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Skácel J, Djukic S, Baszczyňski O, Kalčic F, Bílek T, Chalupský K, Kozák J, Dvořáková A, Tloušt'ová E, Král'ová Z, Šmídková M, Voldřich J, Rumlová M, Pachl P, Brynda J, Vučková T, Fábry M, Snášel J, Pichová I, Řezáčová P, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Janeba Z. Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Crystallographic Study of Novel Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6652-6681. [PMID: 37134237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is a well-known molecular target with potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of T-cell malignancies and/or bacterial/parasitic infections. Here, we report the design, development of synthetic methodology, and biological evaluation of a series of 30 novel PNP inhibitors based on acyclic nucleoside phosphonates bearing a 9-deazahypoxanthine nucleobase. The strongest inhibitors exhibited IC50 values as low as 19 nM (human PNP) and 4 nM (Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) PNP) and highly selective cytotoxicity toward various T-lymphoblastic cell lines with CC50 values as low as 9 nM. No cytotoxic effect was observed on other cancer cell lines (HeLa S3, HL60, HepG2) or primary PBMCs for up to 10 μM. We report the first example of the PNP inhibitor exhibiting over 60-fold selectivity for the pathogenic enzyme (MtPNP) over hPNP. The results are supported by a crystallographic study of eight enzyme-inhibitor complexes and by ADMET profiling in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skácel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Djukic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kalčic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Tadeáš Bílek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kozák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Dvořáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušt'ová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Král'ová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Voldřich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vučková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Fábry
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Science, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Snášel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Pichová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
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El-Gazzar MGM, Ghorab MM, Amin MA, Korany M, Khedr MA, El-Gazzar MG, Sakr TM. Computational, in vitro and radiation-based in vivo studies on acetamide quinazolinone derivatives as new proposed purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors for breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 248:115087. [PMID: 36610250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes a quinazolinone-based lead optimization for the development of novel purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitors with quinazolinone scaffold. Nineteen compounds were proposed and docked against PNP, the best 14 compounds with highest docking and affinity scores and low RMSD values were synthesized. Synthesis of new quinazolinone derivatives with variable acetamide substituents on two positions on quinazoline ring was performed. The structures assigned to the products were concordant with the microanalytical and spectral data. In vitro cytotoxicity on human breast cancer cell line (MCF7) was performed and identified compound 6g as the most potent with IC50 (0.99 ± 0.11 μM) which was further tested against five different breast cancer cell lines in addition to normal breast cell to determine the selectivity. Compound 6g was subjected to molecular dynamic simulation study, radiolabelling and biodistribution study to investigate its stability and selectivity toward breast cancers. The in vitro PNP inhibition results were aligned with the in silico, cytotoxicity, and biodistribution results where 6g showed the most potent PNP inhibitory activity with IC50 (0.159 ± 0.007 μM) when compared to Peldesine (BCX-34) IC50 (0.041 ± 0.002 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa G M El-Gazzar
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 11787, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M Ghorab
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 11787, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Amin
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 13759, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Korany
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 13759, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Khedr
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Marwa G El-Gazzar
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 11787, Egypt
| | - Tamer M Sakr
- Radioactive Isotopes and Generator Department, Hot Labs Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 13759, Egypt
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3
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Abstract
Transition state theory teaches that chemically stable mimics of enzymatic transition states will bind tightly to their cognate enzymes. Kinetic isotope effects combined with computational quantum chemistry provides enzymatic transition state information with sufficient fidelity to design transition state analogues. Examples are selected from various stages of drug development to demonstrate the application of transition state theory, inhibitor design, physicochemical characterization of transition state analogues, and their progress in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern L. Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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4
