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Ezer E, Schrick D, Tőkés-Füzesi M, Papp I, Réger B, Molnár A, Ábrahám H, Koller A, Hársfalvi J, Kellermayer M, Molnár T. Gravity sedimentation reveals functionally and morphologically different platelets in human blood. Platelets 2024; 35:2298341. [PMID: 38186228 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2023.2298341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to red blood cells, platelets float rather than sediment when a column of blood is placed in the gravitational field. By the analogy of erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR), it can be expressed with the platelet antisedimentation rate (PAR), which quantitates the difference in platelet count between the upper and lower halves of the blood column after 1 h of 1 g sedimentation. Venous blood samples from 21 healthy subjects were analyzed for PAR. After a 1-h sedimentation, the upper and lower fractions of blood samples were analyzed for platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), immature platelet fraction (IPF), and high-fluorescence IPF (H-IPF). The mechanisms behind platelet flotation were explored by further partitioning of the blood column, time-dependent measurements of platelet count and comparison with ESR. The structure and function of the platelets were assessed by electron microscopy (EM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and platelet aggregometry, respectively. Platelet antisedimentation is driven by density differences and facilitated by a size-exclusion mechanism caused by progressive erythrocyte sedimentation. The area under the curve (AUC) of the whole blood adenosine diphosphate (ADP) aggregation curves showed significant differences between the upper and lower samples (p < .005). AUC in the upper samples of 38% of healthy subjects exceeded the top of the normal range (53-122) suggesting that ascending platelets show an intensified ADP-induced aggregability ex vivo. H-IPF was significantly higher in the upper samples (p < .05). EM and AFM revealed that platelets in the upper samples were larger in volume and contained 1.6 times more alpha granules compared to platelets in the lower samples. Our results indicate that antisedimentation is able to differentiate platelet populations based on their structural and functional properties. Therefore, PAR may be a suitable laboratory parameter in various thromboinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Ezer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Diana Schrick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | | | - István Papp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Barbara Réger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Abigél Molnár
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Ábrahám
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Akos Koller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jolán Hársfalvi
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Kellermayer
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN Biophysical Virology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tihamér Molnár
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Chen D, Pruthi R. A Brief History of Hemostasis and Thrombosis at the Mayo Clinic. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024; 50:26-33. [PMID: 36940712 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Coagulation is a crucial biological mechanism in human bodies to prevent blood loss. Abnormal coagulation can cause bleeding diathesis or thrombosis, common pathologic conditions in our clinical practice. Many individuals and organizations have dedicated their efforts in the past decades to understanding the biological and pathological mechanisms of coagulation and developing laboratory testing tools and treatment options to help patients with bleeding or thrombotic conditions. Since 1926, the Mayo Clinic coagulation group has made significant contributions to the clinical and laboratory practice, basic and translational research on various hemostatic and thrombotic disorders, and the education and collaboration to share and advance our knowledge in coagulation through a highly integrated team and practice model. We would like to use this review to share our history and inspire medical professionals and trainees to join the efforts to advance our understanding of coagulation pathophysiology and improve our care for patients with coagulation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rajiv Pruthi
- Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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3
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Cunningham L, Merguerian M, Calvo KR, Davis J, Deuitch NT, Dulau-Florea A, Patel N, Yu K, Sacco K, Bhattacharya S, Passi M, Ozkaya N, De Leon S, Chong S, Craft K, Diemer J, Bresciani E, O’Brien K, Andrews EJ, Park N, Hathaway L, Cowen EW, Heller T, Ryan K, Barochia A, Nghiem K, Niemela J, Rosenzweig S, Young DJ, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA, Braylan R, Liu PP. Natural history study of patients with familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancy. Blood 2023; 142:2146-2158. [PMID: 37738626 PMCID: PMC10733826 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023019746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Deleterious germ line RUNX1 variants cause the autosomal dominant familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancy (FPDMM), characterized by thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction, and a predisposition to hematologic malignancies (HMs). We launched a FPDMM natural history study and, from January 2019 to December 2021, enrolled 214 participants, including 111 patients with 39 different RUNX1 variants from 45 unrelated families. Seventy of 77 patients had thrombocytopenia, 18 of 18 had abnormal platelet aggregometry, 16 of 35 had decreased platelet dense granules, and 28 of 55 had abnormal bleeding scores. Nonmalignant bone marrows showed increased numbers of megakaryocytes in 12 of 55 patients, dysmegakaryopoiesis in 42 of 55, and reduced cellularity for age in 30 of 55 adult and 17 of 21 pediatric cases. Of 111 patients, 19 were diagnosed with HMs, including myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and smoldering myeloma. Of those 19, 18 were relapsed or refractory to upfront therapy and referred for stem cell transplantation. In addition, 28 of 45 families had at least 1 member with HM. Moreover, 42 of 45 patients had allergic symptoms, and 24 of 30 had gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Our results highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, early malignancy detection, and wider awareness of inherited disorders. This actively accruing, longitudinal study will genotype and phenotype more patients with FPDMM, which may lead to a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis and clinical course, which may then inform preventive and therapeutic interventions. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03854318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Cunningham
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Immune Deficiency Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew Merguerian
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Katherine R. Calvo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joie Davis
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Natalie T. Deuitch
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alina Dulau-Florea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nisha Patel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kai Yu
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Keith Sacco
- Laboratory of Allergic Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sumona Bhattacharya
- Digestive Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Monica Passi
- Digestive Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Neval Ozkaya
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Seila De Leon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shawn Chong
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kathleen Craft
