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González-Suárez A, Pérez JJ, Irastorza RM, D'Avila A, Berjano E. Computer modeling of radiofrequency cardiac ablation: 30 years of bioengineering research. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 214:106546. [PMID: 34844766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review begins with a rationale of the importance of theoretical, mathematical and computational models for radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation (RFCA). We then describe the historical context in which each model was developed, its contribution to the knowledge of the physics of RFCA and its implications for clinical practice. Next, we review the computer modeling studies intended to improve our knowledge of the biophysics of RFCA and those intended to explore new technologies. We describe the most important technical details of the implementation of mathematical models, including governing equations, tissue properties, boundary conditions, etc. We discuss the utility of lumped element models, which despite their simplicity are widely used by clinical researchers to provide a physical explanation of how RF power is absorbed in different tissues. Computer model verification and validation are also discussed in the context of RFCA. The article ends with a section on the current limitations, i.e. aspects not yet included in state-of-the-art RFCA computer modeling and on future work aimed at covering the current gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana González-Suárez
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Juan J Pérez
- Department of Electronic Engineering, BioMIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramiro M Irastorza
- Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Ingeniería y Agronomía, Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche, Florencio Varela, Argentina
| | - Andre D'Avila
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Enrique Berjano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, BioMIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
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Cheng Y, Liu H, Tian Z, Zhang M, Liu Y, Nan Q. Comparison of ablation characteristics of three different radiofrequency applicators in renal sympathetic denervation. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 38:1251-1262. [PMID: 34404307 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.1963849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) is an alternative treatment for resistant hypertension (RH). This study aims to compare ablation effects using three radiofrequency applicators (i.e., balloon-based four electrodes, spiral and monopolar devices). METHODS An idealized three-dimensional model of the renal artery was established using COMSOL Multiphysics to mimic radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Radiofrequency (RF) energy was delivered to the tissue at the same simulation settings, i.e., 4, 6, and 8 W for 60 s, using the three abovementioned RF applicators. The temperature distribution in the tissue was calculated using the coupled electrical-thermal-fluid finite element method. Lesion borders were defined using 50 °C isotherms. The maximum lesion depth, width, area, and circumferential coverage rate were compared among the three applicators at a blood flow of 0.4 m/s. Monopolar RF ablations in a renal artery phantom model were performed to validate the reliability of the simulation method. RESULTS The balloon-based system yields greater lesion depths and widths compared with spiral and monopolar denervation under the same power. The range of maximum lesion depth is 1.58-3.11 mm for balloon-based RDN, 0.90-1.81 mm for spiral RDN and 1.12-2.38 mm for monopolar RDN, at a power of 4-8 W. The corresponding ranges of maximum lesion width are 2.22-5.73, 1.48-3.54, and 1.93-5.31 mm, respectively, and the circumferential coverage rates of the renal artery are 41.43%-91.99%, 31.71%-66.23%, and 9.55%-23.06%, respectively. The average velocity after balloon-based, spiral, and monopolar RDN increases by 3, 5, and 1 cm/s, respectively. The validation of the computer model offered prediction errors are <5% in terms of temperature at different locations (i.e., 2, 4, and 8 mm). CONCLUSIONS In terms of lesion size, balloon-based RDN appears to be the best option for the treatment of RH. However, the change in flow velocity in the arterial flow field suggests that its hemodynamic changes must be prioritized for investigating its safety. Although spiral catheter ablation yields the smallest lesion size and a significant change in flow velocity in the flow field, its coverage rate is larger than that of monopolar RDN; compared with balloon-based RDN, it did not obstruct most of the blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cheng
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxing Liu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Youjun Liu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Nan
