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Merino-Vico A, van Hamburg JP, Tuijnenburg P, Frazzei G, Al-Soudi A, Bonasia CG, Helder B, Rutgers A, Abdulahad WH, Stegeman CA, Sanders JS, Bergamaschi L, Lyons PA, Bijma T, van Keep L, Wesenhagen K, Jongejan A, Olsson H, de Vries N, Kuijpers TW, Heeringa P, Tas SW. Targeting NF-κB signaling in B cells as a potential new treatment modality for ANCA-associated vasculitis. J Autoimmun 2024; 142:103133. [PMID: 37931331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
B lineage cells are critically involved in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), evidenced by alterations in circulating B cell subsets and beneficial clinical effects of rituximab (anti-CD20) therapy. This treatment renders a long-term, peripheral B cell depletion, but allows for the survival of long-lived plasma cells. Therefore, there is an unmet need for more reversible and full B lineage cell targeting approaches. To find potential novel therapeutic targets, RNA sequencing of CD27+ memory B cells of patients with active AAV was performed, revealing an upregulated NF-κB-associated gene signature. NF-κB signaling pathways act downstream of various B cell surface receptors, including the BCR, CD40, BAFFR and TLRs, and are essential for B cell responses. Here we demonstrate that novel pharmacological inhibitors of NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK, non-canonical NF-κB signaling) and inhibitor-of-κB-kinase-β (IKKβ, canonical NF-κB signaling) can effectively inhibit NF-κB signaling in B cells, whereas T cell responses were largely unaffected. Moreover, both inhibitors significantly reduced B cell proliferation, differentiation and production of antibodies, including proteinase-3 (PR3) autoantibodies, in B lineage cells of AAV patients. These findings indicate that targeting NF-κB, particularly NIK, may be an effective, novel B lineage cell targeted therapy for AAV and other autoimmune diseases with prominent B cell involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Merino-Vico
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Piet van Hamburg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Tuijnenburg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giulia Frazzei
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aram Al-Soudi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlo G Bonasia
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 EA11, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Boy Helder
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abraham Rutgers
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 EA11, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wayel H Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 EA11, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 EA11, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen A Stegeman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 EA11, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Stephan Sanders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 EA11, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Bergamaschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffre Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffre Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Theo Bijma
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 EA11, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Laura van Keep
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Wesenhagen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Bioinformatics Laboratory, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henric Olsson
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niek de Vries
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 EA11, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander W Tas
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Roy K, Chakraborty M, Kumar A, Manna AK, Roy NS. The NFκB signaling system in the generation of B-cell subsets: from germinal center B cells to memory B cells and plasma cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1185597. [PMID: 38169968 PMCID: PMC10758606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells and antibody-secreting cells are the two prime effector B cell populations that drive infection- and vaccine-induced long-term antibody-mediated immunity. The antibody-mediated immunity mostly relies on the formation of specialized structures within secondary lymphoid organs, called germinal centers (GCs), that facilitate the interactions between B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells. Antigen-activated B cells may proliferate and differentiate into GC-independent plasmablasts and memory B cells or differentiate into GC B cells. The GC B cells undergo proliferation coupled to somatic hypermutation of their immunoglobulin genes for antibody affinity maturation. Subsequently, affinity mature GC B cells differentiate into GC-dependent plasma cells and memory B cells. Here, we review how the NFκB signaling system controls B cell proliferation and the generation of GC B cells, plasmablasts/plasma cells, and memory B cells. We also identify and discuss some important unanswered questions in this connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Roy
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mainak Chakraborty
- Division of Immunology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Asit Kumar Manna
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Neeladri Sekhar Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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3
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Ramanarayanan P, Heine G, Worm M. Vitamin A and vitamin D induced nuclear hormone receptor activation and its impact on B cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production. Immunol Lett 2023; 263:80-86. [PMID: 37774987 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A and vitamin D metabolites are ligands to nuclear receptors - namely RAR, RXR and VDR. The activation of these receptors in human B cells impacts B cell maturation and function. In this review, we discuss how 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) individually or in conjunction, signal through their nuclear receptors and thereby impact B cell differentiation, immunoglobulin class switching to IgA at the expense of IgE, and also B cell migration and homing. Impact of the vitamin metabolites individually on B cell survival factors are well elucidated, be it the regulation of BAFF and APRIL, the induction of TGF-β or suppression of NF-κB. Very little is known about the impact of 9cRA and calcitriol together on B cells. Recently our group revealed that 9cRA and calcitriol together in the context of the B cell differentiation, induces naïve B cell differentiation into IgA+ plasmablasts, the functional and underlying molecular regulations however require further investigation. In conclusion, the conjunctional impact of these nuclear receptor ligands on B cell functionality is important to better understand B cell dependent clinical outcomes in allergy and autoimmunity. Within this review, we hypothesize that a balance between both vitamins is of utmost importance to provide a robust humoral immune response and a better treatment of disorders characterised by dysregulated immune responses such as IgE-dependent allergy or autoimmunity such as lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Heine
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschung Zentrum (DRFZ), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité University of Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
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4
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Zheng Y, Yu M, Chen Y, Xue L, Zhu W, Fu G, Morris SW, Wen R, Wang D. CARD19, a Novel Regulator of the TAK1/NF-κB Pathway in Self-Reactive B Cells. J Immunol 2023; 210:1222-1235. [PMID: 36961449 PMCID: PMC10156913 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The caspase recruitment domain family member (CARD)11-Bcl10-Malt1 signalosome controls TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation and regulates BCR-induced NF-κB activation. In this study, we discovered that CARD19 interacted with TAK1 and inhibited TAB2-mediated TAK1 ubiquitination and activation. Although CARD19 deficiency in mice did not affect B cell development, it enhanced clonal deletion, receptor editing, and anergy of self-reactive B cells, and it reduced autoantibody production. Mechanistically, CARD19 deficiency increased BCR/TAK1-mediated NF-κB activation, leading to increased expression of transcription factors Egr2/3, as well as the E3 ubiquitin ligases c-Cbl/Cbl-b, which are known inducers of B cell tolerance in self-reactive B cells. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that although CARD19 deficiency did not affect the overall Ag-induced gene expression in naive B cells, it suppressed BCR signaling and increased hyporesponsiveness of self-reactive B cells. As a result, CARD19 deficiency prevented Bm12-induced experimental systemic lupus erythematosus. In summary, CARD19 negatively regulates BCR/TAK1-induced NF-κB activation and its deficiency increases Egr2/3 and c-Cbl/Cbl-b expression in self-reactive B cells, thereby enhancing B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Yu
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Wen Zhu
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Guoping Fu
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Renren Wen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Demin Wang
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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5
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Adori M, Khoenkhoen S, Zhang J, Dopico XC, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Enhanced B Cell Receptor Signaling Partially Compensates for Impaired Toll-like Receptor 4 Responses in LPS-Stimulated IκBNS-Deficient B Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091229. [PMID: 37174629 PMCID: PMC10177494 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates dual receptor signaling by bridging the B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor 4 (BCR/TLR4). B cells from IκBNS-deficient bumble mice treated with LPS display reduced proliferative capacity and impaired plasma cell differentiation. To improve our understanding of the regulatory role of IκBNS in B cell activation and differentiation, we investigated the BCR and TLR4 signaling pathways separately by using dimeric anti-IgM Fab (F(ab')2) or lipid A, respectively. IκBNS-deficient B cells exhibited reduced survival and defective proliferative capacity in response to lipid A compared to B cells from wildtype (wt) control mice. In contrast, anti-IgM stimulation of bumble B cells resulted in enhanced viability and increased differentiation into CD138+ cells compared to control B cells. Anti-IgM-stimulated IκBNS-deficient B cells also showed enhanced cycle progression with increased levels of c-Myc and cyclin D2, and augmented levels of pCD79a, pSyk, and pERK compared to control B cells. These results suggest that IκBNS acts as a negative regulator of BCR signaling and a positive regulator of TLR4 signaling in mouse B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Adori
