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Abstract
Background: How people face mortality is a crucial matter for medicine. Yet, there is not a coherent and comprehensive understanding of how people can process the experience such that it is not traumatic. Methods: This article offers a "logic model" of how existential maturation occurs, using analogies from cell biology to explain the process. Results: This model depicts 10 mechanisms that together deal with mortality-salient events. Collectively, they are termed the existential function, which is seen as an innate, ever-evolving, integral part of the mind. An operational boundary selectively manages how realities are taken in. Processing is initiated with other essential people, ushering in reiterative steps of listening, finding, exploring, making meaning, and adjusting. The result is adaptive, integrated, mortality-acknowledging dispositions of mind. The process allows quality of life at the end of life and healthy mourning; impediments to it make for existential suffering and complicated grief. Conclusions: This conceptual model describes how people can face mortality. Its merit depends on its source in human experience, its explanatory power, its ability to guide people as they face mortality, and its ability to stimulate productive perspectives. It is therefore offered as an invitation for discussion, research, revision, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Emanuel
- Supportive Oncology, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern Medical Group, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Aging and Serious Illness, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
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Svet M, Portalupi LB, Pyszczynski T, Matlock DD, Allen LA. Applying terror management theory to patients with life-threatening illness: a systematic review. BMC Palliat Care 2023; 22:74. [PMID: 37330502 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-023-01193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terror management theory (TMT) posits that people manage death-related anxiety through the meaning provided by their cultural world-views and the sense of personal value provided by self-esteem. While a large body of research has supported the core propositions of TMT, little research has focused on its application to individuals with terminal illness. If TMT can help healthcare providers better understand how belief systems adapt and change in life-threatening illness, and the role they play in managing death-related anxiety, it may provide guidance on how to improve communication around treatments near the end of life. As such, we set out to review the available research articles that focus on describing the relationship between TMT and life-threatening illness. METHODS We reviewed PubMed, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and EMBASE through May 2022 for original research articles focused on TMT and life-threatening illness. Articles were only deemed appropriate for inclusion if direct incorporation of the principles of TMT were made in reference to a population of interest whom had life-threatening illness Results were screened by title and abstract, followed by full review of candidate articles. References were also scanned. Articles were assessed qualitatively. RESULTS Six relevant and original research articles were published which provide varied levels of support for TMT's application in critical illness, each article detailed evidence of ideological changes consistent with what TMT would predict. Building self-esteem, enhancing the experience of life as meaningful, incorporating spirituality, engaging family members, and caring for patients at home where meaning and self-esteem can be better maintained are strategies supported by the studies and serve as starting points for further research. CONCLUSION These articles suggest that applying TMT to life-threatening illness can help identify psychological changes that may effectively minimize the distress from dying. Limitations of this study include a heterogenous group of relevant studies and qualitative assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Svet
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Academic Office 1, Room 7019 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Mail Stop B130, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Laura B Portalupi
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Academic Office 1, Room 7019 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Mail Stop B130, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | | | - Daniel D Matlock
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Academic Office 1, Room 7019 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Mail Stop B130, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Larry A Allen
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Academic Office 1, Room 7019 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Mail Stop B130, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Collins R, Vallières F, McDermott G. The Experiences of Post-ICU COVID-19 Survivors: An Existential Perspective using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Qual Health Res 2023; 33:589-600. [PMID: 37023365 PMCID: PMC10083706 DOI: 10.1177/10497323231164556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has highlighted the vulnerability of intensive care unit (ICU) patients and the negative sequelae associated with ICU treatment. While the potentially traumatic impact of ICU is well documented, less is known about the ICU survivor's subjective experience and how it influences life post-discharge. Existential psychology addresses the universal concerns of existence, including death, isolation, and meaninglessness, and offers a holistic view of human experience beyond diagnostic categories. An existential psychological understanding of ICU COVID-19 survivorship may therefore provide a rich account of what it means to be among the worst affected by a global existential crisis. This study employed interpretive phenomenological analysis of qualitative interviews with 10 post-ICU COVID-19 survivors (aged 18-78). Interviews were structured on existential psychology's 'Four Worlds' model that explores the physical, social, personal, and spiritual dimensions of human experience. The essential meaning of ICU COVID-19 survival was conceptualised as 'Trying to Reconnect with a Changed Reality' and consisted of four themes. The first, Between Shifting Realities in ICU, described the liminal nature of ICU and the need to ground oneself. The second, What it Means to Care and Be Cared For, captured the emotive nature of personal interdependence and reciprocity. The third, The Self is Different, described survivors' struggle to reconcile old and new selves. The fourth, A New Relationship with Life, outlined how survivors' experiences shaped their new worldviews. Findings evidence the value of holistic, existentially informed psychological support for ICU survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Collins