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jamie Diemer
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Erica Bresciani
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kevin O’Brien
- Office of Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elizabeth J. Andrews
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Immune Deficiency Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nguyen Park
- Office of Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Londa Hathaway
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Edward W. Cowen
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Theo Heller
- Translational Hepatology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kerry Ryan
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amisha Barochia
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Khanh Nghiem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Julie Niemela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sergio Rosenzweig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David J. Young
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematopoiesis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Pamela A. Frischmeyer-Guerrerio
- Laboratory of Allergic Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Raul Braylan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul P. Liu
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Chen D, Pruthi RK. Platelet genetic testing by next-generation sequencing: A practical update. Int J Lab Hematol 2023; 45:630-642. [PMID: 37463678 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Inherited platelet disorders (IPDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by normal or reduced platelet counts, bleeding diatheses of varying severities, and the presence (syndromic) or absence (non-syndromic) of involvement of other organs. Due to the lack of highly specific platelet function tests and overlapping clinical and laboratory features, diagnosing the underlying cause of IPDs remains challenging. In recent years, genetic testing via next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to rapidly analyze multiple genes has gradually emerged as an important part of the laboratory investigation of patients with IPDs. A systemic clinical and laboratory testing approach and thorough phenotype and genotype correlation studies of both patients and their family members are crucial for accurate diagnoses of IPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Special Coagulation Laboratory, Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rajiv K Pruthi
- Special Coagulation Laboratory, Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Pruthi RK. Testing strategies used in the diagnosis of rare inherited bleeding disorders. Expert Rev Hematol 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37144355 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2023.2211257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rare Bleeding Disorders have a low population prevalence and may not be recognized by most clinicians. In addition, knowledge gaps of the indicated laboratory tests and their availability add to the potential for delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. The lack of widely available commercial, regulatory body approved esoteric tests limit them to reference laboratories, thus limiting easy access for patients. AREAS COVERED A literature search of Pubmed, Medline, Embase and review of international society guidelines was performed. Additional references from published articles were reviewed. A patient-centered approach to recognition and evaluation of RBD is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Recognition of RBD relies on obtaining a detailed patient personal and family hemostatic history. Inquiry into a history of involvement of other organ systems is important and if present should lead to suspicion of an inherited platelet disorder or a variant of Ehlers Danlos Syndrome. Multiple factors contribute to the complexity of development of efficient algorithms for diagnostic testing. Limitations in diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of screening tests, diagnostic tests, and esoteric tests further compound the complexity of establishing a diagnosis. Educational efforts focusing on clinician awareness of RBDs and available testing options are vital for optimal management of such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv K Pruthi
- Mayo Comprehensive Hemophilia Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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6
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Braï MA, Hannachi N, El Gueddari N, Baudoin JP, Dahmani A, Lepidi H, Habib G, Camoin-Jau L. The Role of Platelets in Infective Endocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087540. [PMID: 37108707 PMCID: PMC10143005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) has increased, with a change in the frequency of causative bacteria. Early evidence has substantially demonstrated the crucial role of bacterial interaction with human platelets, with no clear mechanistic characterization in the pathogenesis of IE. The pathogenesis of endocarditis is so complex and atypical that it is still unclear how and why certain bacterial species will induce the formation of vegetation. In this review, we will analyze the key role of platelets in the physiopathology of endocarditis and in the formation of vegetation, depending on the bacterial species. We provide a comprehensive outline of the involvement of platelets in the host immune response, investigate the latest developments in platelet therapy, and discuss prospective research avenues for solving the mechanistic enigma of bacteria-platelet interaction for preventive and curative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Abdeljalil Braï
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nadji Hannachi
- Laboratoire de Biopharmacie et Pharmacotechnie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Ferhat Abbas Sétif I, Sétif 19000, Algeria
| | - Nabila El Gueddari
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Service de Chirurgie Cardiaque, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Abderrhamane Dahmani
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Gilbert Habib
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Camoin-Jau
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
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Louzil J, Stikarova J, Provaznikova D, Hrachovinova I, Fenclova T, Musil J, Radek M, Kaufmanova J, Geierova V, Ceznerova E, Salaj P, Kotlin R. Diagnosing Czech Patients with Inherited Platelet Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36430862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A single-center study was conducted on 120 patients with inherited disorders of primary hemostasis followed at our hematological center. These patients presented a variety of bleeding symptoms; however, they had no definitive diagnosis. Establishing a diagnosis has consequences for the investigation of probands in families and for treatment management; therefore, we aimed to improve the diagnosis rate in these patients by implementing advanced diagnostic methods. According to the accepted international guidelines at the time of study, we investigated platelet morphology, platelet function assay, light-transmission aggregometry, and flow cytometry. Using only these methods, we were unable to make a definitive diagnosis for most of our patients. However, next-generation sequencing (NGS), which was applied in 31 patients, allowed us to establish definitive diagnoses in six cases (variants in ANKRD26, ITGA2B, and F8) and helped us to identify suspected variants (NBEAL2, F2, BLOC1S6, AP3D1, GP1BB, ANO6, CD36, and ITGB3) and new suspected variants (GFI1B, FGA, GP1BA, and ITGA2B) in 11 patients. The role of NGS in patients with suspicious bleeding symptoms is growing and it changes the diagnostic algorithm. The greatest disadvantage of NGS, aside from the cost, is the occurrence of gene variants of uncertain significance.