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sharesta Khoenkhoen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jingdian Zhang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Molecular Metabolism and Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xaquin Castro Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Lai J, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Lu C, Meng C, Xia D, Li Y, Cao K, Gao X, Yuan Q. Cell-Penetrating Peptide Conjugated Au Nanoclusters Selectively Suppress Refractory Lymphoma Cells via Targeting Both Canonical and Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:228-237. [PMID: 36521093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Activated B cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL) is the most aggressive form of DLBCL, with a significantly inferior prognosis due to resistance to the standard R-CHOP immunochemotherapy. Survival of ABC-DLBCL cells addicted to the constitutive activations of both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling makes them attractive therapeutic targets. However, a pharmaceutical approach simultaneously targeting the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathway in the ABC-DLBCL cell is still lacking. Peptide-conjugated gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have emerged unique intrinsic biomedical activities and possess a great potential in cancer theranostics. Here, we demonstrated a Au25 nanocluster conjugated by cell-penetrating peptides that can selectively repress the growth of ABC-DLBCL cells by inducing efficient apoptosis, more efficiently than glutathione (GSH)-conjugated AuNCs. The mechanism study showed that the cell-penetrating peptides enhanced the cellular internalization efficiency of AuNCs, and the selective repression in ABC-DLBCL cells is due to the inhibition of inherent constitutive canonical and noncanonical NF-κB activities by AuNCs. Several NF-κB target genes involved in chemotherapy resistance in ABC-DLBCL cells, including anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members and DNA damage repair proteins, were effectively down-regulated by the AuNC. The emerged novel activity of AuNCs in targeting both arms of NF-κB signaling in ABC-DLBCL cells may provide a promising candidate and a new insight into the rational design of peptide-conjugated Au nanomedicine for molecular targeting treatment of refractory lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lai
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yawen Yao
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yulu Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Cao Lu
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Cong Meng
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Dongfang Xia
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yanggege Li
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Kai Cao
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xueyun Gao
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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7
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van Schouwenburg P, Unger S, Payne KJ, Kaiser FMP, Pico-Knijnenburg I, Pfeiffer J, Hausmann O, Friedmann D, Erbel M, Seidl M, van Zessen D, Stubbs AP, van der Burg M, Warnatz K. Deciphering imprints of impaired memory B-cell maturation in germinal centers of three patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2022; 13:959002. [PMID: 36275744 PMCID: PMC9582261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), characterized by recurrent infections, low serum class-switched immunoglobulin isotypes, and poor antigen-specific antibody responses, comprises a heterogeneous patient population in terms of clinical presentation and underlying etiology. The diagnosis is regularly associated with a severe decrease of germinal center (GC)-derived B-cell populations in peripheral blood. However, data from B-cell differentiation within GC is limited. We present a multiplex approach combining histology, flow cytometry, and B-cell receptor repertoire analysis of sorted GC B-cell populations allowing the modeling of distinct disturbances in GCs of three CVID patients. Our results reflect pathophysiological heterogeneity underlying the reduced circulating pool of post-GC memory B cells and plasmablasts in the three patients. In patient 1, quantitative and qualitative B-cell development in GCs is relatively normal. In patient 2, irregularly shaped GCs are associated with reduced somatic hypermutation (SHM), antigen selection, and class-switching, while in patient 3, high SHM, impaired antigen selection, and class-switching with large single clones imply increased re-cycling of cells within the irregularly shaped GCs. In the lymph nodes of patients 2 and 3, only limited numbers of memory B cells and plasma cells are formed. While reduced numbers of circulating post GC B cells are a general phenomenon in CVID, the integrated approach exemplified distinct defects during GC maturation ranging from near normal morphology and function to severe disturbances with different facets of impaired maturation of memory B cells and/or plasma cells. Integrated dissection of disturbed GC B-cell maturation by histology, flow cytometry, and BCR repertoire analysis contributes to unraveling defects in the essential steps during memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline van Schouwenburg
- Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanne Unger
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathryn J. Payne
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian M. P. Kaiser
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Pico-Knijnenburg
- Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jens Pfeiffer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - David Friedmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Erbel
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - David van Zessen
- Clinical Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andrew P. Stubbs
- Clinical Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Klaus Warnatz,
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8
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Dey KK, Gazal S, van de Geijn B, Kim SS, Nasser J, Engreitz JM, Price AL. SNP-to-gene linking strategies reveal contributions of enhancer-related and candidate master-regulator genes to autoimmune disease. Cell Genom 2022; 2:100145. [PMID: 35873673 PMCID: PMC9306342 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We assess contributions to autoimmune disease of genes whose regulation is driven by enhancer regions (enhancer-related) and genes that regulate other genes in trans (candidate master-regulator). We link these genes to SNPs using several SNP-to-gene (S2G) strategies and apply heritability analyses to draw three conclusions about 11 autoimmune/blood-related diseases/traits. First, several characterizations of enhancer-related genes using functional genomics data are informative for autoimmune disease heritability after conditioning on a broad set of regulatory annotations. Second, candidate master-regulator genes defined using trans-eQTL in blood are also conditionally informative for autoimmune disease heritability. Third, integrating enhancer-related and master-regulator gene sets with protein-protein interaction (PPI) network information magnified their disease signal. The resulting PPI-enhancer gene score produced >2-fold stronger heritability signal and >2-fold stronger enrichment for drug targets, compared with the recently proposed enhancer domain score. In each case, functionally informed S2G strategies produced 4.1- to 13-fold stronger disease signals than conventional window-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal K. Dey
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Steven Gazal
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bryce van de Geijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Samuel Sungil Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph Nasser
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jesse M. Engreitz
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- BASE Initiative, Betty Irene Moore Children’s Heart Center, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alkes L. Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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9
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Micus LC, Trautschold-Krause FS, Jelit AL, Schön MP, Lorenz VN. NF-кB c-Rel modulates pre-fibrotic changes in human fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:943-951. [PMID: 34888734 PMCID: PMC9522690 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Skin fibrosis is one central hallmark of the heterogeneous autoimmune disease systemic sclerosis. So far, there are hardly any standardized and effective treatment options. Pathogenic mechanisms underlying fibrosis comprise excessive and uncontrolled myofibroblast differentiation, increased extracellular matrix protein (ECM) synthesis and an intensification of the forces exerted by the cytoskeleton. A deeper understanding of fibroblast transformation could help to prevent or reverse fibrosis by specifically interfering with abnormally regulated signaling pathways. The transcription factor NF-κB has been implicated in the progression of fibrotic processes. However, the cellular processes regulated by NF-κB in fibrosis as well as the NF-κB isoforms preferentially involved are still completely unknown. In an in vitro model of fibrosis, we consistently observed the induction of the c-Rel subunit of NF-κB. Functional abrogation of c-Rel by siRNA resulted in diminished cell contractility of dermal fibroblasts in relaxed, but not in stressed 3D collagen matrices. Furthermore, directed migration was reduced after c-Rel silencing and total N-cadherin expression level was diminished, possibly mediating the observed cellular defects. Therefore, NF-кB c-Rel impacts central cellular adhesion markers and processes which negatively regulate fibrotic progression in SSc pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Carolina Micus
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen Lower Saxony, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Susanne Trautschold-Krause
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen Lower Saxony, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Jelit
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen Lower Saxony, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Peter Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen Lower Saxony, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Verena Natalie Lorenz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen Lower Saxony, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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10