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Frédérique Vallières
- Trinity Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Garret McDermott
- Psychology Department, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
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Miller M, Addicott K, Rosa WE. Spiritual Care as a Core Component of Palliative Nursing. Am J Nurs 2023; 123:54-59. [PMID: 36698364 PMCID: PMC9983559 DOI: 10.1097/01.naj.0000919748.95749.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Spirituality is one aspect of the human experience that is unique to each person and may become especially important in the face of life-threatening illness. While evidence supports the need to address spirituality as part of holistic palliative care nursing, it is hoped that "spiritual care" will not become another item on nurses' to-do list, but rather will be part of nurses' everyday lives and nursing practice. Taking time to assess personal needs, and consciously connecting to meaning, hope, and peace, can support nurses' return to the deeper roots of nursing. Addressing spirituality as part of palliative nursing care can also acknowledge the complex and multidimensional experiences of the patients that nurses serve. Connecting, or reconnecting, with nurses' unique sense of spirituality can serve as a powerful resource for resilience. This article highlights the relevance of spiritual care to palliative nursing and offers practical tips to incorporate spiritual care into everyday nursing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Miller
- Megan Miller is an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Nursing. Katie Addicott is a palliative care NP at Maine Medical Center, Portland. William E. Rosa is an assistant attending behavioral scientist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City. Contact author: Megan Miller, . The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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Emanuel LL, Solomon S, Chochinov HM, Delgado Guay MO, Handzo G, Hauser J, Kittelson S, O'Mahony S, Quest TE, Rabow MW, Schoppee TM, Wilkie DJ, Yao Y, Fitchett G. Death Anxiety and Correlates in Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Care. J Palliat Med 2023; 26:235-243. [PMID: 36067074 PMCID: PMC9894592 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2022.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Death anxiety is powerful, potentially contributes to suffering, and yet has to date not been extensively studied in the context of palliative care. Availability of a validated Death Anxiety and Distress Scale (DADDS) opens the opportunity to better assess and redress death anxiety in serious illness. Objective: We explored death anxiety/distress for associations with physical and psychosocial factors. Design: Ancillary to a randomized clinical trial (RCT) of Dignity Therapy (DT), we enrolled a convenience sample of 167 older adults in the United States with cancer and receiving outpatient palliative care (mean age 65.9 [7.3] years, 62% female, 84% White, 62% stage 4 cancer). They completed the DADDS and several measures for the stepped-wedged RCT, including demographic factors, religious struggle, dignity-related distress, existential quality of life (QoL), and terminal illness awareness (TIA). Results: DADDS scores were generally unrelated to demographic factors (including religious affiliation, intrinsic religiousness, and frequency of prayer). DADDS scores were positively correlated with religious struggle (p < 0.001) and dignity-related distress (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with existential QoL (p < 0.001). TIA was significantly nonlinearly associated with both the total DADDS (p = 0.007) and its Finitude subscale (p ≤ 0.001) scores. There was a statistically significant decrease in Finitude subscale scores for a subset of participants who completed a post-DT DADDS (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Findings, if replicable, suggest that further research on death anxiety and prognostic awareness in the context of palliative medicine is in order. Findings also raise questions about the optimal nature and timing of spiritual and psychosocial interventions, something that might entail evaluation or screening for death anxiety and prognostic awareness for maximizing the effectiveness of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L. Emanuel
- Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sheldon Solomon
- Department of Psychology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Harvey Max Chochinov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Marvin Omar Delgado Guay
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - George Handzo
- Health Services Research and Quality, HealthCare Chaplaincy Network, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sheri Kittelson
- Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine and University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sean O'Mahony
- Section of Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Health, and Human Values, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tammie E. Quest
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael W. Rabow
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tasha M. Schoppee
- Community Hospice and Palliative Care, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Center for Palliative Care Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Diana J. Wilkie
- Center for Palliative Care Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yingwei Yao
- Center for Palliative Care Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - George Fitchett
- Department of Religion, Health, and Human Values, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Handzo GF, Chochinov HM, Emanuel L, Fitchett G, Hauser J, Kittelson S, Schoppee TM, Yao Y, Solomon S, Wilkie DJ. Letter to the Editor: Feasibility of Dignity Therapy to Reduce Death Anxiety. J Palliat Med 2022; 25:1458-1459. [DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2022.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harvey Max Chochinov
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Linda Emanuel
- Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Fitchett
- Department of Religion, Health, and Human Values, College of Health Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joshua Hauser
- Jesse Brown (Chicago) VA Medical Center, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sherri Kittelson
- Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tasha M. Schoppee
- Center for Palliative Care Research & Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yingwei Yao
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sheldon Solomon
