Synthesis of halogen-substituted 3-deazaadenosine and 3-deazaguanosine analogues as potential antitumor/antiviral agents

Intermolecular interactions in the crystalline structure of some polyhalogenated Di- And triamino Pyridines: Spectroscopical perspectives

Supramolecular synthon is identified as a unit and provides important structural and energetic information in the study of organic crystals. However, the direct estimation of the supramolecular interaction remains challenging. In the present work six polyhalogenated di- or triamino pyridines were synthesised, their crystalline structure was characterised, and corresponding supramolecular synthons were studied using a combination of quantum mechanical calculations and FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Some distinctive features were identified especially for three vibrational normal modes (RNMs) related to the pyridine ring (viz. RNM₁, RNM₃ and RNM₇) in the vibrational spectra (FT-IR and Raman) of the solid samples, which are due to the supramolecular interactions, hydrogen bond (hb) in particular, according to the quantum mechanical calculations. The comparison between the IR and Raman spectra of experimental and simulated results indicates that the adjacent intermolecular hydrogen bonds between two same molecules extensively exist in the solid samples. Moreover, some quantitative correlation was established among the dimerisation energies for hb dimers (hb1 dimers for compounds 1 and 2), the ring structure defined by the distribution of the substituents and quantitative characteristics of the vibrational spectra, for instance, the splitting magnitudes for RNM₃(2) in IR spectra and the peak gap between RNM₁ and RNM₂ in Raman spectra.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pentanediamide derivatives as S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitors

A series of novel pentanediamide derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHase) inhibitors in this study. Some compounds showed good inhibitory activity against SAHase. The optimal compound 7i showed good inhibitory activity against SAHase with IC₅₀ value of 3.58 ± 0.19 μM, cytotoxicity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 13.16 ± 1.44 to 21.23 ± 0.73 μM against four tumor cell lines (MCF-7, A549, MGC-803, Hela) and very weak cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 84.22 ± 1.89 μM) on normal LO2 cells. In addition, compound 7i showed potency against respiratory syncytial virus with EC₅₀ value of 27.4 μM and selectivity index of 6.84. Further molecular simulation study suggested that compound 7i had good ADMET properties, and strongly binds to the active site of SAHase. In summary, compound 7i could serve as a new lead compound for further screening novel non-adenosine SAHase inhibitors.

Impact of molecular packing rearrangement on solid-state fluorescence: polyhalogenated N-hetarylamines vs. their co-crystals with 18-crown-6

Relationship between the hetarylamine chemical structure, crystal packing in homo- and co-crystals, and fluorescence effects (quenching, bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts).

The evolution of nucleoside analogue antivirals: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part 1: Early structural modifications to the nucleoside scaffold

This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. Rather than providing a simple chronological account, we have examined and attempted to explain the thought processes, advances in synthetic chemistry and lessons learned from antiviral testing that led to a few molecules being moved forward to eventual approval for human therapies, while others were discarded. The present paper focuses on early, relatively simplistic changes made to the nucleoside scaffold, beginning with modifications of the nucleoside sugars of Ara-C and other arabinose-derived nucleoside analogues in the 1960's. A future paper will review more recent developments, focusing especially on more complex modifications, particularly those involving multiple changes to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these articles will help virologists and others outside the field of medicinal chemistry to understand why certain drugs were successfully developed, while the majority of candidate compounds encountered barriers due to low-yielding synthetic routes, toxicity or other problems that led to their abandonment.

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This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs.

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It is written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, and for chemists unfamiliar with the field.

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Numerous modifications have been made to the nucleoside scaffold in order to impart therapeutic benefits.

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Nucleoside modifications led to the development of potent antivirals such as acyclovir, entecavir, and tenofovir.

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We examine thought processes, progress in synthetic chemistry and results of antiviral testing that led to approved drugs.

Novel halogenated 3-deazapurine, 7-deazapurine and alkylated 9-deazapurine derivatives of L-ascorbic or imino-L-ascorbic acid: Synthesis, antitumour and antiviral activity evaluations