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Bragard JR, Camara O, Echebarria B, Gerardo Giorda L, Pueyo E, Saiz J, Sebastián R, Soudah E, Vázquez M. Cardiac computational modelling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 74:65-71. [PMID: 32807708 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases currently have a major social and economic impact, constituting one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Personalized computational models of the heart are demonstrating their usefulness both to help understand the mechanisms underlying cardiac disease, and to optimize their treatment and predict the patient's response. Within this framework, the Spanish Research Network for Cardiac Computational Modelling (VHeart-SN) has been launched. The general objective of the VHeart-SN network is the development of an integrated, modular and multiscale multiphysical computational model of the heart. This general objective is addressed through the following specific objectives: a) to integrate the different numerical methods and models taking into account the specificity of patients; b) to assist in advancing knowledge of the mechanisms associated with cardiac and vascular diseases; and c) to support the application of different personalized therapies. This article presents the current state of cardiac computational modelling and different scientific works conducted by the members of the network to gain greater understanding of the characteristics and usefulness of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean R Bragard
- Grupo de Biofísica (BIOFIS), Departamento de Física y Matemática Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Oscar Camara
- Sensing in Physiology and Biomedicine (PhySense), Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blas Echebarria
- Grupo de Biología Computacional y Sistemas Complejos (BIOCOM-SC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Pueyo
- Biomedical Signal Interpretation and Computational Simulation (BSICoS), Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBER-BBN, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Saiz
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (Ci2B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Rafael Sebastián
- Computational Multiscale Simulation Lab (CoMMLab), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soudah
- International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Vázquez
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center & ELEM Biotech, Barcelona, Spain
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Reddy VY, Anter E, Rackauskas G, Peichl P, Koruth JS, Petru J, Funasako M, Minami K, Natale A, Jais P, Nakagawa H, Marinskis G, Aidietis A, Kautzner J, Neuzil P. Lattice-Tip Focal Ablation Catheter That Toggles Between Radiofrequency and Pulsed Field Energy to Treat Atrial Fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020; 13:e008718. [DOI: 10.1161/circep.120.008718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The tissue selectivity of pulsed field ablation (PFA) provides safety advantages over radiofrequency ablation in treating atrial fibrillation. One-shot PFA catheters have been shown capable of performing pulmonary vein isolation, but not flexible lesion sets such as linear lesions. A novel lattice-tip ablation catheter with a compressible 9-mm nitinol tip is able to deliver either focal radiofrequency ablation or PFA lesions, each in 2 to 5 s.
Methods:
In a 3-center, single-arm, first-in-human trial, the 7.5F lattice catheter was used with a custom mapping system to treat paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation. Toggling between energy sources, point-by-point pulmonary vein encirclement was performed using biphasic PFA posteriorly and either temperature-controlled irrigated radiofrequency ablation or PFA anteriorly (RF/PF or PF/PF, respectively). Linear lesions were created using either PFA or radiofrequency ablation.
Results:
The 76-patient cohort included 55 paroxysmal and 21 persistent atrial fibrillation patients undergoing either RF/PF (40 patients) or PF/PF (36 patients) ablation. The pulmonary vein isolation therapy duration time (transpiring from first to last lesion) was 22.6±8.3 min/patient, with a mean of 50.1 RF/PF lesions/patient. Linear lesions included 14 mitral (4 RF/2 RF+PF/8 PF), 34 left atrium roof (12 RF/22 PF), and 44 cavotricuspid isthmus (36 RF/8 PF) lines, with therapy duration times of 5.1±3.5, 1.8±2.3, and 2.4±2.1 min/patient, respectively. All lesion sets were acutely successful, using 4.7±3.5 minutes of fluoroscopy. There were no device-related complications, including no strokes. Postprocedure esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed minor mucosal thermal injury in 2 of 36 RF/PF and 0 of 24 PF/PF patients. Postprocedure brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffusion-weighted imaging+/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery- and diffusion-weighted imaging+/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery+ asymptomatic lesions in 5 and 3 of 51 patients, respectively.
Conclusions:
A novel lattice-tip catheter could safely and rapidly ablate atrial fibrillation using either a combined RF/PF approach (capitalizing on the safety of PFA and the years of experience with radiofrequency energy) or an entirely PF approach.
Registration:
URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifiers: NCT04141007 and NCT04194307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Y. Reddy
- Department of Cardiology, Homolka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (V.Y.R., M.F., K.M., P.N.)