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Absi HA, Stein D. Circumcision bleeding rates in patients diagnosed with delta-storage pool deficiency later in life. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29622. [PMID: 35234338 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male circumcision is a common procedure, generally performed during the newborn period. Bleeding is an uncommon but feared complication of circumcision. Few reports have evaluated circumcision bleeding rates in patients with bleeding disorders. OBJECTIVES To study circumcision bleeding rates in male subjects who were diagnosed later in life with delta-storage pool deficiency (δ-SPD). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of male subjects (≤18 years of age) who were circumcised without hemostatic prophylaxis prior to δ-SPD diagnosis from 2000 to 2020. Bleeding rates and severity were the main outcomes evaluated. We collected demographic data, bleeding scores using a validated assessment tool, laboratory data, and platelet electron microscopy results. A descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS Twenty-five male subjects were included. The median bleeding score at presentation was 3.5 (range: 2-9). The diagnosis was confirmed using platelet electron microscopy. A value of <2 dense granules/platelet was considered abnormal. Circumcision was performed at a median age of 2 days (range: 1 day to 4 months). None of the subjects had intraoperative or postoperative bleeding. With a bleeding rate of zero, we suggest that newborn males with a family history of δ-SPD may be safely circumcised without hemostatic prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebah Al Absi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Dagmar Stein
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Russell J. Ebeid Children's hospital, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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Mallouk N, Garcin A, Li G, Epinat M, Szczepaniak C, Hien OF, Mismetti P, Garnier P. Platelet transmission electron microscopy for the assessment of poor biological response to antiplatelet agent: pilot descriptive and prospective study - ELECTROSTROKE. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e050060. [PMID: 35379612 PMCID: PMC8981285 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischaemic stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Thus, a strategy based on an efficient antiplatelet therapy has been developed. The monitoring of antiplatelet therapy is now limited to high risk and poor prognosis patients. Indeed, the biological monitoring of the antiplatelet therapy with available platelet function assays do not provide a global integrative approach. Platelet transmission electron microscopy, recently validated for assessing distinct ultrastructural abnormalities is a reliable morphological platelet structural analysis tool which could be used to collect all the ultrastructural platelet characteristics and assess the degree of activation of platelets. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Our pilot prospective and descriptive study will include 50 consecutive patients hospitalized for an ischaemic stroke. We expect to identify ultrastructural characteristics that will be correlated with the degree of platelet activation to guide clinicians in decision making regarding the antiplatelet therapy strategy. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The French Ethics Committee (comité de protection des personnes d'Ile-de-France VII) approved the information notice that will be given to participants and the protocol of this trial (protocol No 21-031).The results of the trial will be disseminated through scientific publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05004233.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Mallouk
- Faculté de Médecine - CMES, Université Jean Monnet-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Sainbiose INSERM U1059 Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Arnauld Garcin
- Clinical Research Unit Innovation and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guorong Li
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Magali Epinat
- Neurovascular Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Claire Szczepaniak
- Centre Imagerie Cellulaire Santé, Universite Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ollo Franck Hien
- Faculté de Médecine - CMES, Université Jean Monnet-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- Sainbiose INSERM U1059 Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
- Clinical Research Unit Innovation and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Neurovascular Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Pierre Garnier
- Neurovascular Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Abstract
Inherited platelet disorders are important conditions that often manifest with bleeding. These disorders have heterogeneous underlying pathologies. Some are syndromic disorders with non-blood phenotypic features, and others are associated with an increased predisposition to developing myelodysplasia and leukemia. Platelet disorders can present with thrombocytopenia, defects in platelet function, or both. As the underlying pathogenesis of inherited thrombocytopenias and platelet function disorders are quite diverse, their evaluation requires a thorough clinical assessment and specialized diagnostic tests, that often challenge diagnostic laboratories. At present, many of the commonly encountered, non-syndromic platelet disorders do not have a defined molecular cause. Nonetheless, significant progress has been made over the past few decades to improve the diagnostic evaluation of inherited platelet disorders, from the assessment of the bleeding history to improved standardization of light transmission aggregometry, which remains a "gold standard" test of platelet function. Some platelet disorder test findings are highly predictive of a bleeding disorder and some show association to symptoms