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Lv J, Li M, Yang G, Cao Y, Xiao F. Research on carbon and nitrogen removal of tetramethylammonium hydroxide containing wastewater by combined anaerobic/integrated fixed film activated sludge process. Chemosphere 2024; 354:141711. [PMID: 38484994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is widely used as a developer and etchant in the thin-film transistor liquid crystal display industry, which is the main component of developer wastewater with low C/N ratio. This study investigated TMAH degradation by combined anaerobic/integrated fixed film activated sludge (A/IFAS) process, especially for nitrogen removal. Effects of process condition on the TMAH degradation were studied, including dissolved oxygen concentration in IFAS reactor and the temperature of anaerobic reactor. Especially, the nitrogen removal was studied through the monitoring of intermediate products during TMAH biodegradation. The results indicated that lower the anaerobic treatment temperature can provide more available organic matters to enhance the denitrification in the subsequent IFAS reactor. Less oxygen supply in the IFAS reactor contributed to simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Removal efficiency of total organic carbon and total nitrogen was up to 95.8% and 80.7%, when the temperature of anaerobic treatment was controlled at 30 °C with the DO kept at 0.7 mg/L. It indicated that A/IFAS process was efficient in carbon and nitrogen removal for TMAH degradation. The results also confirmed intermediate products of TMAH biodegradation can be used as the electron donor during denitrification, including trimethylamine, dimethylamine and methylamine. Illumina MiSeq sequencing showed that Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum contribute to nitrogen removal. Compared to sludge flocs in IFAS reactor, richer community and higher microbial diversity were observed in the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lv
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
| | - Min Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Guanyi Yang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Yiqing Cao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Shanghai Dong Zhen Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd. Shanghai 201203, PR China
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Innocenzi V, Zueva SB, Ippolito NM, Ferella F, Prisciandaro M, Vegliò F. A review of the existing and emerging technologies for wastewaters containing tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and waste management systems in micro-chip microelectronic industries. Chemosphere 2022; 307:135913. [PMID: 35952791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to describe and review the available technologies and the recent advancements in treating industrial wastewater containing tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). It is a quaternary ammonium salt and widely used in the microelectronics industry; this kind of company produces large quantities of wastewater containing TMAH. The exhausted solutions must be treated appropriately since TMAH is corrosive, toxic to human health, and ecotoxic. Regarding the concentration at discharge, currently there are no European regulations. Still, it has been indicated that the substance has a negative influence on the oxygen balance and cause eutrophication, and fall into the relevant categories. In the first part of the work, the available technologies and the recent advancements for the treatment of TMAH contained in industrial wastewater are reviewed. Separation methods as such adsorption, ion exchange, membrane processes, and destruction technologies classified as advanced oxidation processes and biological processes have been considered. In the second part of the manuscript, industrial patented wastewater treatments have been described. Biological processes are those more used, being more economically feasible, require very long times not always sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Innocenzi
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Svetlana B Zueva
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nicolò Maria Ippolito
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferella
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marina Prisciandaro
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Vegliò
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics - University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco di Roio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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Wang B, Wang Y. A comprehensive review on persulfate activation treatment of wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2022; 831:154906. [PMID: 35364155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With increasingly serious environmental pollution and the production of various wastewater, water pollutants have posed a serious threat to human health and the ecological environment. The advanced oxidation process (AOP), represented by the persulfate (PS) oxidation process, has attracted increasing attention because of its economic, practical, safety and stability characteristics, opening up new ideas in the fields of wastewater treatment and environmental protection. However, PS does not easily react with organic pollutants and usually needs to be activated to produce oxidizing active substances such as sulfate radicals (SO4-) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) to degrade them. This paper summarizes the research progress of PS activation methods in the field of wastewater treatment, such as physical activation (e.g., thermal, ultrasonic, hydrodynamic cavitation, electromagnetic radiation activation and discharge plasma), chemical activation (e.g., alkaline, electrochemistry and catalyst) and the combination of the different methods, putting forward the advantages, disadvantages and influencing factors of various activation methods, discussing the possible activation mechanisms, and pointing out future development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China
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Sonu K, Puttaiah SH, Raghavan VS, Gorthi SS. Photocatalytic degradation of MB by TiO 2: studies on recycle and reuse of photocatalyst and treated water for seed germination. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:48742-48753. [PMID: 33914252 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is an effective way for treatment of wastewater and degradation of dyes. It is important to assess the reusability of photocatalyst and treated water after the treatment process. In this study, the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 (titanium dioxide) and TiO2-TMAOH (titanium dioxide-tetramethylammonium hydroxide) was analyzed for degradation of methylene blue dye. Enhanced degradation of methylene blue is observed while treated with TiO2-TMAOH with photodegradation efficiency (PDE) 80% within 20 min. A further study shows the reusability of TiO2 for degradation of dye for six cycles with a decrease in photodegradation efficiency from 90% (cycle-1) to 50% (cycle-2). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis were carried out to identify the functional groups in treated water, traces of titanium, and TMAOH, respectively. Seed germination of Vigna radiata using TiO2- and TiO2-TMAOH-treated water shows equivalent and consistent growth. Water quality analysis of treated water shows improved biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) level (1.5 mg L-1), which is suitable for reusability of water for many applications. The outcomes suggest treated water can be used for irrigation and plantation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Sonu
- Division of Environmental Science, Department of Water and Health, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, 570015, India.