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Somma D, Kok FO, Kerrigan D, Wells CA, Carmody RJ. Defining the Role of Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB p105 Subunit in Human Macrophage by Transcriptomic Analysis of NFKB1 Knockout THP1 Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669906. [PMID: 34721373 PMCID: PMC8548695 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery over 30 years ago the NF-ĸB family of transcription factors has gained the status of master regulator of the immune response. Much of what we understand of the role of NF-ĸB in immune development, homeostasis and inflammation comes from studies of mice null for specific NF-ĸB subunit encoding genes. The role of inflammation in diseases that affect a majority of individuals with health problems globally further establishes NF-ĸB as an important pathogenic factor. More recently, genomic sequencing has revealed loss of function mutations in the NFKB1 gene as the most common monogenic cause of common variable immunodeficiencies in Europeans. NFKB1 encodes the p105 subunit of NF-ĸB which is processed to generate the NF-ĸB p50 subunit. NFKB1 is the most highly expressed transcription factor in macrophages, key cellular drivers of inflammation and immunity. Although a key role for NFKB1 in the control of the immune system is apparent from Nfkb1-/- mouse studies, we know relatively little of the role of NFKB1 in regulating human macrophage responses. In this study we use the THP1 monocyte cell line and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to generate a model of NFKB1-/- human macrophages. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that activated NFKB1-/- macrophages are more pro-inflammatory than wild type controls and express elevated levels of TNF, IL6, and IL1B, but also have reduced expression of co-stimulatory factors important for the activation of T cells and adaptive immune responses such as CD70, CD83 and CD209. NFKB1-/- THP1 macrophages recapitulate key observations in individuals with NFKB1 haploinsufficiency including decreased IL10 expression. These data supporting their utility as an in vitro model for understanding the role of NFKB1 in human monocytes and macrophages and indicate that of loss of function NFKB1 mutations in these cells is an important component in the associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Somma
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fatma O Kok
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Kerrigan
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christine A Wells
- Centre for Stem Cell Systems, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruaidhrí J Carmody
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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11
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Fulford TS, Grumont R, Wirasinha RC, Ellis D, Barugahare A, Turner SJ, Naeem H, Powell D, Lyons PA, Smith KGC, Scheer S, Zaph C, Klein U, Daley SR, Gerondakis S. c-Rel employs multiple mechanisms to promote the thymic development and peripheral function of regulatory T cells in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2006-2026. [PMID: 33960413 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor c-Rel is a critical regulator of Treg ontogeny, controlling multiple points of the stepwise developmental pathway. Here, we found that the thymic Treg defect in c-Rel-deficient (cRel-/- ) mice is quantitative, not qualitative, based on analyses of TCR repertoire and TCR signaling strength. However, these parameters are altered in the thymic Treg-precursor population, which is also markedly diminished in cRel-/- mice. Moreover, c-Rel governs the transcriptional programme of both thymic and peripheral Tregs, controlling a core of genes involved with immune signaling, and separately in the periphery, cell cycle progression. Last, the immune suppressive function of peripheral cRel-/- tTregs is diminished in a lymphopenic model of T cell proliferation and is associated with decreased stability of Foxp3 expression. Collectively, we show that c-Rel is a transcriptional regulator that controls multiple aspects of Treg development, differentiation, and function via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Fulford
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Raelene Grumont
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rushika C Wirasinha
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darcy Ellis
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adele Barugahare
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Monash Bioinformatics Platform, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Haroon Naeem
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Powell
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Sebastian Scheer
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colby Zaph
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulf Klein
- Division of Haematology & Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 7TF
| | - Stephen R Daley
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steve Gerondakis
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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12
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Berry CT, Liu X, Myles A, Nandi S, Chen YH, Hershberg U, Brodsky IE, Cancro MP, Lengner CJ, May MJ, Freedman BD. BCR-Induced Ca 2+ Signals Dynamically Tune Survival, Metabolic Reprogramming, and Proliferation of Naive B Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107474. [PMID: 32294437 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR) engagement induces naive B cells to differentiate and perform critical immune-regulatory functions. Acquisition of functional specificity requires that a cell survive, enter the cell cycle, and proliferate. We establish that quantitatively distinct Ca2+ signals triggered by variations in the extent of BCR engagement dynamically regulate these transitions by controlling nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), NFAT, and mTORC1 activity. Weak BCR engagement induces apoptosis by failing to activate NF-κB-driven anti-apoptotic gene expression. Stronger signals that trigger more robust Ca2+ signals promote NF-κB-dependent survival and NFAT-, mTORC1-, and c-Myc-dependent cell-cycle entry and proliferation. Finally, we establish that CD40 or TLR9 costimulation circumvents these Ca2+-regulated checkpoints of B cell activation and proliferation. As altered BCR signaling is linked to autoimmunity and B cell malignancies, these results have important implications for understanding the pathogenesis of aberrant B cell activation and differentiation and therapeutic approaches to target these responses. Berry et al. establish that variations in the strength of BCR engagement are encoded as quantitatively distinct calcium signals that tune B cell fates by dynamically regulating NF-κB, NFAT, and mTORC1 activity. Targeting calcium signaling may thereby serve as an effective treatment strategy for regulating normal and pathological B cell activation.
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13
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Kober-Hasslacher M, Oh-Strauß H, Kumar D, Soberon V, Diehl C, Lech M, Engleitner T, Katab E, Fernández-Sáiz V, Piontek G, Li H, Menze B, Ziegenhain C, Enard W, Rad R, Böttcher JP, Anders HJ, Rudelius M, Schmidt-Supprian M. c-Rel gain in B cells drives germinal center reactions and autoantibody production. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3270-3286. [PMID: 32191641 DOI: 10.1172/jci124382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and locus amplification link the NF-κB transcription factor c-Rel to human autoimmune diseases and B cell lymphomas, respectively. However, the functional consequences of enhanced c-Rel levels remain enigmatic. Here, we overexpressed c-Rel specifically in mouse B cells from BAC-transgenic gene loci and demonstrate that c-Rel protein levels linearly dictated expansion of germinal center B (GCB) cells and isotype-switched plasma cells. c-Rel expression in B cells of otherwise c-Rel-deficient mice fully rescued terminal B cell differentiation, underscoring its critical B cell-intrinsic roles. Unexpectedly, in GCB cells transcription-independent regulation produced the highest c-Rel protein levels among B cell subsets. In c-Rel-overexpressing GCB cells this caused enhanced nuclear translocation, a profoundly altered transcriptional program, and increased proliferation. Finally, we provide a link between c-Rel gain and autoimmunity by showing that c-Rel overexpression in B cells caused autoantibody production and renal immune complex deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Kober-Hasslacher
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hyunju Oh-Strauß
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Valeria Soberon
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carina Diehl
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maciej Lech
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics and
| | - Eslam Katab
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanesa Fernández-Sáiz
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Piontek
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Hongwei Li
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Björn Menze
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Ziegenhain
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics and
| | - Jan P Böttcher
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Rudelius
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Fultang N, Li X, Li T, Chen YH. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Differentiation in Cancer: Transcriptional Regulators and Enhanceosome-Mediated Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619253. [PMID: 33519825 PMCID: PMC7840597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) are a sub-population of leukocytes that are important for carcinogenesis and cancer immunotherapy. During carcinogenesis or severe infections, inflammatory mediators induce MDSCs via aberrant differentiation of myeloid precursors. Although several transcription factors, including C/EBPβ, STAT3, c-Rel, STAT5, and IRF8, have been reported to regulate MDSC differentiation, none of them are specifically expressed in MDSCs. How these lineage-non-specific transcription factors specify MDSC differentiation in a lineage-specific manner is unclear. The recent discovery of the c-Rel−C/EBPβ enhanceosome in MDSCs may help explain these context-dependent roles. In this review, we examine several transcriptional regulators of MDSC differentiation, and discuss the concept of non-modular regulation of MDSC signature gene expression by transcription factors such as c-Rel and C/EBPß.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Fultang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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15
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Bale S, Varga J, Bhattacharyya S. Role of RP105 and A20 in negative regulation of toll-like receptor activity in fibrosis: potential targets for therapeutic intervention. AIMS Allergy and Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/allergy.2021009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Basavarajappa SC, Ramakrishnan P. Regulation of B-cell function by NF-kappaB c-Rel in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3325-40. [PMID: 32130429 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03488-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells mediate humoral immune response and contribute to the regulation of cellular immune response. Members of the Nuclear Factor kappaB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors play a major role in regulating B-cell functions. NF-κB subunit c-Rel is predominantly expressed in lymphocytes, and in B cells, it is required for survival, proliferation, and antibody production. Dysregulation of c-Rel expression and activation alters B-cell homeostasis and is associated with B-cell lymphomas and autoimmune pathologies. Based on its essential roles, c-Rel may serve as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target. This review summarizes the current understanding of the multifaceted role of c-Rel in B cells and B-cell diseases.