of prolonged bleeding, surgical bleeding, and wound healing problems. Multiple assays can be required to diagnose common and rare platelet disorders, each requiring control of preanalytical, analytical, and post-analytical variables. The laboratory investigations of platelet disorders include evaluations of platelet counts, size, and morphology by light microscopy; assessments for aggregation defects; tests for dense granule deficiency; analyses of granule constituents and their release; platelet protein analysis by immunofluorescent staining or flow cytometry; tests of platelet procoagulant function; evaluations of platelet ultrastructure; high-throughput sequencing and other molecular diagnostic tests. The focus of this article is to review current methods for the diagnostic assessment of platelet function, with a focus on contemporary, best diagnostic laboratory practices, and relationships between clinical and laboratory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bourguignon
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Subia Tasneem
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Catherine P Hayward
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Shin J, Park S, Trinh TX, Kwon SJ, Bae J, Lee H, Valsami-Jones E, Wang J, Song J, Yoon TH. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy study of subcellular granules in human platelets at the carbon K- and calcium L2,3-edges. Platelets 2021; 33:632-639. [PMID: 34904525 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1981846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Platelets and their subcellular components (e.g., dense granules) are essential components in hemostasis. Understanding their chemical heterogeneities at the sub-micrometer scale, particularly their activation during hemostasis and production of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles, may provide important insights into their mechanisms; however, this has rarely been investigated, mainly owing to the lack of appropriate chemical characterization tools at nanometer scale. Here, the use of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) combined with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) to characterize human platelets and their subcellular components at the carbon K-edge and calcium L2,3-edge, is reported. STXM images can identify not only the spatial distribution of subcellular components in human platelets, such as dense granules (DGs) with sizes of ~200 nm, but also their granule-to-granule chemical heterogeneities on the sub-micrometer scale, based on their XANES spectra. The calcium distribution map as well as the principal component analysis of the STXM image stacks clearly identified the numbers and locations of the calcium-rich DGs within human platelets. Deconvolution of the carbon K-edge XANES spectra, extracted from various locations in the platelets, showed that amide carbonyl and carboxylic acid functional groups were mainly found in the cytoplasm, while ketone-phenol-nitrile-imine, aliphatic, and carbonate functional groups were dominant in the platelet DGs. These observations suggest that platelet DGs are most likely composed of calcium polyphosphate associated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), with significant granule-to-granule variations in their compositions, while the cytoplasm regions of platelets contain significant amounts of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghee Shin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tung X Trinh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Jin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Bae
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jian Wang
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jaewoo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Lansdon LA, Chen D, Rush ET, Engleman K, Zhang L, Saunders CJ, Oroszi G. A novel likely pathogenic variant in a patient with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2021; 7:a006110. [PMID: 34362826 PMCID: PMC8559624 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a genetic disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and variable pulmonary fibrosis, granulomatous colitis, or immunodeficiency. The diagnosis relies on clinical findings, platelet transmission electron microscopy studies showing absent dense granules, or the identification of a pathogenic genotype in one of 11 associated genes, including HPS1 We report a 2-wk-old male with significant iris transillumination defects, a pale fundus, and mild corectopia found by clinical exome sequencing to have a previously reported pathogenic variant, c.972dupC p.(Met325HisfsTer128), and a variant of uncertain significance, c.1846G>A p.(Glu616Lys), in HPS1 To determine whether his phenotype was consistent with HPS, follow-up studies of whole blood lumiaggregometry and platelet transmission electron microscopy were performed that revealed absent or markedly reduced platelet ATP secretion and virtually absent platelet dense granules, thus confirming the diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, our case is the first in which the c.1846G>A p.(Glu616Lys) variant is identified in a patient with HPS. In addition, the case also highlights the importance of leveraging appropriate confirmatory clinical testing and reverse phenotyping, which allowed the care team to establish the clinical diagnosis of HPS and reclassify the previously reported variant of uncertain significance in HPS1 to likely pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Lansdon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55901, USA
| | - Eric T Rush
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Kendra Engleman
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Carol J Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Gabor Oroszi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
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13
