation of the ketogenic carbon sources is affected. We also observed a preference for fatty acids synthesis from ketogenic carbon sources, since blocking acetyl-CoA production from both glucose and threonine abolished acetate incorporation into sterols, while incorporation of acetate into fatty acids was increased. Interestingly, the growth of the isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase null mutant, but not that of the parental cells, is interrupted in the absence of ketogenic carbon sources, including lipids, which demonstrates the essential role of the mevalonate pathway. We concluded that procyclic trypanosomes have a strong preference for fatty acid versus sterol biosynthesis from ketogenic carbon sources, and as a consequence, that leucine is likely to be the main source, if not the only one, used by trypanosomes in the infected insect vector digestive tract to feed the mevalonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Millerioux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Mazet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Bouyssou
- Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR-5200, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stefan Allmann
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tiila-Riikka Kiema
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR-5200, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux, Functional Genomics Center, Villenave d'Ornon
| | - Chandan Thapa
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marc Biran
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Plazolles
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Franziska Dittrich-Domergue
- Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR-5200, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Aline Crouzols
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rik K. Wierenga
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Moreau
- Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR-5200, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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16
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Abstract
Sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei parasites, affecting the poorest communities in sub-Saharan Africa. The great efforts done by the scientific community, local governments, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) via active patients' screening, vector control, and introduction of improved treatment regimens have significantly contributed to the reduction of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) incidence during the last 15 years. Consequently, the WHO has announced the objective of HAT elimination as a public health problem by 2020. Studies at both parasite and host levels have improved our understanding of the parasite biology and the mechanisms of parasite interaction with its mammalian host. In this review, the impact that 'omics studies have had on sleeping sickness by revealing novel properties of parasite's subcellular organelles are summarized, by highlighting changes induced in the host during the infection and by proposing potential disease markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiberti
- Translational Biomarker Group, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Abstract
Cellular metabolic activity is a highly complex, dynamic, regulated process that is influenced by numerous factors, including extracellular environmental signals, nutrient availability and the physiological and developmental status of the cell. The causative agent of sleeping sickness,
Trypanosoma brucei, is an exclusively extracellular protozoan parasite that encounters very different extracellular environments during its life cycle within the mammalian host and tsetse fly insect vector. In order to meet these challenges, there are significant alterations in the major energetic and metabolic pathways of these highly adaptable parasites. This review highlights some of these metabolic changes in this early divergent eukaryotic model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry K Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Derek P Nolan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luisa M Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Abstract
Cellular metabolic activity is a highly complex, dynamic, regulated process that is influenced by numerous factors, including extracellular environmental signals, nutrient availability and the physiological and developmental status of the cell. The causative agent of sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma brucei, is an exclusively extracellular protozoan parasite that encounters very different extracellular environments during its life cycle within the mammalian host and tsetse fly insect vector. In order to meet these challenges, there are significant alterations in the major energetic and metabolic pathways of these highly adaptable parasites. This review highlights some of these metabolic changes in this early divergent eukaryotic model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry K Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Derek P Nolan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luisa M Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Hong J, Yang L, Zhang D, Shi J. Plant Metabolomics: An Indispensable System Biology Tool for Plant Science. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060767. [PMID: 27258266 PMCID: PMC4926328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As genomes of many plant species have been sequenced, demand for functional genomics has dramatically accelerated the improvement of other omics including metabolomics. Despite a large amount of metabolites still remaining to be identified, metabolomics has contributed significantly not only to the understanding of plant physiology and biology from the view of small chemical molecules that reflect the end point of biological activities, but also in past decades to the attempts to improve plant behavior under both normal and stressed conditions. Hereby, we summarize the current knowledge on the genetic and biochemical mechanisms underlying plant growth, development, and stress responses, focusing further on the contributions of metabolomics to practical applications in crop quality improvement and food safety assessment, as well as plant metabolic engineering. We also highlight the current challenges and future perspectives in this inspiring area, with the aim to stimulate further studies leading to better crop improvement of yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Litao Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Plant Genomics Center, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Štáfková J, Mach J, Biran M, Verner Z, Bringaud F, Tachezy J. Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:442-56. [PMID: 26748989 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate is a key product of glycolysis that regulates the energy metabolism of cells. In Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness, the fate of pyruvate varies dramatically during the parasite life cycle. In bloodstream forms, pyruvate is mainly excreted, whereas in tsetse fly forms, pyruvate is metabolized in mitochondria yielding additional ATP molecules. The character of the molecular machinery that mediates pyruvate transport across mitochondrial membrane was elusive until the recent discovery of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) in yeast and mammals. Here, we characterized pyruvate import into mitochondrion of T. brucei. We identified mpc1 and mpc2 homologs in the T. brucei genome with attributes of MPC protein family and we demonstrated that both proteins are present in the mitochondrial membrane of the parasite. Investigations of mpc1 or mpc2 gene knock-out cells proved that T. brucei MPC1/2 proteins facilitate mitochondrial pyruvate transport. Interestingly, MPC is expressed not only in procyclic trypanosomes with fully activated mitochondria but also in bloodstream trypanosomes in which most of pyruvate is excreted. Moreover, MPC appears to be essential for bloodstream forms, supporting the recently emerging picture that the functions of mitochondria in bloodstream forms are more diverse than it was originally thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Štáfková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mach
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marc Biran
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), UMR5536 CNRS
| | - Zdeněk Verner
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), UMR5536 CNRS.,Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR5234 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Solano P, Salou E, Rayaisse JB, Ravel S, Gimonneau G, Traore I, Bouyer J. Do tsetse flies only feed on blood? Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2015; 36:184-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li Z, Zheng L, Shi J, Zhang G, Lu L, Zhu L, Zhang J, Liu Z. Toxic Markers of Matrine Determined Using (1) H-NMR-Based Metabolomics in Cultured Cells In Vitro and Rats In Vivo. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; 2015:598412. [PMID: 26413125 DOI: 10.1155/2015/598412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrine is one of the main bioactive alkaloids of Sophora flavescens Aiton, which has been widely used to treat various diseases in China. These diseases include viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cardiac arrhythmia, skin diseases, and tumors. However, matrine is also the main toxic compound of this herb, and the available biomarkers are not reliable in detecting or quantifying matrine risk. Metabolomics is a powerful tool used to identify early toxicity biomarkers that are specific indicators of damage to biosystems. This study aimed to find the potential biomarkers of the matrine-induced toxic effects in rats and HepG2 cells. The toxicological effects of rats induced by matrine could be derived from the elevated taurine and trimethylamine N-oxide levels and the depletion in hippurate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, such as 2-oxoglutarate, citrate, and succinate in the urine. Cell metabolomics revealed that the levels of alanine, choline, glutathione, lactate, phosphocholine, and cholesterol showed dose-dependent decreases, whereas the levels of taurine, fatty acid, and unsaturated fatty acid showed dose-dependent increases. Overall, a significant perturbation of metabolites in response to high dose of matrine was observed both in vivo and in vitro, and the selected metabolites particularly represent an attractive marker for matrine-induced toxicity.
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Swann J, Jamshidi N, Lewis NE, Winzeler EA. Systems analysis of host-parasite interactions. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 2015; 7:381-400. [PMID: 26306749 PMCID: PMC4679367 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases caused by protozoan pathogens lead to hundreds of thousands of deaths per year in addition to substantial suffering and socioeconomic decline for millions of people worldwide. The lack of effective vaccines coupled with the widespread emergence of drug‐resistant parasites necessitates that the research community take an active role in understanding host–parasite infection biology in order to develop improved therapeutics. Recent advances in next‐generation sequencing and the rapid development of publicly accessible genomic databases for many human pathogens have facilitated the application of systems biology to the study of host–parasite interactions. Over the past decade, these technologies have led to the discovery of many important biological processes governing parasitic disease. The integration and interpretation of high‐throughput ‐omic data will undoubtedly generate extraordinary insight into host–parasite interaction networks essential to navigate the intricacies of these complex systems. As systems analysis continues to build the foundation for our understanding of host–parasite biology, this will provide the framework necessary to drive drug discovery research forward and accelerate the development of new antiparasitic therapies. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2015, 7:381–400. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1311 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Swann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Neema Jamshidi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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