Keeping the potential synergy of biological activity of synthetic anomalous derivatives of deazapurines and l-ascorbic acid (l-AA) in mind, we have synthesized new 3-, 7- and 9-deazapurine derivatives of l-ascorbic (1–4, 8–10, 13–15) and imino-l-ascorbic acid (5–7, 11, 12, 16–19). These novel compounds were evaluated for their cytostatic and antiviral activity in vitro against a panel of human malignant tumour cell lines and normal murine fibroblasts (3T3). Among all evaluated compounds, the 9-deazapurine derivative of l-AA (13) exerted the most potent inhibitory activity on the growth of CEM/0 cells (IC₅₀ = 4.1 ± 1.8 μM) and strong antiproliferative effect against L1210/0 (IC₅₀ = 4.7 ± 0.1 μM) while the 9-deazahypoxanthine derivative of l-AA (15) showed the best effect against HeLa cells (IC₅₀ = 5.6 ± 1.3 μM) and prominent effect on L1210/0 (IC₅₀ = 4.5 ± 0.5 μM). Furthermore, the 9-deazapurine derivative disubstituted with two imino-l-AA moieties (18) showed the best activity against L1210/0 tumour cells (IC₅₀ = 4.4 ± 0.3 μM) and the most pronounced antiproliferative effects against MiaPaCa-2 cells (IC₅₀ = 5.7 ± 0.2 μM). All these compounds showed selective cytostatic effect on tumour cell lines in comparison with embryonal murine fibroblasts (3T3). When evaluating their antiviral activity, the 3-deazapurine derivative of l-AA (3) exhibited the highest activity against both laboratory-adapted strains of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) (AD-169 and Davis) with EC₅₀ values comparable to those of the well-known anti-HCMV drug ganciclovir and without cytotoxic effects on normal human embryonal lung (HEL) cells.

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Deazapurine derivatives of l-ascorbic and imino-l-ascorbic acid were synthesized.

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Compound 13 exerted strong activity on the growth of CEM/0 and L1210/0 cells.

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Compound 15 showed the best cytostatic effect against HeLa cells.

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Compound 18 showed the best cytostatic activity against L1210/0 and MiaPaCa-2.

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Compound 3 exhibited highest effect against HCMV comparable to ganciclovir.

Designing a New Class of Bases for Nucleic Acid Quadruplexes and Quadruplex-Active Ligands

A new class of quadruplex nucleobases, derived from 3-deazaguanine, has been designed for various applications as smart quadruplex ligands as well as quadruplex-based aptamers, receptors, and sensors. An efficient strategy for modifying the guanine quadruplex core has been developed and tested by using quantum chemistry methods. Several potential guanine derivatives modified at the 3- or 8-position or both are analyzed, and the results compared to reference systems containing natural guanine. Analysis of the formation energies (BLYP-D3(BJ)/def2-TZVPP level of theory, in combination with the COSMO model for water) in model systems consisting of two and three stacked tetrads with Na(+) /K(+) ion(s) inside the internal channel indicates that the formation of structures with 3-halo-3-deazaguanine bases leads to a substantial gain in energy, as compared to the corresponding reference guanine complexes. The results cast light on changes in the noncovalent interactions (hydrogen bonding, stacking, and ion coordination) in a quadruplex stem upon modification of the guanine core. In particular, the enhanced stability of the modified quadruplexes was shown to originate mainly from increased π-π stacking. Our study suggests the 3-halo-3-deazaguanine skeleton as a potential building unit for quadruplex systems and smart G-quadruplex ligands.

Synthesis of 2'-O-methyl-RNAs incorporating a 3-deazaguanine, and UV melting and computational studies on its hybridization properties

2′-O-Methyl-RNAs incorporating 3-deazaguanine (c³G) were synthesized by use of N,N-diphenylcarbamoyl and N,N-dimethylaminomethylene as its base protecting groups to suppress sheared-type 5′-GA-3′/5′-GA-3′ tandem mismatched base pairing which requires the N³ atom. These modified RNAs hybridized more weakly with the complementary and single mismatch-containing RNAs than the unmodified RNAs. The T_m experiments were performed to clarify the effects of replacement of the fifth G with c³G on stabilization of 2′-O-methyl-(5′-CGGCGAGGAG-3′)/5′-CUCCGAGCCG-3′ and 2′-O-methyl-(5′-CGGGGACGAG-3′)/5′-CUCGGACCCG-3′duplexes, which form sheared-type and face-to-face type 5′-GA-3′/5′-GA-3′ tandem mismatched base pairs, respectively. Consequently, this replacement led to more pronounced destabilization of the former duplex that needs the N³ atom for the sheared-type base pair than the latter that does not need it for the face-to-face type base pair. A similar tendency was observed for 2′-O-methyl-RNA/DNA duplexes. These results suggest that the N³ atom of G plays an important role in stabilization of the canonical G/C base pair as well as the base discrimination and its loss suppressed formation of the undesired sheared-type mismatched base pair. Computational studies based on ab initio calculations suggest that the weaker hydrogen bonding ability and larger dipole moment of c³G can be the origin of the lower T_m.