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Difranza LT, Chen D, Marboe CC, Rai AJ. Absence of dense platelet granules and ceroid-laden macrophages: Investigating the diversity of clinical presentations in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Human Pathology: Case Reports 2021; 25:200535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2021.200535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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14
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Krutein MC, Hart MR, Anderson DJ, Jeffery J, Kotini AG, Dai J, Chien S, DelPriore M, Borst S, Maguire JA, French DL, Gadue P, Papapetrou EP, Keel SB, Becker PS, Horwitz MS. Restoring RUNX1 deficiency in RUNX1 familial platelet disorder by inhibiting its degradation. Blood Adv 2021; 5:687-99. [PMID: 33560381 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1 familial platelet disorder (RUNX1-FPD) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a monoallelic mutation of RUNX1, initially resulting in approximately half-normal RUNX1 activity. Clinical features include thrombocytopenia, platelet functional defects, and a predisposition to leukemia. RUNX1 is rapidly degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Moreover, it may autoregulate its expression. A predicted kinetic property of autoregulatory circuits is that transient perturbations of steady-state levels result in continued maintenance of expression at adjusted levels, even after inhibitors of degradation or inducers of transcription are withdrawn, suggesting that transient inhibition of RUNX1 degradation may have prolonged effects. We hypothesized that pharmacological inhibition of RUNX1 protein degradation could normalize RUNX1 protein levels, restore the number of platelets and their function, and potentially delay or prevent malignant transformation. In this study, we evaluated cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients with RUNX1-FPD, RUNX1-FPD primary bone marrow cells, and acute myeloid leukemia blood cells from patients with RUNX1 mutations. The results showed that, in some circumstances, transient expression of exogenous RUNX1 or inhibition of steps leading to RUNX1 ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation restored RUNX1 levels, thereby advancing megakaryocytic differentiation in vitro. Thus, drugs retarding RUNX1 proteolytic degradation may represent a therapeutic avenue for treating bleeding complications and preventing leukemia in RUNX1-FPD.
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15
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Yokoyama T, Gochuico BR. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome pulmonary fibrosis: a rare inherited interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/159/200193. [PMID: 33536261 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0193-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive interstitial lung disease of unknown aetiology with a poor prognosis. Studying genetic diseases associated with pulmonary fibrosis provides insights into the pathogenesis of the disease. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by abnormal biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles, manifests with oculocutaneous albinism and excessive bleeding of variable severity. Pulmonary fibrosis is highly prevalent in three out of 10 genetic types of HPS (HPS-1, HPS-2 and HPS-4). Thus, genotyping of individuals with HPS is clinically relevant. HPS-1 tends to affect Puerto Rican individuals due to a genetic founder effect. HPS pulmonary fibrosis shares some clinical features with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), including dyspnoea, cough, restrictive lung physiology and computed tomography (CT) findings of fibrosis. In contrast to IPF, HPS pulmonary fibrosis generally affects children (HPS-2) or middle-aged adults (HPS-1 or HPS-4) and may be associated with ground-glass opacification in CT scans. Histopathology of HPS pulmonary fibrosis, and not IPF, shows vacuolated hyperplastic type II cells with enlarged lamellar bodies and alveolar macrophages with lipofuscin-like deposits. Antifibrotic drugs approved as treatment for IPF are not approved for HPS pulmonary fibrosis. However, lung transplantation has been performed in patients with severe HPS pulmonary fibrosis. HPS pulmonary fibrosis serves as a model for studying fibrotic lung disease and fibrosis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadafumi Yokoyama
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Dept of Pediatrics, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Bernadette R Gochuico
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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A. Matthay Z, Zumwinkle Kornblith L. Platelet Imaging. Platelets 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge gained through imaging platelets has formed the backbone of our understanding of their biology in health and disease. Early investigators relied on conventional light microscopy with limited resolution and were primarily able to identify the presence and basic morphology of platelets. The advent of high resolution technologies, in particular, electron microscopy, accelerated our understanding of the dynamics of platelet ultrastructure dramatically. Further refinements and improvements in our ability to localize and reliably identify platelet structures have included the use of immune-labeling techniques, correlative-fluorescence light and electron microscopy, and super-resolution microscopies. More recently, the expanded development and application of intravital microscopy in animal models has enhanced our knowledge of platelet functions and thrombus formation in vivo, as these experimental systems most closely replicate native biological environments. Emerging improvements in our ability to characterize platelets at the ultrastructural and organelle levels include the use of platelet cryogenic electron tomography with quantitative, unbiased imaging analysis, and the ability to genetically label platelet features with electron dense markers for analysis by electron microscopy.