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17
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Priebe MK, Dewert N, Amschler K, Erpenbeck L, Heinzerling L, Schön MP, Seitz CS, Lorenz VN. c-Rel is a cell cycle modulator in human melanoma cells. Exp Dermatol 2018; 28:121-128. [PMID: 30466153 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma progression and resistance to therapy are associated with faulty regulation of signalling molecules including the central transcription factor NF-κB. Increased expression of the c-Rel subunit of NF-κB has been described in progressing melanoma, though mechanistic implications of this upregulation remain unclear. To elucidate the functional role of c-Rel in melanoma biology, we have assessed its expression in human melanoma as well as in melanoma cell lines. Suppression of c-Rel expression in four melanoma cell lines resulted in reduced growth and altered cell cycle regulation, namely G2/M and polyploid phase induction. Moreover, mitotic spindle morphology was profoundly altered in three of the cell lines with a predominance of monopolar structures. These findings suggest that c-Rel is involved in G2/M phase regulation, prevention of polyploidy and, consequently, chromosomal stability. Our results highlight a novel tumor-promoting function of c-Rel in human melanoma cells through governing cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie K Priebe
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadin Dewert
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Amschler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luise Erpenbeck
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucie Heinzerling
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia S Seitz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Verena N Lorenz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Abstract
NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) is a transcription complex crucial for host defense mediated by innate and adaptive immunity, where canonical NF-κB signaling, mediated by nuclear translocation of RelA, c-Rel, and p50, is important for immune cell activation, differentiation, and survival. Non-canonical signaling mediated by nuclear translocation of p52 and RelB contributes to lymphocyte maturation and survival and is also crucial for lymphoid organogenesis. We outline NF-κB signaling and regulation, then summarize important molecular contributions of NF-κB to mechanisms of self-tolerance. We relate these mechanisms to autoimmune phenotypes described in what is now a substantial catalog of immune defects conferred by mutations in NF-κB pathways in mouse models. Finally, we describe Mendelian autoimmune syndromes arising from human NF-κB mutations, and speculate on implications for understanding sporadic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Miraghazadeh
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthew C. Cook
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Acton, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Matthew C. Cook,
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19
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Su D, Vanhee S, Soria R, Gyllenbäck EJ, Starnes LM, Højfeldt MK, Pedersen GK, Yuan J, Daniel JA. PTIP chromatin regulator controls development and activation of B cell subsets to license humoral immunity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9328-37. [PMID: 29078319 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707938114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide optimal host defense, the full spectrum of antibody-based immunity requires natural antibodies and immunization-induced antigen-specific antibodies. Here we show that the PTIP (Pax transactivation domain-interacting protein) chromatin regulator is induced by B cell activation to potentiate the establishment of steady-state and postimmune serum antibody levels. It does so by promoting activation-associated proliferation and differentiation of all the major B cell subsets, at least in part, through regulating the NF-κB pathway. With the genetic basis still unknown for a majority of patients with common variable immunodeficiency, further work investigating how PTIP controls cell signaling may generate valuable new insight for human health and disease. B cell receptor signaling and downstream NF-κB activity are crucial for the maturation and functionality of all major B cell subsets, yet the molecular players in these signaling events are not fully understood. Here we use several genetically modified mouse models to demonstrate that expression of the multifunctional BRCT (BRCA1 C-terminal) domain-containing PTIP (Pax transactivation domain-interacting protein) chromatin regulator is controlled by B cell activation and potentiates steady-state and postimmune antibody production in vivo. By examining the effects of PTIP deficiency in mice at various ages during ontogeny, we demonstrate that PTIP promotes bone marrow B cell development as well as the neonatal establishment and subsequent long-term maintenance of self-reactive B-1 B cells. Furthermore, we find that PTIP is required for B cell receptor- and T:B interaction-induced proliferation, differentiation of follicular B cells during germinal center formation, and normal signaling through the classical NF-κB pathway. Together with the previously identified role for PTIP in promoting sterile transcription at the Igh locus, the present results establish PTIP as a licensing factor for humoral immunity that acts at several junctures of B lineage maturation and effector cell differentiation by controlling B cell activation.
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20
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Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor was discovered 30 years ago and has since emerged as the master regulator of inflammation and immune homeostasis. It achieves this status by means of the large number of important pro- and antiinflammatory factors under its transcriptional control. NF-κB has a central role in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmunity, as well as diseases comprising a significant inflammatory component such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Here, we provide an overview of the studies that form the basis of our understanding of the role of NF-κB subunits and their regulators in controlling inflammation. We also describe the emerging importance of posttranslational modifications of NF-κB in the regulation of inflammation, and highlight the future challenges faced by researchers who aim to target NF-κB transcriptional activity for therapeutic benefit in treating chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Mitchell
- Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence, Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ruaidhrí J Carmody
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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21
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Slotta C, Schlüter T, Ruiz-Perera LM, Kadhim HM, Tertel T, Henkel E, Hübner W, Greiner JFW, Huser T, Kaltschmidt B, Kaltschmidt C. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of c-REL in HeLa cells results in profound defects of the cell cycle. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182373. [PMID: 28767691 PMCID: PMC5540532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth common cancer in women resulting worldwide in 266,000 deaths per year. Belonging to the carcinomas, new insights into cervical cancer biology may also have great implications for finding new treatment strategies for other kinds of epithelial cancers. Although the transcription factor NF-κB is known as a key player in tumor formation, the relevance of its particular subunits is still underestimated. Here, we applied CRISPR/Cas9n-mediated genome editing to successfully knockout the NF-κB subunit c-REL in HeLa Kyoto cells as a model system for cervical cancers. We successfully generated a homozygous deletion in the c-REL gene, which we validated using sequencing, qPCR, immunocytochemistry, western blot analysis, EMSA and analysis of off-target effects. On the functional level, we observed the deletion of c-REL to result in a significantly decreased cell proliferation in comparison to wildtype (wt) without affecting apoptosis. The impaired proliferative behavior of c-REL-/- cells was accompanied by a strongly decreased amount of the H2B protein as well as a significant delay in the prometaphase of mitosis compared to c-REL+/+ HeLa Kyoto cells. c-REL-/- cells further showed significantly decreased expression levels of c-REL target genes in comparison to wt. In accordance to our proliferation data, we observed the c-REL knockout to result in a significantly increased resistance against the chemotherapeutic agents 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (5-FUDR) and cisplatin. In summary, our findings emphasize the importance of c-REL signaling in a cellular model of cervical cancer with direct clinical implications for the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Slotta
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Schlüter
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Tobias Tertel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Elena Henkel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Biomolecular Photonics, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular Photonics, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- AG Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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22
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Lorenz VN, Schön MP, Seitz CS. c-Rel in Epidermal Homeostasis: A Spotlight on c-Rel in Cell Cycle Regulation. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1090-1096. [PMID: 27032306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To maintain proper skin barrier function, epidermal homeostasis requires a subtly governed balance of proliferating and differentiating keratinocytes. While differentiation takes place in the suprabasal layers, proliferation, including mitosis, is usually restricted to the basal layer. Only recently identified as an important regulator of epidermal homeostasis, c-Rel, an NF-κB transcription factor subunit, affects the viability and proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. In human keratinocytes, decreased expression of c-Rel causes a plethora of dysregulated cellular functions including impaired cell viability, increased apoptosis, and abnormalities during mitosis and cell cycle regulation. On the other hand, c-Rel shows aberrant expression in many epidermal tumors. Here, in the context of its role in different cell types and compared with other NF-κB subunits, we discuss the putative function of c-Rel as a regulator of epidermal homeostasis and mitotic progression. In addition, implications for disease pathophysiology with perturbed c-Rel function and abnormal homeostasis, such as epidermal carcinogenesis, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena N Lorenz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia S Seitz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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23
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de Valle E, Grigoriadis G, O'Reilly LA, Willis SN, Maxwell MJ, Corcoran LM, Tsantikos E, Cornish JKS, Fairfax KA, Vasanthakumar A, Febbraio MA, Hibbs ML, Pellegrini M, Banerjee A, Hodgkin PD, Kallies A, Mackay F, Strasser A, Gerondakis S, Gugasyan R. NFκB1 is essential to prevent the development of multiorgan autoimmunity by limiting IL-6 production in follicular B cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:621-41. [PMID: 27022143 PMCID: PMC4821646 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