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Timofeev VI, Zhukhlistova NE, Abramchik YA, Muravieva TI, Esipov RS, Kuranova IP. Crystal structure of Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase complexed with acyclovir. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:402-409. [PMID: 29969103 PMCID: PMC6038453 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18008087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), which catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of purine ribonucleosides, belongs to the family I hexameric PNPs. Owing to their key role in the purine salvage pathway, PNPs are attractive targets for drug design against some pathogens. Acyclovir (ACV) is an acyclic derivative of the PNP substrate guanosine and is used as an antiviral drug for the treatment of some human viral infections. The crystalline complex of E. coli PNP with acyclovir was prepared by co-crystallization in microgravity using counter-diffusion through a gel layer in a capillary. The structure of the E. coli PNP-ACV complex was solved at 2.32 Å resolution using the molecular-replacement method. The ACV molecule is observed in two conformations and sulfate ions were located in both the nucleoside-binding and phosphate-binding pockets of the enzyme. A comparison with the complexes of other hexameric and trimeric PNPs with ACV shows the similarity in acyclovir binding by these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I. Timofeev
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre ‘Crystallography and Photonics’ of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 59, Moscow 119333, Russian Federation
- Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-Technologies, National Research Center ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Akad. Kurchatova Square 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda E. Zhukhlistova
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre ‘Crystallography and Photonics’ of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 59, Moscow 119333, Russian Federation
| | - Yuliya A. Abramchik
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana I. Muravieva
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Roman S. Esipov
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Inna P. Kuranova
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre ‘Crystallography and Photonics’ of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 59, Moscow 119333, Russian Federation
- Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-Technologies, National Research Center ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Akad. Kurchatova Square 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
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Makita S, Maeshima AM, Maruyama D, Izutsu K, Tobinai K. Forodesine in the treatment of relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: an evidence-based review. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2287-2293. [PMID: 29719411 PMCID: PMC5916385 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell lymphoma is a rare hematologic malignancy with an incidence rate between 10% and 20% of that of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) generally have a poor prognosis when treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP)/CHOP-like chemotherapy; once relapse occurs, it is mostly regarded as an incurable disease. To overcome the chemorefractoriness of PTCL, several novel agents have been developed. Since the first approval of pralatrexate, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, for relapsed/refractory PTCL by the US Food and Drug Administration, several new agents, such as romidepsin (histone deacetylase inhibitor), brentuximab vedotin (antibody–drug conjugate targeting CD30), chidamide (histone deacetylase inhibitor), and mogamulizumab (anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 monoclonal antibody), have been approved as a therapeutic option for relapsed/refractory PTCL in several countries, including the US, Europe, China, and Japan. Forodesine is a novel, potent purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor that is effective against T-cell malignancies. Although the clinical development of forodesine was discontinued in the US and Europe, a multicenter Phase I/II study of oral forodesine for relapsed PTCL was recently completed in Japan. The overall response rate was 24% (10 of 41 patients), which included four patients with complete response. In general, the toxicity of forodesine is manageable. As the study met the primary end point, forodesine was approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory PTCL in Japan in March 2017, which was the first approval of forodesine in the world. As forodesine is an oral formulation, it is more convenient than other novel intravenous agents approved for PTCL. However, it is necessary to appropriately manage opportunistic infections and secondary lymphomas possibly associated with long-lasting lymphocytopenia caused by forodesine. In this manuscript, we have summarized the currently available evidence for forodesine and discussed the clinical implications for PTCL treatment.
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Gáliková J, Trávníček Z. Effect of different reaction conditions on the structural diversity of zinc(II) complexes with 9-deazahypoxanthine. Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Schrader FC, Glinca S, Sattler JM, Dahse HM, Afanador GA, Prigge ST, Lanzer M, Mueller AK, Klebe G, Schlitzer M. Novel type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS II) inhibitors as multistage antimalarial agents. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:442-61. [PMID: 23341167 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a potentially fatal disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and poses a major medical risk in large parts of the world. The development of new, affordable antimalarial drugs is of vital importance as there are increasing reports of resistance to the currently available therapeutics. In addition, most of the current drugs used for chemoprophylaxis merely act on parasites already replicating in the blood. At this point, a patient might already be suffering from the symptoms associated with the disease and could additionally be infectious to an Anopheles mosquito. These insects act as a vector, subsequently spreading the disease to other humans. In order to cure not only malaria but prevent transmission as well, a drug must target both the blood- and pre-erythrocytic liver stages of the parasite. P. falciparum (Pf) enoyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (ENR) is a key enzyme of plasmodial type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS II). It has been shown to be essential for liver-stage development of Plasmodium berghei and is therefore qualified as a target for true causal chemoprophylaxis. Using virtual screening based on two crystal structures of PfENR, we identified a structurally novel class of FAS inhibitors. Subsequent chemical optimization yielded two compounds that are effective against multiple stages of the malaria parasite. These two most promising derivatives were found to inhibit blood-stage parasite growth with IC(50) values of 1.7 and 3.0 μM and lead to a more prominent developmental attenuation of liver-stage parasites than the gold-standard drug, primaquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian C Schrader