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet electron microscopy (PEM) is the gold standard methodology for diagnosing storage pool disorder, defined as a paucity of delta granules, alpha granules, or both. PEM literature is limited with few published resources and without well-developed interlaboratory standardization for the preparation and examination of platelet samples. METHODS Whole mount (WM) dense body (DB) counts for 300 pediatric cases were reviewed to determine whether counting fewer platelets could yield the same results. For 6 cases, DB average was determined on the day of WM preparation and on 2 consecutive days. Both WM and thin section (TS) preparations were examined for all cases. RESULTS Employing LEAN methodology, an algorithm was developed to markedly decrease the number of platelets counted and still ensure accurate results. WMs decay with time; a statistically significant difference in DB counts was noted between day 0 and day 1 (p < .1). Twelve of 300 cases required both WM and TS preparations for a complete diagnosis. CONCLUSION It is possible to maintain accuracy and decrease 100 platelet DB counts by >75%. WMs must be counted on the day they are prepared to avoid false paucity of DB secondary to sample decay. An accurate evaluation of platelet morphology requires both the WM and TS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Asher
- Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jessica Hata
- Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky
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18
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Le Blanc J, Mullier F, Vayne C, Lordkipanidzé M. Advances in Platelet Function Testing-Light Transmission Aggregometry and Beyond. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082636. [PMID: 32823782 PMCID: PMC7464122 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet function testing is essential for the diagnosis of hemostasis disorders. While there are many methods used to test platelet function for research purposes, standardization is often lacking, limiting their use in clinical practice. Light transmission aggregometry has been the gold standard for over 60 years, with inherent challenges of working with live dynamic cells in specialized laboratories with independent protocols. In recent years, standardization efforts have brought forward fully automated systems that could lead to more widespread use. Additionally, new technical approaches appear promising for the future of specialized hematology laboratories. This review presents developments in platelet function testing for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Le Blanc
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - François Mullier
- Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), Hematology Laboratory, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium;
| | - Caroline Vayne
- Department of Hemostasis, University Hospital of Tours, 37044 Tours, France;
- EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Marie Lordkipanidzé
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-376-3330 (ext. 2694); Fax: +1-514-376-0173
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19
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Dupuis A, Bordet JC, Eckly A, Gachet C. Platelet δ-Storage Pool Disease: An Update. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082508. [PMID: 32759727 PMCID: PMC7466064 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet dense-granules are small organelles specific to the platelet lineage that contain small molecules (calcium, adenyl nucleotides, serotonin) and are essential for the activation of blood platelets prior to their aggregation in the event of a vascular injury. Delta-storage pool diseases (δ-SPDs) are platelet pathologies leading to hemorrhagic syndromes of variable severity and related to a qualitative (content) or quantitative (numerical) deficiency in dense-granules. These pathologies appear in a syndromic or non-syndromic form. The syndromic forms (Chediak–Higashi disease, Hermansky–Pudlak syndromes), whose causative genes are known, associate immune deficiencies and/or oculocutaneous albinism with a platelet function disorder (PFD). The non-syndromic forms correspond to an isolated PFD, but the genes responsible for the pathology are not yet known. The diagnosis of these pathologies is complex and poorly standardized. It is based on orientation tests performed by light transmission aggregometry or flow cytometry, which are supplemented by complementary tests based on the quantification of platelet dense-granules by electron microscopy using the whole platelet mount technique and the direct determination of granule contents (ADP/ATP and serotonin). The objective of this review is to present the state of our knowledge concerning platelet dense-granules and the tools available for the diagnosis of different forms of δ-SPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Dupuis
- INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.E.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-38-821-2506
| | - Jean-Claude Bordet
- Laboratoire D’hématologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59 Bd Pinel, CEDEX, 69677 Bron, France;
| | - Anita Eckly
- INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.E.); (C.G.)
| | - Christian Gachet
- INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.E.); (C.G.)