de Valle et al. show that, with age, NFκB1-deficient B cells spontaneously secrete IL-6 and cause a multiorgan autoimmune disease. We examined the role of NFκB1 in the homeostasis and function of peripheral follicular (Fo) B cells. Aging mice lacking NFκB1 (Nfκb1−/−) develop lymphoproliferative and multiorgan autoimmune disease attributed in large part to the deregulated activity of Nfκb1−/− Fo B cells that produce excessive levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). Despite enhanced germinal center (GC) B cell differentiation, the formation of GC structures was severely disrupted in the Nfκb1−/− mice. Bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that the Fo B cell–intrinsic loss of NFκB1 led to the spontaneous generation of GC B cells. This was primarily the result of an increase in IL-6 levels, which promotes the differentiation of Fo helper CD4+ T cells and acts in an autocrine manner to reduce antigen receptor and toll-like receptor activation thresholds in a population of proliferating IgM+Nfκb1−/− Fo B cells. We demonstrate that p50-NFκB1 represses Il-6 transcription in Fo B cells, with the loss of NFκB1 also resulting in the uncontrolled RELA-driven transcription of Il-6. Collectively, our findings identify a previously unrecognized role for NFκB1 in preventing multiorgan autoimmunity through its negative regulation of Il-6 gene expression in Fo B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha de Valle
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - George Grigoriadis
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia Center for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia Clinical Haematology, Monash and Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Simon N Willis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Mhairi J Maxwell
- Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jasper K S Cornish
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kirsten A Fairfax
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Ajithkumar Vasanthakumar
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Ashish Banerjee
- Center for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Steve Gerondakis
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Raffi Gugasyan
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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24
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Sochalska M, Ottina E, Tuzlak S, Herzog S, Herold M, Villunger A. Conditional knockdown of BCL2A1 reveals rate-limiting roles in BCR-dependent B-cell survival. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:628-39. [PMID: 26450454 PMCID: PMC4986635 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl2 family proteins control mitochondrial apoptosis and its members exert critical cell type and differentiation stage-specific functions, acting as barriers against autoimmunity or transformation. Anti-apoptotic Bcl2a1/Bfl1/A1 is frequently deregulated in different types of blood cancers in humans but its physiological role is poorly understood as quadruplication of the Bcl2a1 gene locus in mice hampers conventional gene targeting strategies. Transgenic overexpression of A1, deletion of the A1-a paralogue or constitutive knockdown in the hematopoietic compartment of mice by RNAi suggested rate-limiting roles in lymphocyte development, granulopoiesis and mast cell activation. Here we report on the consequences of conditional knockdown of A1 protein expression using a reverse transactivator (rtTA)-driven approach that highlights a critical role for this Bcl2 family member in the maintenance of mature B-cell homeostasis. Furthermore, we define the A1/Bim (Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death) axis as a target of key kinases mediating B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent survival signals, such as, spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and Brutons tyrosine kinase (Btk). As such, A1 represents a putative target for the treatment of B-cell-related pathologies depending on hyperactivation of BCR-emanating survival signals and loss of A1 expression accounts, in part, for the pro-apoptotic effects of Syk- or Btk inhibitors that rely on the ‘BH3-only' protein Bim for cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sochalska
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E Ottina
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Tuzlak
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Herzog
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Burkitt MD, Hanedi AF, Duckworth CA, Williams JM, Tang JM, O'Reilly LA, Putoczki TL, Gerondakis S, Dimaline R, Caamano JH, Pritchard DM. NF-κB1, NF-κB2 and c-Rel differentially regulate susceptibility to colitis-associated adenoma development in C57BL/6 mice. J Pathol 2015; 236:326-36. [PMID: 25727407 PMCID: PMC4737252 DOI: 10.1002/path.4527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB signalling is an important factor in the development of inflammation-associated cancers. Mouse models of Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer and colitis-associated colorectal cancer have demonstrated that classical NF-κB signalling is an important regulator of these processes. In the stomach, it has also been demonstrated that signalling involving specific NF-κB proteins, including NF-κB1/p50, NF-κB2/p52, and c-Rel, differentially regulate the development of gastric pre-neoplasia. To investigate the effect of NF-κB subunit loss on colitis-associated carcinogenesis, we administered azoxymethane followed by pulsed dextran sodium sulphate to C57BL/6, Nfkb1(-/-), Nfkb2(-/-), and c-Rel(-/-) mice. Animals lacking the c-Rel subunit were more susceptible to colitis-associated cancer than wild-type mice, developing 3.5 times more colonic polyps per animal than wild-type mice. Nfkb2(-/-) mice were resistant to colitis-associated cancer, developing fewer polyps per colon than wild-type mice (median 1 compared to 4). To investigate the mechanisms underlying these trends, azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulphate were administered separately to mice of each genotype. Nfkb2(-/-) mice developed fewer clinical signs of colitis and exhibited less severe colitis and an attenuated cytokine response compared with all other groups following DSS administration. Azoxymethane administration did not fully suppress colonic epithelial mitosis in c-Rel(-/-) mice and less colonic epithelial apoptosis was also observed in this genotype compared to wild-type counterparts. These observations demonstrate different functions of specific NF-κB subunits in this model of colitis-associated carcinogenesis. NF-κB2/p52 is necessary for the development of colitis, whilst c-Rel-mediated signalling regulates colonic epithelial cell turnover following DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Burkitt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Carrie A Duckworth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan M Williams
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph M Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steve Gerondakis
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rod Dimaline
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Jorge H Caamano
- IBR-MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - D Mark Pritchard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
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26
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Ouchida R, Lu Q, Liu J, Li Y, Chu Y, Tsubata T, Wang JY. FcμR interacts and cooperates with the B cell receptor To promote B cell survival. J Immunol 2015; 194:3096-101. [PMID: 25732732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The IgM FcR (FcμR) promotes B cell survival, but the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. We show using FcμR(-/-) and wild-type mice that FcμR specifically enhanced B cell survival induced by BCR cross-linking with F(ab')2-anti-IgM Abs while having no effect on survival when the B cells were activated by CD40 ligation or LPS stimulation. FcμR expression was markedly upregulated by anti-IgM stimulation, which may promote enhanced FcμR signaling in these cells. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy analyses demonstrated that FcμR colocalized with the BCR on the plasma membrane of primary B cells. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis further revealed that FcμR physically interacted with the BCR complex. Because NF-κB plays a prominent role in B cell survival, we analyzed whether FcμR was involved in BCR-triggered NF-κB activation. FcμR did not affect BCR-triggered IκBα phosphorylation characteristic of the canonical NF-κB activation pathway but promoted the production of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway component p52. Consistent with the elevated p52 levels, FcμR enhanced BCR-triggered expression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL-xL. Importantly, FcμR stimulation alone in the absence of BCR signaling had no effect on either IκBα phosphorylation or the expression of p52 and BCL-xL. Therefore, FcμR relied on the BCR signal to activate the noncanonical NF-κB pathway and enhance B cell survival. These results reveal a cross-talk downstream of FcμR and BCR signaling and provide mechanistic insight into FcμR-mediated enhancement of B cell survival after BCR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Ouchida
- Laboratory for Immune Diversity, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yingqian Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Takeshi Tsubata
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; and Immunobiology Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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27
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Li SK, Abbas AK, Solomon LA, Groux GM, DeKoter RP. Nfkb1 activation by the E26 transformation-specific transcription factors PU.1 and Spi-B promotes Toll-like receptor-mediated splenic B cell proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1619-32. [PMID: 25733685 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.00117-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of antibodies against T-independent and T-dependent antigens requires Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement on B cells for efficient responses. However, the regulation of TLR expression and responses in B cells is not well understood. PU.1 and Spi-B (encoded by Sfpi1 and Spib, respectively) are transcription factors of the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family and are important for B cell development and function. It was found that B cells from mice knocked out for Spi-B and heterozygous for PU.1 (Sfpi1(+/-) Spib(-/-) [PUB] mice) proliferated poorly in response to TLR ligands compared to wild-type (WT) B cells. The NF-κB family member p50 (encoded by Nfkb1) is required for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responsiveness in mice. PUB B cells expressed reduced Nfkb1 mRNA transcripts and p50 protein. The Nfkb1 promoter was regulated directly by PU.1 and Spi-B, as shown by reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Occupancy of the Nfkb1 promoter by PU.1 was reduced in PUB B cells compared to that in WT B cells. Finally, infection of PUB B cells with a retroviral vector encoding p50 substantially restored proliferation in response to LPS. We conclude that Nfkb1 transcriptional activation by PU.1 and Spi-B promotes TLR-mediated B cell proliferation.
