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Mahmood H, Furqan M, Meraj G, Shahid Hassan M. The effects of COVID-19 on agriculture supply chain, food security, and environment: a review. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17281. [PMID: 38680897 PMCID: PMC11048076 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has a deep impact on the economic, environmental, and social life of the global population. Particularly, it disturbed the entire agriculture supply chain due to a shortage of labor, travel restrictions, and changes in demand during lockdowns. Consequently, the world population faced food insecurity due to a reduction in food production and booming food prices. Low-income households face food security challenges because of limited income generation during the pandemic. Thus, there is a need to understand comprehensive strategies to meet the complex challenges faced by the food industry and marginalized people in developing countries. This research is intended to review the agricultural supply chain, global food security, and environmental dynamics of COVID-19 by exploring the most significant literature in this domain. Due to lockdowns and reduced industrial production, positive environmental effects are achieved through improved air and water quality and reduced noise pollution globally. However, negative environmental effects emerged due to increasing medical waste, packaging waste, and plastic pollution due to disruptions in recycling operations. There is extensive literature on the effects of COVID-19 on the environment and food security. This study is an effort to review the existing literature to understand the net effects of the pandemic on the environment and food security. The literature suggested adopting innovative policies and strategies to protect the global food supply chain and achieve economic recovery with environmental sustainability. For instance, food productivity should be increased by using modern agriculture technologies to ensure food security. The government should provide food to vulnerable populations during the pandemic. Trade restrictions should be removed for food trade to improve international collaboration for food security. On the environmental side, the government should increase recycling plants during the pandemic to control waste and plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider Mahmood
- Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maham Furqan
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Gowhar Meraj
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muhammad Shahid Hassan
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Dr. Hassan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
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Tan JY, Poitras Pratt Y, Danyluk P. 'First, do no harm': systematic program evaluation of an equine veterinary service-learning initiative with Indigenous communities in Canada. BMC Med Educ 2024; 24:287. [PMID: 38486267 PMCID: PMC10941546 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterinary students have historically lacked meaningful experiential learning opportunities in equine medicine. At the same time, there are barriers to accessing veterinary care in Indigenous communities stemming from colonial injustices. In 2018-2019, a partnership was initiated where University of Calgary students began to provide equine veterinary services to Indigenous communities. As the first-documented equine veterinary service-learning initiative in Indigenous communities embedded in a veterinary curriculum, the purpose of the study is to systematically evaluate the program for its potential impact as part of a formative process for improvement. METHODS Multiple parties in the program were engaged in a convergent, parallel, mixed-methods systematic program evaluation to explore the main program outcomes: (1) equine veterinary care; (2) clinical experiential student education; (3) cultural training of veterinary professionals and students; and (4) education of community members. The hypothesis was that ethical development using the "first, do no harm principle" would lead to benefits including a healthy horse population, a technically and culturally competent veterinary community, and an educated horse clientele. RESULTS The program had a positive impact on accessibility to veterinary care and self-reported improvement in veterinary and cultural competency. In addition to the hypothesized program outcomes, additional program outcomes and effects were identified, including reciprocal learning and relationship building with the Indigenous community, leading to trust and equity-building. The students learned from both the in-community programming as well as the Indigenous community members they worked with. CONCLUSION Program evaluation of an equine service-learning initiative in Indigenous communities reveals multiple and profound impacts including improved patient health status, wider scope of veterinary and cultural learning, strengthened relationships, and reciprocal learning with partnering Indigenous communities.