- Helmsley Electrophysiology Center, Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (V.Y.R., J.S.K.)
| | - Elad Anter
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Section, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.A., H.N.)
| | - Gediminas Rackauskas
- Centre for Cardiology and Angiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Vilnius University, Lithuania (G.R., G.M., A.A.)
| | - Petr Peichl
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic (P.P., J.K.)
| | - Jacob S. Koruth
- Helmsley Electrophysiology Center, Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (V.Y.R., J.S.K.)
| | | | - Moritoshi Funasako
- Department of Cardiology, Homolka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (V.Y.R., M.F., K.M., P.N.)
| | - Kentaro Minami
- Department of Cardiology, Homolka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (V.Y.R., M.F., K.M., P.N.)
| | - Andrea Natale
- Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David’s Medical Center, Austin (A.N.)
| | - Pierre Jais
- University of Bordeaux, CHU Bordeaux, IHU LIRYC ANR-10-IAHU-04, France (P.J.)
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Section, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.A., H.N.)
| | - Germanas Marinskis
- Centre for Cardiology and Angiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Vilnius University, Lithuania (G.R., G.M., A.A.)
| | - Audrius Aidietis
- Centre for Cardiology and Angiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Vilnius University, Lithuania (G.R., G.M., A.A.)
| | - Josef Kautzner
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic (P.P., J.K.)
| | - Petr Neuzil
- Department of Cardiology, Homolka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (V.Y.R., M.F., K.M., P.N.)
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Koruth JS, Kuroki K, Kawamura I, Stoffregen WC, Dukkipati SR, Neuzil P, Reddy VY. Focal Pulsed Field Ablation for Pulmonary Vein Isolation and Linear Atrial Lesions: A Preclinical Assessment of Safety and Durability. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020; 13:e008716. [PMID: 32370542 DOI: 10.1161/circep.120.008716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel ablation and mapping system can toggle between delivering biphasic pulsed field (PF) and radiofrequency energy from a 9-mm lattice-tip catheter. We assessed the preclinical feasibility and safety of (1) focal PF-based thoracic vein isolation and linear ablation, (2) combined PF and radiofrequency focal ablation, and (3) PF delivered directly atop the esophagus. METHODS Two cohorts of 6 swine were treated with pulsed fields at low dose (PFLD) and high dose (PFHD) and followed for 4 and 2 weeks, respectively, to isolate 25 thoracic veins and create 5 right atrial (PFLD), 6 mitral (PFHD), and 6 roof lines (radiofrequency+PFHD). Baseline and follow-up voltage mapping, venous potentials, ostial diameters, and phrenic nerve viability were assessed. PFHD and radiofrequency lesions were delivered in 4 and 1 swine from the inferior vena cava onto a forcefully deviated esophagus. All tissues were submitted for histopathology. RESULTS Hundred percent of thoracic veins (25 of 25) were successfully isolated with 12.4±3.6 applications/vein with mean PF times of <90 seconds/vein. Durable isolation improved from 61.5% PFLD to 100% with PFHD (P=0.04), and all linear lesions were successfully completed without incurring venous stenoses or phrenic injury. PFHD sections had higher transmurality rates than PFLD (98.3% versus 88.1%; P=0.03) despite greater mean thickness (2.5 versus 1.3 mm; P<0.001). PF lesions demonstrated homogenous fibrosis without epicardial fat, nerve, or vessel involvement. In comparison, radiofrequency+PFHD sections revealed similar transmurality but expectedly more necrosis, inflammation, and epicardial fat, nerve, and vessel involvement. Significant ablation-related esophageal necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis were seen in all radiofrequency sections, as compared with no PF sections. CONCLUSIONS The lattice-tip catheter can deliver focal PF to durably isolate veins and create linear lesions with excellent transmurality and without complications. The PF lesions did not damage the phrenic nerve, vessels, and the esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Koruth
- Helmsley Electrophysiology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (J.S.K., K.K., I.K., S.R.D., V.Y.R.)
| | - Kenji Kuroki
- Helmsley Electrophysiology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (J.S.K., K.K., I.K., S.R.D., V.Y.R.)
| | - Iwanari Kawamura
- Helmsley Electrophysiology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (J.S.K., K.K., I.K., S.R.D., V.Y.R.)
| | | | - Srinivas R Dukkipati
- Helmsley Electrophysiology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (J.S.K., K.K., I.K., S.R.D., V.Y.R.)
| | - Petr Neuzil
- Homolka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P.N., V.Y.R.)
| | - Vivek Y Reddy
- Helmsley Electrophysiology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (J.S.K., K.K., I.K., S.R.D., V.Y.R.).,Homolka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (P.N., V.Y.R.)
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