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28
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Shokhirev MN, Almaden J, Davis-Turak J, Birnbaum HA, Russell TM, Vargas JAD, Hoffmann A. A multi-scale approach reveals that NF-κB cRel enforces a B-cell decision to divide. Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:783. [PMID: 25680807 PMCID: PMC4358656 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20145554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functions of multi-cellular organs in terms of the molecular networks within each cell is an important step in the quest to predict phenotype from genotype. B-lymphocyte population dynamics, which are predictive of immune response and vaccine effectiveness, are determined by individual cells undergoing division or death seemingly stochastically. Based on tracking single-cell time-lapse trajectories of hundreds of B cells, single-cell transcriptome, and immunofluorescence analyses, we constructed an agent-based multi-modular computational model to simulate lymphocyte population dynamics in terms of the molecular networks that control NF-κB signaling, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Combining modeling and experimentation, we found that NF-κB cRel enforces the execution of a cellular decision between mutually exclusive fates by promoting survival in growing cells. But as cRel deficiency causes growing B cells to die at similar rates to non-growing cells, our analysis reveals that the phenomenological decision model of wild-type cells is rooted in a biased race of cell fates. We show that a multi-scale modeling approach allows for the prediction of dynamic organ-level physiology in terms of intra-cellular molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim N Shokhirev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Almaden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Biological Sciences Graduate Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Davis-Turak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Harry A Birnbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jesse A D Vargas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA San Diego Center for Systems Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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29
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Porakishvili N, Vispute K, Steele AJ, Rajakaruna N, Kulikova N, Tsertsvadze T, Nathwani A, Damle RN, Clark EA, Rai KR, Chiorazzi N, Lydyard PM. Rewiring of sIgM-Mediated Intracellular Signaling through the CD180 Toll-like Receptor. Mol Med 2015; 21:46-57. [PMID: 25611435 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) development and progression are thought to be driven by unknown antigens/autoantigens through the B cell receptor (BCR) and environmental signals for survival and expansion including toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. CD180/RP105, a membrane-associated orphan receptor of the TLR family, induces normal B cell activation and proliferation and is expressed by approximately 60% of CLL samples. Half of these respond to ligation with anti-CD180 antibody by increased activation/phosphorylation of protein kinases associated with BCR signaling. Hence CLL cells expressing both CD180 and the BCR could receive signals via both receptors. Here we investigated cross-talk between BCR and CD180-mediated signaling on CLL cell survival and apoptosis. Our data indicate that ligation of CD180 on responsive CLL cells leads to activation of either prosurvival Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK)/phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT-mediated, or proapoptotic p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK)-mediated signaling pathways, while selective immunoglobulin M (sIgM) ligation predominantly engages the BTK/PI3K/AKT pathway. Furthermore, pretreatment of CLL cells with anti-CD180 redirects IgM-mediated signaling from the prosurvival BTK/PI3K/AKT toward the proapoptotic p38MAPK pathway. Thus preengaging CD180 could prevent further prosurvival signaling mediated via the BCR and, instead, induce CLL cell apoptosis, opening the door to therapeutic profiling and new strategies for the treatment of a substantial cohort of CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Porakishvili
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ketki Vispute
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nadeeka Rajakaruna
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Kulikova
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom.,Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia
| | | | - Amit Nathwani
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajendra N Damle
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Edward A Clark
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kanti R Rai
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter M Lydyard
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Abstract
NF-κB was originally identified as a family of transcription factors that bind the enhancer of the immunoglobulin κ light-chain gene. Although its function in the regulation of immunoglobulin κ light-chain gene remains unclear, NF-κB plays critical roles in development, survival, and activation of B lymphocytes. In B cells, many receptors, including B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), activate NF-κB pathway, and the molecular mechanism of receptor-mediated activation of IκB kinase (IKK) complex has been partially revealed. In addition to normal B lymphocytes, NF-κB is also involved in the growth of some types of B-cell lymphomas, and many oncogenic mutations involved in constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway were recently identified in such cancers. In this review, we first summarize the function of NF-κB in B-cell development and activation, and then describe recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanism of receptor-mediated activation of the IKK complex, focusing on the roles of the ubiquitin system. In the last section, we describe oncogenic mutations that induce NF-κB activation in B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Sasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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31
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Almaden JV, Tsui R, Liu YC, Birnbaum H, Shokhirev MN, Ngo KA, Davis-Turak JC, Otero D, Basak S, Rickert RC, Hoffmann A. A pathway switch directs BAFF signaling to distinct NFκB transcription factors in maturing and proliferating B cells. Cell Rep 2014; 9:2098-111. [PMID: 25497099 PMCID: PMC4889572 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BAFF, an activator of the noncanonical NFκB pathway, provides critical survival signals during B cell maturation and contributes to B cell proliferation. We found that the NFκB family member RelB is required ex vivo for B cell maturation, but cRel is required for proliferation. Combined molecular network modeling and experimentation revealed Nfkb2 p100 as a pathway switch; at moderate p100 synthesis rates in maturing B cells, BAFF fully utilizes p100 to generate the RelB:p52 dimer, whereas at high synthesis rates, p100 assembles into multimeric IκBsome complexes, which BAFF neutralizes in order to potentiate cRel activity and B cell expansion. Indeed, moderation of p100 expression or disruption of IκBsome assembly circumvented the BAFF requirement for full B cell expansion. Our studies emphasize the importance of p100 in determining distinct NFκB network states during B cell biology, which causes BAFF to have context-dependent functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan V Almaden
- Signaling Systems Laboratory and San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rachel Tsui
- Signaling Systems Laboratory and San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yi C Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Harry Birnbaum
- Signaling Systems Laboratory and San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Signaling Systems Laboratory and San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kim A Ngo
- Signaling Systems Laboratory and San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Jeremy C Davis-Turak
- Signaling Systems Laboratory and San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dennis Otero
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Robert C Rickert
- Program on Inflammatory Disease Research, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Signaling Systems Laboratory and San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.
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Muhammad K, Alrefai H, Marienfeld R, Pham DAT, Murti K, Patra AK, Avots A, Bukur V, Sahin U, Kondo E, Klein-Hessling S, Serfling E. NF-κB factors control the induction of NFATc1 in B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3392-402. [PMID: 25179582 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In peripheral lymphocytes, the transcription factors (TFs) NF-κB, NFAT, and AP-1 are the prime targets of signals that emerge from immune receptors. Upon activation, these TFs induce gene networks that orchestrate the growth, expansion, and effector function of peripheral lymphocytes. NFAT and NF-κB factors share several properties, such as a similar mode of induction and architecture in their DNA-binding domain, and there is a subgroup of κB-like DNA promoter motifs that are bound by both types of TFs. However, unlike NFAT and AP-1 factors that interact and collaborate in binding to DNA, NFAT, and NF-κB seem neither to interact nor to collaborate. We show here that NF-κB1/p50 and c-Rel, the most prominent NF-κB proteins in BCR-induced splenic B cells, control the induction of NFATc1/αA, a prominent short NFATc1 isoform. In part, this is mediated through two composite κB/NFAT-binding sites in the inducible Nfatc1 P1 promoter that directs the induction of NFATc1/αA by BCR signals. In concert with coreceptor signals that induce NF-κB factors, BCR signaling induces a persistent generation of NFATc1/αA. These data suggest a tight connection between NFATc1 and NF-κB induction in B lymphocytes contributing to the effector function of peripheral B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Jacque E, Schweighoffer E, Visekruna A, Papoutsopoulou S, Janzen J, Zillwood R, Tarlinton DM, Tybulewicz VLJ, Ley SC. IKK-induced NF-κB1 p105 proteolysis is critical for B cell antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2085-101. [PMID: 25225457 PMCID: PMC4172221 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Jacque et al. investigate the functions of NF-κB1 p105 and its associated NF-κB–binding partners in B cells, using a mutant mouse strain that carries a form of the NF-κB1 precursor that is resistant to IKK-induced proteolysis. They identify a critical B cell–intrinsic role for this IKK signaling pathway in the antigen-induced survival and differentiation of follicular mature B cells. The importance of IκB kinase (IKK)–induced proteolysis of NF-κB1 p105 in B cells was investigated using Nfkb1SSAA/SSAA mice, in which this NF-κB signaling pathway is blocked. Nfkb1SSAA mutation had no effect on the development and homeostasis of follicular mature (FM) B cells. However, analysis of mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that Nfkb1SSAA/SSAA FM B cells were completely unable to mediate T cell–dependent antibody responses. Nfkb1SSAA mutation decreased B cell antigen receptor (BCR) activation of NF-κB in FM B cells, which selectively blocked BCR stimulation of cell survival and antigen-induced differentiation into plasmablasts and germinal center B cells due to reduced expression of Bcl-2 family proteins and IRF4, respectively. In contrast, the antigen-presenting function of FM B cells and their BCR-induced migration to the follicle T cell zone border, as well as their growth and proliferation after BCR stimulation, were not affected. All of the inhibitory effects of Nfkb1SSAA mutation on B cell functions were rescued by normalizing NF-κB activation genetically. Our study identifies critical B cell-intrinsic functions for IKK-induced NF-κB1 p105 proteolysis in the antigen-induced survival and differentiation of FM B cells, which are essential for T-dependent antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Jacque