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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8
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Zhang W, Liu J, Stashko MA, Wang X. Efficient solution-phase synthesis of 4,5,7-trisubstituted pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines. ACS Comb Sci 2013. [PMID: 23181516 DOI: 10.1021/co300106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient and robust route to synthesize 4,5,7-trisubstituted pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines as potent kinase inhibitors. This solution-phase synthesis features a SNAr substitution reaction, cross-coupling reaction, one-pot reduction/reductive amination and N-alkylation reaction. These reactions occur rapidly with high yields and have broad substrate scopes. A variety of groups can be selectively introduced into the N5 and C7 positions of 4,5,7-trisubstituted pyrrolopyrimidines at a late stage of the synthesis, thereby providing a highly efficient approach to explore the structure-activity relationships of pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives. Four synthetic analogs have been profiled against a panel of 48 kinases and a new and selective FLT3 inhibitor 9 is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihe Zhang
- Center for Integrative
Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery,
Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman
School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Center for Integrative
Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery,
Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman
School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael A. Stashko
- Center for Integrative
Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery,
Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman
School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Center for Integrative
Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery,
Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman
School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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9
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Pogosian LG, Nersesova LS, Gazariants MG, Mkrtchian ZS, Akopian ZI. [Some inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase]. Biomed Khim 2012; 57:526-34. [PMID: 22629603 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20115705526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) catalyzes reversible phosphorolysis of purine deoxy- and ribonucleosides with formation (d)Rib-1-P and corresponding bases. PNP plays a leading role in the cell metabolism of nucleosides and nucleotides, as well as in maintaining the immune status of an organism. The major aim of the majority of studies on the PNP is the detection of highly effective inhibitors of this enzyme, derivatives ofpurine nucleosides used in medicine as immunosuppressors, which are essential for creating selective T-cell immunodeficiency in a human body for organ and tissue transplantation. The present work is devoted to the study of the effects of some synthetic derivatives of purine nucleosides on activity of highly purified PNP from rabbit spleen and also from human healthy and tumor tissues of lung and kidneys. Purine nucleoside analogues modified at various positions of both the heterocyclic base and carbohydrate residues have been investigated. Several compounds, including 8-mercapto-acyclovir, 8-bromo-9-(3,4-hydroxy-butyl)guanine, which demonstrated potent PNP inhibition, could be offered for subsequent study as immunosuppressors during organ and tissue transplantation.
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Barandun LJ, Immekus F, Kohler PC, Tonazzi S, Wagner B, Wendelspiess S, Ritschel T, Heine A, Kansy M, Klebe G, Diederich F. From lin-benzoguanines to lin-benzohypoxanthines as ligands for Zymomonas mobilis tRNA-guanine transglycosylase: replacement of protein-ligand hydrogen bonding by importing water clusters. Chemistry 2012; 18:9246-57. [PMID: 22736391 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne illness shigellosis is caused by Shigella bacteria that secrete the highly cytotoxic Shiga toxin, which is also formed by the closely related enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). It has been shown that tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (TGT) is essential for the pathogenicity of Shigella flexneri. Herein, the molecular recognition properties of a guanine binding pocket in Zymomonas mobilis TGT are investigated with a series of lin-benzohypoxanthine- and lin-benzoguanine-based inhibitors that bear substituents to occupy either the ribose-33 or the ribose-34 pocket. The three inhibitor scaffolds differ by the substituent at C(6) being H, NH(2), or NH-alkyl. These differences lead to major changes in the inhibition constants, pK(a) values, and binding modes. Compared to the lin-benzoguanines, with an exocyclic NH(2) at C(6), the lin-benzohypoxanthines without an exocyclic NH(2) group have a weaker affinity as several ionic protein-ligand hydrogen bonds are lost. X-ray cocrystal structure analysis reveals that a new water cluster is imported into the space vacated by the lacking NH(2) group and by a conformational shift of the side chain of catalytic Asp102. In the presence of an N-alkyl group at C(6) in lin-benzoguanine ligands, this water cluster is largely maintained but replacement of one of the water molecules in the cluster leads to a substantial loss in binding affinity. This study provides new insight into the role of water clusters at enzyme active sites and their challenging substitution by ligand parts, a topic of general interest in contemporary structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzi Jakob Barandun