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20
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Bowman SL, Bi-Karchin J, Le L, Marks MS. The road to lysosome-related organelles: Insights from Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and other rare diseases. Traffic 2020; 20:404-435. [PMID: 30945407 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) comprise a diverse group of cell type-specific, membrane-bound subcellular organelles that derive at least in part from the endolysosomal system but that have unique contents, morphologies and functions to support specific physiological roles. They include: melanosomes that provide pigment to our eyes and skin; alpha and dense granules in platelets, and lytic granules in cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, which release effectors to regulate hemostasis and immunity; and distinct classes of lamellar bodies in lung epithelial cells and keratinocytes that support lung plasticity and skin lubrication. The formation, maturation and/or secretion of subsets of LROs are dysfunctional or entirely absent in a number of hereditary syndromic disorders, including in particular the Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of LROs in humans and model organisms and presents our current understanding of how the products of genes that are defective in heritable diseases impact their formation, motility and ultimate secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna L Bowman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing Bi-Karchin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Linh Le
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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21
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Gunning WT, Raghavan M, Calomeni EP, Turner JN, Roysam B, Roysam S, Smith MR, Kouides PA, Lachant NA. A Morphometric Analysis of Platelet Dense Granules of Patients with Unexplained Bleeding: A New Entity of Delta-Microgranular Storage Pool Deficiency. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1734. [PMID: 32512725 PMCID: PMC7356033 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One thousand and eighty patients, having prolonged bleeding times, frequent epistaxis, menorrhagia or easy bruising or other bleeding manifestations, and excluding those with von Willebrand's disease, were evaluated for platelet dense granule deficiency. The mean diameter of platelet dense granules was determined for all patients using image analysis. Four hundred and ninety-nine had "classic" dense (delta) granule storage pool deficiency (δ-SPD). Five hundred and eighty-one individuals (53.8%) were found to have a normal mean number of dense granules, but for some of these patients, the dense granules were smaller than for the controls. Of the patients having a normal number of dense granules, 165 (28.4%) were found to have significantly smaller granules than the platelets obtained from the control subjects. Their average granule diameter was 123.35 ± 0.86 nm, that is more than three standard deviations below the mean of the control data. Total δ-granule storage pool volumes (TDGV)/platelet were calculated using these measurements. Individuals with δ-SPD had half the number of granules (2.25 ± 0.04 DG/PL) and storage pool volume (3.88 ± 1.06 × 106 nm3) when compared to our control data (4.64 ± 0.11 DG/PL; 10.79 × 106 nm3 ± 0.42). Individuals having a bleeding history but a normal average of small dense granules had a calculated storage pool volume statistically different than controls and essentially the same storage pool volume as patients with δ-SPD. We have identified a sub-classification of δ-SPD that we have defined as micro-granular storage pool deficiency (δ-MGSPD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meera Raghavan
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA;
| | | | | | - Bodri Roysam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | | | - Mary R. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA;
| | - Peter A. Kouides
- Mary Gooley Hemophilia Center, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY 14621, USA;
| | - Neil A. Lachant
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
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22
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Leinoe E, Kjaersgaard M, Zetterberg E, Ostrowski S, Greinacher A, Rossing M. Highly impaired platelet ultrastructure in two families with novel IKZF5 variants. Platelets 2020; 32:492-497. [PMID: 32419556 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1764921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous variants in the IKZF5 gene, encoding transcription factor Pegasus, were recently discovered to be causal of inherited thrombocytopenia (IT). We screened 90 patients suspected of inherited thrombocytopenia for variants in 101 genes associated with inherited bleeding disorders and report the clinical presentation of two Danish families with novel variants in IKZF5. Platelet ultrastructure and cytoskeleton were evaluated by immunofluorescent microscopy (IF) and found to be highly abnormal, demonstrating severe disturbances of distribution and expression of non-muscular myosin, filamin, β-tubulin and α tubulin. Number of alpha granules were reduced, and platelets elongated when evaluated by TEM. In both families a child carrying a rare IKZF5 variant was affected by developmental delay. The proband of family A presented with recurrent infections and was examined for an immunodeficiency. The concentration of naive B-cells was found moderately reduced by leucocyte subpopulation examination, indicating an impaired cellular immunity. T-cells were marginally low with reduced share and concentration of CD45RApos, CD31pos, CD4pos recent thymic immigrants as signs of reduced thymic output. The novel IKZF5 variants co-segregated with thrombocytopenia in both families and both probands had significant bleeding tendency. Through comprehensive characterizations of the platelet morphology and function linked to the specific phenotypes we add novel insight to IKZF5-associated thrombocytopenia, which may help to identify and classify more cases with IKZF5 associated IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Leinoe
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mimi Kjaersgaard
- Department of Pediatrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Zetterberg
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sisse Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Greifswald University Hospital, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maria Rossing