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Tiwari S, Petrov AN, Golosov N, Devlin M, Welford M, DeGroote J, Degai T, Ksenofontov S. Regional geographies and public health lessons of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Arctic. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1324105. [PMID: 38259778 PMCID: PMC10801898 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1324105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study examines the COVID-19 pandemic's spatiotemporal dynamics in 52 sub-regions in eight Arctic states. This study further investigates the potential impact of early vaccination coverage on subsequent COVID-19 outcomes within these regions, potentially revealing public health insights of global significance. Methods We assessed the outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic in Arctic sub-regions using three key epidemiological variables: confirmed cases, confirmed deaths, and case fatality ratio (CFR), along with vaccination rates to evaluate the effectiveness of the early vaccination campaign on the later dynamics of COVID-19 outcomes in these regions. Results From February 2020 to February 2023, the Arctic experienced five distinct waves of COVID-19 infections and fatalities. However, most Arctic regions consistently maintained Case Fatality Ratios (CFRs) below their respective national levels throughout these waves. Further, the regression analysis indicated that the impact of initial vaccination coverage on subsequent cumulative mortality rates and Case Fatality Ratio (CFR) was inverse and statistically significant. A common trend was the delayed onset of the pandemic in the Arctic due to its remoteness. A few regions, including Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Northern Canada, Finland, and Norway, experienced isolated spikes in cases at the beginning of the pandemic with minimal or no fatalities. In contrast, Alaska, Northern Sweden, and Russia had generally high death rates, with surges in cases and fatalities. Conclusion Analyzing COVID-19 data from 52 Arctic subregions shows significant spatial and temporal variations in the pandemic's severity. Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Northern Canada, Finland, and Norway exemplify successful pandemic management models characterized by low cases and deaths. These outcomes can be attributed to successful vaccination campaigns, and proactive public health initiatives along the delayed onset of the pandemic, which reduced the impact of COVID-19, given structural and population vulnerabilities. Thus, the Arctic experience of COVID-19 informs preparedness for future pandemic-like public health emergencies in remote regions and marginalized communities worldwide that share similar contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Tiwari
- ARCTICenter, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
- Department of Geography, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | - Andrey N. Petrov
- ARCTICenter, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
- Department of Geography, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | - Nikolay Golosov
- Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Michele Devlin
- United States Army War College, Carlisle, PA, United States
| | - Mark Welford
- Department of Geography, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | - John DeGroote
- Department of Geography, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
| | - Tatiana Degai
- ARCTICenter, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Stanislav Ksenofontov
- ARCTICenter, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
- Department of Geography, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, United States
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Muñoz-Del-Carpio-Toia A, Bartolo-Marchena M, Benites-Zapata VA, Herrera-Añazco P. Mortality from COVID-19 in Amazonian and Andean original indigenous populations of Peru. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 56:102658. [PMID: 37944653 PMCID: PMC10823918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the mortality rates from COVID-19 among indigenous populations of the Amazon and Andean regions of Peru during the years 2020, 2021 and 2022. METHODS Secondary analysis of 33,567 data from the COVID-19 Notification System of the National Epidemiology Center, Prevention and Control of Diseases (CDC-Peru), from the years 2020-2022. The variables were age, sex, belonging to the Andean or Amazonian ethnic group, number and type of symptoms and risk conditions, abnormal findings in chest X-rays, year of data collection for hospitalization and death from COVID-19. Poisson family generalized linear regression models with logarithmic linkage and robust variance were used to establish differences in mortality between ethnic groups. Crude and adjusted risk ratio (RR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS 33,567 participants with an average age of 33.6 years were included, 44.4 % were men and 70.2 % belonged to the Amazonian ethnic group. Most of those affected by COVID-19 presented 2 symptoms (38.8 %), 4.8 % presented some risk condition, 1451 (4.3 %) were hospitalized, and 433 (1.3 %) died. The adjusted analysis showed that the Andean group, compared to the Amazonian, tended to have a higher probability of death, and this association was statistically significant, RR =7.6, 95 % CI (5.5-10.5). CONCLUSIONS Patients from Andean indigenous communities had an almost 8 times higher risk of death from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Bartolo-Marchena
- Subdirección de Medicina Tradicional, Interculturalidad e investigación social en salud del CENSI del Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Cohen
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew P Mitchel
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Francisco A Montiel Ishino
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, RTP, North Carolina, USA
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Petrov AN, Dorough DS, Tiwari S, Welford M, Golosov N, Devlin M, Degai T, Ksenofontov S, DeGroote J. Indigenous health-care sovereignty defines resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 2023; 401:1478-1480. [PMID: 37084754 PMCID: PMC10112862 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N Petrov
- ARCTICenter, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA.
| | | | - Sweta Tiwari
- ARCTICenter, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA
| | - Mark Welford
- Department of Geography, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA
| | - Nikolay Golosov
- Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Michele Devlin
- Center for Strategic Leadership, United States Army War College, Carlisle, PA, USA
| | - Tatiana Degai
- ARCTICenter, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - John DeGroote
- Department of Geography, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA
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