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Edina Schweighoffer
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Alexander Visekruna
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Julia Janzen
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Rachel Zillwood
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - David M Tarlinton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Steven C Ley
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
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Alves BN, Tsui R, Almaden J, Shokhirev MN, Davis-Turak J, Fujimoto J, Birnbaum H, Ponomarenko J, Hoffmann A. IκBε is a key regulator of B cell expansion by providing negative feedback on cRel and RelA in a stimulus-specific manner. J Immunol 2014; 192:3121-32. [PMID: 24591377 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB is a regulator of inflammatory and adaptive immune responses, yet only IκBα was shown to limit NF-κB activation and inflammatory responses. We investigated another negative feedback regulator, IκBε, in the regulation of B cell proliferation and survival. Loss of IκBε resulted in increased B cell proliferation and survival in response to both antigenic and innate stimulation. NF-κB activity was elevated during late-phase activation, but the dimer composition was stimulus specific. In response to IgM, cRel dimers were elevated in IκBε-deficient cells, yet in response to LPS, RelA dimers also were elevated. The corresponding dimer-specific sequences were found in the promoters of hyperactivated genes. Using a mathematical model of the NF-κB-signaling system in B cells, we demonstrated that kinetic considerations of IκB kinase-signaling input and IκBε's interactions with RelA- and cRel-specific dimers could account for this stimulus specificity. cRel is known to be the key regulator of B cell expansion. We found that the RelA-specific phenotype in LPS-stimulated cells was physiologically relevant: unbiased transcriptome profiling revealed that the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was hyperactivated in IκBε(-/-) B cells. When IL-6R was blocked, LPS-responsive IκBε(-/-) B cell proliferation was reduced to near wild-type levels. Our results provide novel evidence for a critical role for immune-response functions of IκBε in B cells; it regulates proliferative capacity via at least two mechanisms involving cRel- and RelA-containing NF-κB dimers. This study illustrates the importance of kinetic considerations in understanding the functional specificity of negative-feedback regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce N Alves
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Gasparini C, Celeghini C, Monasta L, Zauli G. NF-κB pathways in hematological malignancies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2083-102. [PMID: 24419302 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor κB or NF-κB transcription factor family plays a key role in several cellular functions, i.e. inflammation, apoptosis, cell survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, and innate and acquired immunity. The constitutive activation of NF-κB is typical of most malignancies and plays a major role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we describe NF-κB and its two pathways: the canonical pathway (RelA/p50) and the non-canonical pathway (RelB/p50 or RelB/p52). We then consider the role of the NF-κB subunits in the development and functional activity of B cells, T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, which are the targets of hematological malignancies. The relevance of the two pathways is described in normal B and T cells and in hematological malignancies, acute and chronic leukemias (ALL, AML, CLL, CML), B lymphomas (DLBCLs, Hodgkin's lymphoma), T lymphomas (ATLL, ALCL) and multiple myeloma. We describe the interaction of NF-κB with the apoptotic pathways induced by TRAIL and the transcription factor p53. Finally, we discuss therapeutic anti-tumoral approaches as mono-therapies or combination therapies aimed to block NF-κB activity and to induce apoptosis (PARAs and Nutlin-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy,
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Naugler WE, Karin M. NF-κB and cancer. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Lorenz VN, Schön MP, Seitz CS. c-Rel downregulation affects cell cycle progression of human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:415-22. [PMID: 23892589 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The c-Rel protein, a member of the NF-κB transcription factor family, exerts unique and distinctive functions in various cell types. Although c-Rel is expressed in human epidermis, its functions in keratinocytes are poorly understood. Our small interfering RNA-based approach of c-Rel silencing in HaCaT keratinocytes induced altered cell morphology toward a spindle-shaped appearance. In addition, c-Rel downregulation resulted in increased apoptosis and significantly reduced proliferation towing to G2/M cell cycle delay, concomitant aberrant mitotic spindle formation, and induction of phospho-aurora A(Thr288). The relevance of c-Rel in epithelial carcinogenesis was further supported by detection of c-Rel expression in squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. Our studies indicate that c-Rel is a key regulator of cell fate decisions in keratinocytes such as cell growth and death and may have a role in epidermal carcinogenesis.
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Stein SJ, Baldwin AS. Deletion of the NF-κB subunit p65/RelA in the hematopoietic compartment leads to defects in hematopoietic stem cell function. Blood 2013; 121:5015-24. [PMID: 23670180 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-02-486142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a tightly regulated process resulting in the production of blood cells. Self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are key processes in hematopoietic development. Disruption of these steps can lead to altered cell distribution and disease. To investigate the role of the nuclear factor-κB subunit RelA/p65 in the regulation of HSCs in vivo, we generated mice lacking RelA/p65 in the hematopoietic compartment. Using this model system, we show that loss of p65 severely impairs HSC function and occurs in conjunction with increased hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell cycling, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and differentiation defects. Gene array studies of phenotypic HSCs indicate the up-regulation of genes normally expressed in lineage restricted cells, as well as the down-regulation of genes involved in HSC maintenance and homeostasis. We hypothesize that changes in gene expression in p65-deficient cells lead to decreased self-renewal and differentiation efficiency of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. These studies demonstrate that p65 is an important regulator of hematopoiesis through the transcription of genes involved in HSC fate.
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Kim KW, Chung BH, Jeon EJ, Kim BM, Choi BS, Park CW, Kim YS, Cho SG, Cho ML, Yang CW. B cell-associated immune profiles in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Exp Mol Med 2013; 44:465-72. [PMID: 22617684 PMCID: PMC3429810 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.8.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the previous studies on immune dysregulation in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have focused on T cell immunity. We investigated B cell subpopulations in ESRD patients and the effect of hemodialysis (HD) on B cell-associated immune profiles in these patients. Forty-four ESRD [maintenance HD patients (n = 27) and pre-dialysis patients (n = 17)] and 27 healthy volunteers were included in this study. We determined the percentage of B cell subtypes, such as mature and immature B cells, memory B cells, and interleukin (IL)-10+ cells, as well as B cell-producing cytokines (IL-10, IL-4 and IL-21) by florescent activated cell sorting (FACS). B cell-associated gene expression was examined using real-time PCR and B cell producing cytokines (IL-10, IL-4 and IL-21) were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The percentage of total B cells and mature B cells did not differ significantly among the three groups. The percentages of memory B cells were significantly higher in the pre-dialysis group than in the HD group (P < 0.01), but the percentage of immature B cells was significantly lower in the pre-dialysis group than in the other groups. The percentages of IL-10-expressing cells that were CD19+ or immature B cells did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the two subgroups within the ESRD group, but the serum IL-10 concentration was significantly lower in the pre-dialysis group (P < 0.01). The results of this study demonstrate significantly altered B cell-associated immunity. Specifically, an imbalance of immature and memory B cells in ESRD patients was observed, with this finding predominating in pre-dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Woon Kim
- Conversant Research Consortium in Immunologic Disease,Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-040, Korea
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41
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Abstract
c-Rel is a member of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor family. Unlike other NF-κB proteins that are expressed in a variety of cell types, high levels of c-Rel expression are found primarily in B and T cells, with many c-Rel target genes involved in lymphoid cell growth and survival. In addition to c-Rel playing a major role in mammalian B and T cell function, the human c-rel gene (REL) is a susceptibility locus for certain autoimmune diseases such as arthritis, psoriasis, and celiac disease. The REL locus is also frequently altered (amplified, mutated, rearranged), and expression of REL is increased in a variety of B and T cell malignancies and, to a lesser extent, in other cancer types. Thus, agents that modulate REL activity may have therapeutic benefits for certain human cancers and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Abstract
Intracellular pathways related to cell survival regulate neuronal physiology during development and neurodegenerative disorders. One of the pathways that have recently emerged with an important role in these processes is nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The activity of this pathway leads to the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB transcription factors and the regulation of anti-apoptotic gene expression. Different stimuli can activate the pathway through different intracellular cascades (canonical, non-canonical, and atypical), contributing to the translocation of specific dimers of the NF-κB transcription factors, and each of these dimers can regulate the transcription of different genes. Recent studies have shown that the activation of this pathway regulates opposite responses such as cell survival or neuronal degeneration. These apparent contradictory effects depend on conditions such as the pathway stimuli, the origin of the cells, or the cellular context. In the present review, the authors summarize these findings and discuss their significance with respect to survival or death in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefka Mincheva-Tasheva