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Trinh TX, Kwon SJ, Gerelkhuu Z, Choi JS, Song J, Yoon TH. Identification of Ca-rich dense granules in human platelets using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. J Synchrotron Radiat 2020; 27:720-724. [PMID: 32381773 PMCID: PMC7285678 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520002702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Whole-mount (WM) platelet preparation followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation is the standard method currently used to assess dense granule (DG) deficiency (DGD). However, due to the electron-density-based contrast mechanism in TEM, other granules such as α-granules might cause false DG detection. Here, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) was used to identify DGs and minimize false DG detection of human platelets. STXM image stacks of human platelets were collected at the calcium (Ca) L2,3 absorption edge and then converted to optical density maps. Ca distribution maps, obtained by subtracting the optical density maps at the pre-edge region from those at the post-edge region, were used to identify DGs based on the Ca richness. DGs were successfully detected using this STXM method without false detection, based on Ca maps for four human platelets. Spectral analysis of granules in human platelets confirmed that DGs contain a richer Ca content than other granules. The Ca distribution maps facilitated more effective DG identification than TEM which might falsely detect DGs. Correct identification of DGs would be important to assess the status of platelets and DG-related diseases. Therefore, this STXM method is proposed as a promising approach for better DG identification and diagnosis, as a complementary tool to the current WM TEM approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung X. Trinh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Jin Kwon
- Center for Next Generation Cytometry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu
- Center for Next Generation Cytometry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Sik Choi
- Center for Next Generation Cytometry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Center for Next Generation Cytometry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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24
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Andersson NG, Rossing M, Fager Ferrari M, Gabrielaite M, Leinøe E, Ljung R, Mårtensson A, Norström E, Zetterberg E. Genetic screening of children with suspected inherited bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2020; 26:314-324. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine G. Andersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Paediatrics Lund University Lund Sweden
- Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
- Department for Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Maria Rossing
- Centre for Genomic Medicine Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Marcus Fager Ferrari
- Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
- Department of Translational Medicine Lund University Malmö Sweden
| | - Migle Gabrielaite
- Centre for Genomic Medicine Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Eva Leinøe
- Department of Haematology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Rolf Ljung
- Department of Clinical Sciences Paediatrics Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Annika Mårtensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Paediatrics Lund University Lund Sweden
- Department for Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Eva Norström
- Department for Clinical Chemistry Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Eva Zetterberg
- Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
- Department of Translational Medicine Lund University Malmö Sweden
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25
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Abstract
Storage pool deficiency (SPD) is a group of rare platelet disorders that result from deficiencies in α-granules, δ-granules, or both. One type of α-SPD is gray platelet syndrome (GPS), caused by mutations in the neurobeachin-like 2 (NBEAL2) gene that results in a bleeding diathesis, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, and progressive myelofibrosis. Due to the lack of α-granules, platelets have a gray and degranulated appearance by light microscopy. However, definitive diagnosis of GPS requires confirmation of α-granule deficiency by electron microscopy. Treatment is nonspecific, with the conservative utilization of platelet transfusions being the most important form of therapy. We present a case of a 17-year-old female with a past medical history of thrombocytopenia, first identified at the age of five. Her clinical symptomatology included chronic fatigue, gingival bleeding, bruising, menorrhagia, and leg pain. This report will discuss both the clinical and the pathophysiologic aspects of this rare platelet disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Riley
- Departments of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) School of Medicine, Richmond
| | - Asad Khan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) School of Medicine, Richmond
| | - Shella Pai
- Departments of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) School of Medicine, Richmond
| | - Laura Warmke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | | | - William Gunning
- Department of Pathology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
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26
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Luo D, Linpeng S, Zeng L, Tan H, Li Z, Wu L. Molecular genetic study of 59 Chinese Oculocutaneous albinism families. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 62:103709. [PMID: 31229681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by either a complete lack of or reduction in melanin biosynthesis in the skin, hair, and eyes. The aim of the present study was to identify the molecular basis for 59 Chinese OCA families. In this study, compound heterozygous or homozygous pathogenic variants were found in 53 families, 4 families possessed only one heterozygous variant, and the pathogenic variants of 2 families remain undiscovered by using Sanger sequencing, whole exome sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. We have identified a total of 55 variants including 21 novel variants in TYR, OCA2, SLC45A2, SLC24A5, and HPS1. The 21 novel variants include 11 missense changes, 4 nonsense changes, 2 splice site changes, 1 frameshift and 3 gross deletions. Forty-six variants including 14 novel variants were segregated with the phenotype in 37 families. We conducted RT-PCR of the novel splicing site variant (c.399-14G > A) of HPS1 and verified that the variant would result in the inclusion of 12 bp of intronic material in exon 6 of HPS1. The results of platelet whole mount electron microscopy further confirmed the diagnosis of HPS1. These novel variants identified in our study expand the mutational spectrum of the disease, which contributes to prenatal diagnosis and genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siyuan Linpeng
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lanlan Zeng
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hu Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingqian Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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27
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Abstract
The utility of a methods section of a research paper is often tempered by the brevity demanded by manuscript word limitations. Whilst word limits help streamline a paper, a Methods section often bears the brunt of the editorial scalpel, resulting in only brief sketches of experimental protocols and consignment of methodology to online supplementary information files. To retain a place for important detailed methodology, and to encapsulate and highlight new and existing important techniques for platelet and megakaryocyte biology, the Platelets Journal Editorial board now accept Methods manuscripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gardiner
- a John Curtin School of Medical Research , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT , Australia
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