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, HCI, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Pogosian LH, Nersesova LS, Gazariants MG, Mkrtchian ZS, Akopian JI. Some inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Biochem Moscow Suppl Ser B 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750811010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) was recognized more than 30 years ago as a potential target for the treatment of patients with T-cell malignancies when an inherited deficiency of PNP was reported to be associated with a profound T-cell lymphopenia. The biochemical basis for this T-cell deficiency was subsequently shown to be related to the accumulation of plasma 2'-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) and intracellular dGuo triphosphate (dGTP). These observations have led to a search for PNP inhibitors that would be useful clinically in the management of T cell-derived malignancies. The most potent inhibitor of PNP described to date is forodesine, a rationally designed, transition-state analogue inhibitor. The preclinical and clinical pharmacology of forodesine showed its effectiveness in inhibiting PNP and augmenting dGuo levels in plasma. Increased dGTP concentrations in leukemia cells of different lineages provides strong support for the potential use of this agent in the treatment of patients with hematologic malignancies of both T- and B-cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a rare, inherited immunodeficiency disorder in which the specific molecular defect was identified. Clinically, a lack of PNP manifests as profound T-cell deficiency with minor or variable changes in the humoral system. Biochemically, the absence of PNP results in an increase in plasma deoxyguanosine (dGuo) and a T-cell-specific increase in intracellular deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP). This observation has been the impetus for the search for either inhibitors of the enzyme or PNP-resistant dGuo analogues as potential anti-T-cell-lineage agents over the past 30 years. Forodesine (an inhibitor of PNP) and nelarabine (a PNP-resistant dGuo analogue) proved to be T-cell selective when tested in clinic. This review summarises the preclinical, clinical and pharmacokinetic investigations with these novel agents.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Arabinonucleosides/chemistry
- Arabinonucleosides/pharmacology
- Arabinonucleosides/therapeutic use
- Child
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- Deoxyguanosine/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Leukemia, Experimental/drug therapy
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/enzymology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/enzymology
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Purine Nucleosides
- Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyrimidinones/chemistry
- Pyrimidinones/pharmacology
- Pyrimidinones/therapeutic use
- Pyrroles/chemistry
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Pyrroles/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ravandi
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukaemia, Unit 428, 1515 Holcombe Boulevad, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Basso LA, da Silva LHP, Fett-Neto AG, de Azevedo WF, Moreira IDS, Palma MS, Calixto JB, Astolfi Filho S, dos Santos RR, Soares MBP, Santos DS. The use of biodiversity as source of new chemical entities against defined molecular targets for treatment of malaria, tuberculosis, and T-cell mediated diseases: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:475-506. [PMID: 16302058 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern approach to the development of new chemical entities against complex diseases, especially the neglected endemic diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria, is based on the use of defined molecular targets. Among the advantages, this approach allows (i) the search and identification of lead compounds with defined molecular mechanisms against a defined target (e.g. enzymes from defined pathways), (ii) the analysis of a great number of compounds with a favorable cost/benefit ratio, (iii) the development even in the initial stages of compounds with selective toxicity (the fundamental principle of chemotherapy), (iv) the evaluation of plant extracts as well as of pure substances. The current use of such technology, unfortunately, is concentrated in developed countries, especially in the big pharma. This fact contributes in a significant way to hamper the development of innovative new compounds to treat neglected diseases. The large biodiversity within the territory of Brazil puts the country in a strategic position to develop the rational and sustained exploration of new metabolites of therapeutic value. The extension of the country covers a wide range of climates, soil types, and altitudes, providing a unique set of selective pressures for the adaptation of plant life in these scenarios. Chemical diversity is also driven by these forces, in an attempt to best fit the plant communities to the particular abiotic stresses, fauna, and microbes that co-exist with them. Certain areas of vegetation (Amazonian Forest, Atlantic Forest, Araucaria Forest, Cerrado-Brazilian Savanna, and Caatinga) are rich in species and types of environments to be used to search for natural compounds active against tuberculosis, malaria, and chronic-degenerative diseases. The present review describes some strategies to search for natural compounds, whose choice can be based on ethnobotanical and chemotaxonomical studies, and screen for their ability to bind to immobilized drug targets and to inhibit their activities. Molecular cloning, gene knockout, protein expression and purification, N-terminal sequencing, and mass spectrometry are the methods of choice to provide homogeneous drug targets for immobilization by optimized chemical reactions. Plant extract preparations, fractionation of promising plant extracts, propagation protocols and definition of in planta studies to maximize product yield of plant species producing active compounds have to be performed to provide a continuing supply of bioactive materials. Chemical characterization of natural compounds, determination of mode of action by kinetics and other spectroscopic methods (MS, X-ray, NMR), as well as in vitro and in vivo biological assays, chemical derivatization, and structure-activity relationships have to be carried out to provide a thorough knowledge on which to base the search for natural compounds or their derivatives with biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Augusto Basso
- Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brasil.