| | - Shivaraju Harikaranahalli Puttaiah
- Division of Environmental Science, Department of Water and Health, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, 570015, India
| | - Vikram Srinivasa Raghavan
- Optics and Microfluidics Instrumentation Lab, Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Sai Siva Gorthi
- Optics and Microfluidics Instrumentation Lab, Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
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Zhou Y, Shi J, Li Y, Long T, Zhu X, Sun C, Wang Y. Degradation kinetics and mechanism of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether by electromagnetic induction electrodeless lamp activated persulfate. Chemosphere 2020; 261:127709. [PMID: 32745742 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether (BCEE) has become one of the most frequently detected chlorinated ether contaminants in the US and Europe, and is classified as a B2 carcinogen. In this study, the degradation rate of BCEE by mercury lamps, xenon lamp and electromagnetic induction electrodeless lamp (EIEL) activated persulfate were compared, and EIEL activated persulfate was confirmed to have higher degradation capability and lower energy consumption. In this sense, the degradation kinetics and mechanism in EIEL system were further investigated. The degradation reaction followed pseudo first-order, and the removal rate of BCEE exceeded 95% in 60 min when the initial pH, the concentration of BCEE and Na2S2O8 were 3, 4 mg L-1 and 15 mM, respectively. Presence of inorganic anions and humic acids would reduce the degradation rate constant. In accordance with the results of electron paramagnetic resonance and quenching experiments, SO4-· was dominant in the acidic regime and OH· was dominant in the alkaline regime. Meanwhile, OH· had higher degradation rate with BCEE when initial pH was 7. Seven degradation products were identified and the reaction pathways included OH· substitution and free radical coupling. Although the total organic carbon was eliminated slowly during the degradation of BCEE, the predicted toxicity of most degradation products to Fathead minnow, Daphnia magna and oral rat were lower than BCEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Tao Long
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Chang DT, Park D, Zhu J, Fan H. Assessment of an MnCe-GAC Treatment Process for Tetramethylammonium-Contaminated Wastewater from Optoelectronic Industries. Applied Sciences 2019; 9:4578. [DOI: 10.3390/app9214578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing wastewater is an important issue in optoelectronic and semiconductor industries. Wastewater containing nitrogen compounds such as ammonium, monoethanolamine (MEA), and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) must be properly treated due to concerns about health and environmental effects. MnCe-GAC (granular activated carbon) processes were developed in this study for the treatment of TMAH-contaminated wastewater in high-tech industries. The MnCe-GAC processes could effectively remove ammonium, MEA, and TMAH from aqueous solutions. The removal efficiencies of ammonium and MEA by these processes were better than observed for TMAH. Parameters affecting TMAH removal such as type of process, type of wastewater (synthetic or real), pH, salts, and t-butanol were investigated. In general, removal efficiencies of TMAH by various processes were in the following order: MnCe-GAC/O3/H2O2 > MnCe-GAC/O3 > MnCe-GAC/H2O2 > MnCe-GAC > GAC. The negative effect of sulfate and nitrate on pollutant removal might be due to the salting-out effect. Based on t-butanol experiments, the main degradation mechanisms of TMAH by the MnCe-GAC/O3/H2O2 process likely involved hydroxyl radicals. The process proposed in this study could be an effective alternative method for the treatment of high-tech industrial wastewater to meet the new TMAH discharge limit.
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Noor IE, Coenen J, Martin A, Dahl O, Åslin M. Experimental investigation and techno-economic analysis of tetramethylammonium hydroxide removal from wastewater in nano-electronics manufacturing via membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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