- Neuronal Signaling Unit, Dep. Ciencies Mediques Basiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
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González-Ramos R, Defrère S, Devoto L. Nuclear factor-kappaB: a main regulator of inflammation and cell survival in endometriosis pathophysiology. Fertil Steril 2012; 98:520-8. [PMID: 22771029 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To update, analyze, and summarize the literature concerning nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) participation in endometriosis pathophysiology. DESIGN Review. RESULT(S) Nuclear factor-kappaB is physiologically activated in the human endometrium, showing variable activity. A cyclic p65-DNA binding pattern was shown in the endometrium of healthy women. This cyclic pattern was altered in the endometrium of patients with endometriosis. Nuclear factor-kappaB is basally activated in peritoneal endometriotic lesions, showing higher p65 activity in red endometriotic lesions than in black lesions. In vivo and in vitro studies show up-regulation of inflammation and cell proliferation and down-regulation of apoptosis by NF-κB activity. Iron overload has been shown in the pelvic cavity of endometriosis patients, and iron overload and oxidative stress activate NF-κB in macrophages, which have been shown to participate in the endometriosis-associated inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSION(S) Nuclear factor-kappaB activation dysregulation in the endometrium of endometriosis patients may explain some endometrial biological alterations associated with endometriosis. The scientific evidence strongly suggests that NF-κB activity in endometriotic cells stimulates inflammation and cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis, favoring the development and maintenance of endometriosis. Iron overload in the pelvic cavity of endometriosis patients could be a main factor enhancing oxidative stress and activating NF-κB in a chronic manner, contributing to endometriosis establishment and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo González-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Materno Infantil, Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Hospital Clínico San Borja-Arriarán, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Fullard N, Wilson CL, Oakley F. Roles of c-Rel signalling in inflammation and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:851-60. [PMID: 22405852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) is a dimeric transcription factor comprised of five family members RelA (p65), RelB, c-Rel, p50 and p52. NFκB signalling is complex and controls a myriad of normal cellular functions. However, constitutive or aberrant activation of this pathway is associated with disease progression and cancer in multiple organs. The diverse array of biological responses is modulated by many factors, including the activating stimulus, recruitment of co-regulatory molecules, consensus DNA binding sequence, dimer composition and post-translational modifications. Each subunit has very different biological functions and in the context of disease the individual subunits forming the NFκB dimer can have a profound effect, causing a shift in the balance from normal to pathogenic signalling. Here we discuss the role of c-Rel dependant signalling in normal physiology and its contribution to disease both inside and outside of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Fullard
- Fibrosis Laboratory, Liver Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Abstract
The mechanisms that drive normal B cell differentiation and activation are frequently subverted by B cell lymphomas for their unlimited growth and survival. B cells are particularly prone to malignant transformation because the machinery used for antibody diversification can cause chromosomal translocations and oncogenic mutations. The advent of functional and structural genomics has greatly accelerated our understanding of oncogenic mechanisms in lymphomagenesis. The signaling pathways that normal B cells utilize to sense antigens are frequently derailed in B cell malignancies, leading to constitutive activation of prosurvival pathways. These malignancies co-opt transcriptional regulatory systems that characterize their normal B cell counterparts and frequently alter epigenetic regulators of chromatin structure and gene expression. These mechanistic insights are ushering in an era of targeted therapies for these cancers based on the principles of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Shaffer
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
Renal cell cancer (RCC) has an increasing incidence internationally and is a disease for which there have been limited therapeutic options until recently. The last decade has seen a vastly improved understanding of the biological and clinical factors that predict the outcome of this disease. We now understand some of the different molecular underpinnings of renal clear cell carcinoma by mutation or silencing of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene and subsequent deregulated proliferation and angiogenesis. Survival in advanced disease is predicted by factors (performance status, anemia, hypercalcemia, and serum lactate dehydrogenase, time from diagnosis to recurrence) incorporated into the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) criteria (also referred to as 'Motzer' criteria). These criteria allow classification of patients with RCC into good, intermediate and poor risk categories with median overall survivals of 22 months, 12 months and 5.4 months, respectively. Predicated upon these advances, six new targeted drugs (sorafenib, sunitinib, temsirolimus, everolimus, bevacizumab and pazopanib) have been tested in well-designed phase III trials, selected or stratified for MSKCC risk criteria, with positive results. All of these new drugs act at least in part through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mediated pathways with other potential therapeutic impact on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), raf kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. Importantly, data from each of these trials show a consistent doubling of progression-free survival (PFS) over prior standard of care treatments. In addition, sorafenib, sunitinib and temsirolimus, have demonstrated significant overall survival (OS) benefits as well; further follow-up is required to determine whether the disease control exhibited by everolimus and pazopanib will translate into a survival advantage. These drugs are generally well tolerated, as demonstrated by quality-of-life improvement in clinical trials, and result in clinical benefit for in excess of 70% of patients treated. They have challenged the traditional outcomes of clinical trial design by achieving their benefits with relatively few radiographic responses, but high rates of disease stability. The unique side-effect profile coupled with the chronicity of therapy requires increased vigilance to maximize exposure to the drugs while maintaining quality of life and minimizing toxicity. This review focuses on the background, clinical development and practical use of these new drugs in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya B Dorff
- Assistant Professors of Medicine, Kenneth J. Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Section of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine and Blood Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA
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47
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Abstract
NF-κB was first discovered and characterized 25 years ago as a key regulator of inducible gene expression in the immune system. Thus, it is not surprising that the clearest biological role of NF-κB is in the development and function of the immune system. Both innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the development and maintenance of the cells and tissues that comprise the immune system are, at multiple steps, under the control of the NF-κB family of transcription factors. Although this is a well-studied area of NF-κB research, new and significant findings continue to accumulate. This review will focus on these areas of recent progress while also providing a broad overview of the roles of NF-κB in mammalian immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Hayden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Yang C, Atkinson SP, Vilella F, Lloret M, Armstrong L, Mann DA, Lako M. Opposing Putative Roles for Canonical and Noncanonical NFκB Signaling on the Survival, Proliferation, and Differentiation Potential of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1970-80. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
The molecular mechanisms responsible for the exquisite discrimination between self and nonself molecules have remained enigmatic despite intense investigation. However, with the availability of adequate amounts of anergic lymphocytes produced by double transgenic mice, large numbers of immature B cells from sublethaly irradiated, hematopoietically-synchronized mice, as well as critical gene-deleted mice, it has been possible for the first time to uncover plausible molecular mechanisms that lead to tolerance versus immunity. The Rel family of transcription factors is expressed at different stages of lymphocyte maturation and differentiation. C-Rel is not activated by immature lymphocytes, which undergo either anergy or apoptosis when triggered by antigen receptors, but c-Rel is activated in mature lymphocytes. Antigen receptor triggering induces c-Rel-dependent survival and proliferative genetic programs. In T cells, a critical c-Rel-dependent gene encodes the T-cell growth factor interleukin-2 (IL-2). Thus, T cells from c-Rel gene-deleted mice produce inadequate quantities of IL-2, which renders them immunocompromised and unable to mount normal T-cell proliferative and differentiative responses. In the face of absolute IL-2 deficiency from birth, severe, multiorgan autoimmunity gradually ensues. Also, with more subtle IL-2 deficiency, organ/tissue-specific autoimmune disease becomes evident. Accordingly, both c-Rel and IL-2 appear to be key molecules for tolerance versus immunity, and doubtless will become foci for continued investigation, as well as future therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiou-Chi Liou
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Siglec-G is a negative regulator of BCR-mediated signaling in B1a cells. This population of B cells is highly increased in Siglec-G-deficient mice, but the mechanism of this expansion is not known so far. In this study, we demonstrate that Siglecg(-/-) B1a cells show a lower level of spontaneous apoptosis and a prolonged life span. Mechanistically, the lower apoptosis could result from higher expression levels of the transcription factor NFATc1 in Siglec-G-deficient B1a cells. Interestingly, Siglecg(-/-) B1a cells display an altered BCR repertoire compared with wild-type B1a cells. As the BCR repertoire and the VDJ composition of Igs of Siglecg(-/-) B1a cells resembles more the Abs produced by adult bone marrow-derived B cells rather than canonical fetal liver-derived B1a cells, this suggest that the selection into the B1a cell population is altered in Siglec-G-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jellusova
- Department of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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