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Gandhi V, Kilpatrick JM, Plunkett W, Ayres M, Harman L, Du M, Bantia S, Davisson J, Wierda WG, Faderl S, Kantarjian H, Thomas D. A proof-of-principle pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical study with purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor immucillin-H (BCX-1777, forodesine). Blood 2005; 106:4253-60. [PMID: 16131572 PMCID: PMC1895256 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency and T lymphocytopenia suggested that inhibition of this enzyme could serve as a therapeutic target. Inhibitors of PNP failed until structure-based synthesis of immucillin-H (BCX-1777, forodesine), a transition-state analog of PNP. The picomolar potency for PNP, T cell-selective cytotoxicity, and animal studies provided the rationale for use of forodesine in T-cell malignancies. Five patients were treated with an intravenous infusion of forodesine (40 mg/m2) on day 1; treatment continued on day 2; forodesine was administered every 12 hours for an additional 8 doses. Plasma and cellular pharmacokinetics and pharmaco-dynamics were investigated. Median peak level of forodesine (5.4 microM) was achieved at the end of infusion. This level was sufficient to increase plasma 2'-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) concentrations in all patients. Intracellular deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) increased by 2- to 40-fold in 4 of 5 patients (8 of 9 courses) and correlated with antileukemia activity in 4 patients. However, objective responses were not observed. This was the first clinical study in humans to demonstrate the plasma pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamic effectiveness of the PNP inhibitor, forodesine; however, regrowth of leukemia cells in the blood and marrow after course 1 suggested that a different therapeutic schedule should be considered for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 71, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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de Azevedo WF, dos Santos GC, dos Santos DM, Olivieri JR, Canduri F, Silva RG, Basso LA, Renard G, da Fonseca IO, Mendes MA, Palma MS, Santos DS. Docking and small angle X-ray scattering studies of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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de Azevedo WF, Canduri F, dos Santos DM, Silva RG, de Oliveira JS, de Carvalho LPS, Basso LA, Mendes MA, Palma MS, Santos DS. Crystal structure of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase at 2.3A resolution. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 308:545-52. [PMID: 12914785 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) catalyzes the phosphorolysis of the N-ribosidic bonds of purine nucleosides and deoxynucleosides. In human, PNP is the only route for degradation of deoxyguanosine and genetic deficiency of this enzyme leads to profound T-cell mediated immunosuppression. PNP is therefore a target for inhibitor development aiming at T-cell immune response modulation and its low resolution structure has been used for drug design. Here we report the structure of human PNP solved to 2.3A resolution using synchrotron radiation and cryocrystallographic techniques. This structure allowed a more precise analysis of the active site, generating a more reliable model for substrate binding. The higher resolution data allowed the identification of water molecules in the active site, which suggests binding partners for potential ligands. Furthermore, the present structure may be used in the new structure-based design of PNP inhibitors.
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Shih H, Cottam HB, Carson DA. Facile synthesis of 9-substituted 9-deazapurines as potential purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:364-7. [PMID: 11911199 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A facile synthesis of 9-substituted 9-deazapurines as potential inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase has been achieved by the direct Friedel-Crafts aroylation or arylmethylation of 9-deazapurines using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as catalyst. The aroylated 9-deazapurines could be transformed into the corresponding 9-aryimethyl derivatives by the Wolff-Kishner reaction. A novel synthesis of 9-deazahypoxanthine was also developed by treatment of 4-hydroxy-5-phenylazo-6-methylpyrimidin-2-thione with triethyl orthoformate in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to yield 8-oxo-7H-2-phenylpyrimido[5,4-c]pyridazin-6-thione followed by Raney nickel reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiencheng Shih
- Department of Medicine and The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0663, USA.
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Abstract
The ubiquitous purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNPs) play a key role in the purine salvage pathway, and PNP deficiency in humans leads to an impairment of T-cell function, usually with no apparent effects on B-cell function. This review updates the properties of the enzymes from eukaryotes and a wide range of prokaryotes, including a tentative classification of the enzymes from various sources, based on three-dimensional structures in the solid state, subunit composition, amino acid sequences, and substrate specificities. Attention is drawn to the compelling need of quantitative experimental data on subunit composition in solution, binding constants, and stoichiometry of binding; order of ligand binding and release; and its possible relevance to the complex kinetics exhibited with some substrates. Mutations responsible for PNP deficiency are described, as well as clinical methods, including gene therapy, for corrections of this usually fatal disease. Substrate discrimination between enzymes from different sources is also being profited from for development of tumour-directed gene therapy. Detailed accounts are presented of design of potent inhibitors, largely nucleosides and acyclonucleosides, their phosphates and phosphonates, particularly of the human erythrocyte enzyme, some with Ki values in nanomolar and picomolar range, intended for induction of the immunodeficient state for clinical applications, such as prevention of host-versus-graft response in organ transplantations. Methods of assay of PNP activity are reviewed. Also described are applications of PNP from various sources as tools for the enzymatic synthesis of otherwise inaccessible therapeutic nucleoside analogues, as coupling enzymes for assays of orthophosphate in biological systems in the micromolar and submicromolar ranges, and for coupled assays of other enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bzowska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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