1
|
Dong S, Wang Y, Liu L, Jia H, Zang Y, Zu L, Lan T, Wang J. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel DOPO-Based Flame Retardant Intermediate and Its Flame Retardancy as a Polystyrene Intrinsic Flame Retardant. ACS Omega 2023; 8:48825-48842. [PMID: 38162735 PMCID: PMC10753556 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The research on intrinsic flame retardant has become a hot topic in the field of flame retardant. The synthesis of reactive flame-retardant monomer is one of the effective methods to obtain an intrinsic flame retardant. In addition, in view of the small molecular flame retardant easily migrates from the polymer during the use process, which leads to the gradual reduction of the flame retardant effect and even the gradual loss of flame retardant performance, and the advantages of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) technology in polymer structure design and function customization, we first synthesized reactive flame retardant monomer 6-(hydroxymethyl)dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (FAA-DOPO), then synthesized polystyrene bromine (PS148-Br) macromolecular initiator by ATRP technology, and finally obtained block copolymer polystyrene-b-poly{6-(hydroxymethyl)dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide} (PS-b-PFAA-DOPO) by the polymerization of FAA-DOPO initiated by macromolecular initiator PS148-Br by ATRP technology. The chemical structure of FAA-DOPO was characterized by 1D and 2D NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT 135, HSQC, COSY, NOE, and HMBC) spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The chemical structure and molecular weight of PS-b-PFAA-DOPO were characterized by FTIR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The thermal and flame-retardant properties of PS-b-PFAA-DOPO were characterized by thermogravimetry analysis (TG), UL-94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). It was found that FAA-DOPO could be used as a monomer for polymerization, although FAA-DOPO had a large steric hindrance from the chemical structure of FAA-DOPO, the UL-94 grade of PS-b-PFAA-DOPO reached the V-0 grade, and the LOI increased by 59.12% compared with PS148-Br.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Dong
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast
Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, People’s
Republic of China
- Heilongjiang
Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar
University, Qiqihar 161006, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yazhen Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast
Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, People’s
Republic of China
- Heilongjiang
Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar
University, Qiqihar 161006, People’s
Republic of China
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar
University, Qiqihar 161006, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Hongge Jia
- Heilongjiang
Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar
University, Qiqihar 161006, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yu Zang
- Heilongjiang
Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar
University, Qiqihar 161006, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Liwu Zu
- Heilongjiang
Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar
University, Qiqihar 161006, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Lan
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast
Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, People’s
Republic of China
- Heilongjiang
Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar
University, Qiqihar 161006, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast
Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, People’s
Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tayouri MI, Estaji S, Mousavi SR, Salkhi Khasraghi S, Jahanmardi R, Nouranian S, Arjmand M, Khonakdar HA. Degradation of polymer nanocomposites filled with graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles: A review of current status. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
3
|
Affiliation(s)
- Manju Rawat
- Department of Chemical Engineering Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (Deemed to be University) Patiala Punjab India
| | - Sanjeev Ahuja
- Department of Chemical Engineering Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (Deemed to be University) Patiala Punjab India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baby A, Tretsiakova-McNally S, Arun M, Joseph P, Zhang J. Reactive and Additive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds and Their Effects on Fire Retardance. Molecules 2020; 25:E3779. [PMID: 32825185 PMCID: PMC7504409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene, despite its high flammability, is widely used as a thermal insulation material for buildings, for food packaging, in electrical and automotive industries, etc. A number of modification routes have been explored to improve the fire retardance and boost the thermal stability of commercially important styrene-based polymeric products. The earlier strategies mostly involved the use of halogenated fire retardants. Nowadays, these compounds are considered to be persistent pollutants that are hazardous to public and environmental health. Many well-known halogen-based fire retardants, regardless of their chemical structures and modes of action, have been withdrawn from built environments in the European Union, USA, and Canada. This had triggered a growing research interest in, and an industrial demand for, halogen-free alternatives, which not only will reduce the flammability but also address toxicity and bioaccumulation issues. Among the possible options, phosphorus-containing compounds have received greater attention due to their excellent fire-retarding efficiencies and environmentally friendly attributes. Numerous reports were also published on reactive and additive modifications of polystyrene in different forms, particularly in the last decade; hence, the current article aims to provide a critical review of these publications. The authors mainly intend to focus on the chemistries of phosphorous compounds, with the P atom being in different chemical environments, used either as reactive, or additive, fire retardants in styrene-based materials. The chemical pathways and possible mechanisms behind the fire retardance are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aloshy Baby
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Svetlana Tretsiakova-McNally
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Malavika Arun
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Victoria, Australia; (M.A.); (P.J.)
| | - Paul Joseph
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Victoria, Australia; (M.A.); (P.J.)
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stroe M, Cristea M, Matei E, Galatanu A, Cotet LC, Pop LC, Baia M, Danciu V, Anghel I, Baia L, Baibarac MA. Optical Properties of Composites Based on Graphene Oxide and Polystyrene. Molecules 2020; 25:E2419. [PMID: 32455917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, new optical properties of composites based on polystyrene (PS) microspheres and graphene oxide (GO) are reported. The radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of benzoyl peroxide, pentane and GO induces the appearance of new ester groups in the PS macromolecular chains remarked through an increase in the absorbance of the infrared (IR) band at 1743 cm-1. The decrease in the GO concentration in the PS/GO composites mass from 5 wt.% to 0.5 wt.% induces a diminution in the intensities of the D and G Raman bands of GO simultaneous with a down-shift of the D band from 1351 to 1322 cm-1. These variations correlated with the covalent functionalization of the GO layers with PS. For the first time, the photoluminescent (PL) properties of PS/GO composites are reported. The PS microspheres are characterized by a PL band at 397 nm. Through increasing the GO sheets' concentration in the PS/GO composite mass from 0.5 wt.% to 5 wt.%, a PS PL quenching process is reported. In addition, in the presence of ultraviolet A (UVA) light, a photo-degradation process of the PS/GO composite having the GO concentration equal to 5 wt.% is demonstrated by the PL studies.
Collapse
|