- Department of Psychology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Diana J. Wilkie
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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George B, George M. Fear of vaccines is an understatement: A story of breaking the bondage of fear. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2022; 31:761-764. [PMID: 34970840 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bindhu George
- Onsite Operations & Strategy, Infinit E-Kart, Dubai, UAE
| | - Mini George
- College of Nursing, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Xu Y, Wu J, Li Q, Zeng W, Wu C, Yang Y, Chen Z, Xu Z. The Impact of Intrusive Rumination on College Students’ Creativity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Effect of Post-traumatic Growth and the Moderating Role of Psychological Resilience. Front Psychol 2022; 13:789844. [PMID: 35478749 PMCID: PMC9035673 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.789844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeCollege students in the pandemic area are experiencing the problems caused by COVID-19 by themselves or people around them, how to cope with the sudden changes and adjust the psychological stress response, and get experience and grow in the fight against the pandemic is a question worth in-depth discussion. The researchers constructed a mediated regulation model to examine the effects of intrusive rumination on the creativity of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the mediating effect of post-traumatic growth and the moderating role of psychological resilience.MethodsA sample of 475 university students from Guangdong Province, China, were surveyed with the Runco Ideational Behavior Scale, the Event Related Rumination Inventory, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, and the Psychological Resilience Scale. SPSS (version 23) and PROCESS (version 3.3) were used for correlation analysis, mediation analysis, and mediated moderation analysis.Results(1) Intrusive rumination was positively correlated with post-traumatic growth and creativity but negatively correlated with psychological resilience. Psychological resilience was positively correlated with post-traumatic growth and creativity. Post-traumatic growth and creativity were positively correlated. (2) Post-traumatic growth played a mediating role in the relationship between intrusive rumination and creativity. (3) Psychological resilience moderated the first half of the pathway “intrusive rumination → post-traumatic growth → creativity.”ConclusionIntrusive rumination affected creativity directly and also indirectly through post-traumatic growth. At the same time, psychological resilience played a moderating role between intrusive rumination and creativity. The correlation between intrusive rumination and post-traumatic growth was stronger when levels of psychological resilience levels were higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Xu
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Zeng,
| | - Chujin Wu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Yang
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziying Xu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Rosa WE, Chochinov HM, Coyle N, Hadler RA, Breitbart WS. Attending to the Existential Experience in Oncology: Dignity and Meaning Amid Awareness of Death. JCO Glob Oncol 2022; 8:e2200038. [PMID: 35286135 PMCID: PMC8932479 DOI: 10.1200/go.22.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William E Rosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Harvey M Chochinov
- Department of Psychiatry, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.,CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nessa Coyle
- Ethics Committee, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Rachel A Hadler
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Health Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - William S Breitbart
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Rosa WE, Dahlin C, Battista V, Finlayson CS, Wisniewski RE, Greer K, Ferrell BR. Primary Palliative Care Clinical Implications: Oncology Nursing During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2021; 25:119-125. [PMID: 33739351 PMCID: PMC8219217 DOI: 10.1188/21.cjon.119-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide. Patients with cancer are particularly vulnerable to experiencing serious health-related suffering from COVID-19. This requires oncology nurses in inpatient and clinic settings to ensure the delivery of primary palliative care while considering the far-reaching implications of this public health crisis. With palliative care skills fully integrated into oncology nursing practice, health organizations and cancer centers will be better equipped to meet the holistic needs of patients with cancer and their families receiving care for serious illness, including improved attention to physical, psychosocial, cultural, spiritual, and ethical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty R Ferrell
- Division of Nursing Research and Education, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA.
| | - George Handzo
- Health Services Research & Quality, HealthCare Chaplaincy Network, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tina Picchi
- Cambia Health Foundation Sojourns Scholar Mentor, Camarillo, California, USA
| | - Christina Puchalski
- Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University's Institute for Spirituality and Health, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - William E Rosa
- Psycho-Oncology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Tomaszek K, Muchacka-Cymerman A. Thinking about My Existence during COVID-19, I Feel Anxiety and Awe-The Mediating Role of Existential Anxiety and Life Satisfaction on the Relationship between PTSD Symptoms and Post-Traumatic Growth. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E7062. [PMID: 32992515 PMCID: PMC7579162 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global outbreak of COVID-19set new challenges and threats for every human being. In the psychological field it is similar to deep existential crises or a traumatic experience that may lead to the appearance or exacerbation of a serious mental disorder and loss of life meaning and satisfaction. Courtney et al. (2020) discussed deadly pandemic COVID-19 in the light of TMT theory and named it as global contagion of mortality that personally affected every human being. Such unique conditions activate existential fears as people start to be aware of their own mortality. OBJECTIVE The main aim of this study was to test the mediating effect of existential anxiety, activated by COVID-19 and life satisfaction (SWLS) on the relationship between PTSD symptoms and post-traumatic growth (PTG). We also examined the moderated mediating effect of severity of trauma symptoms on life satisfaction and existential anxiety and its associations with PTG. METHOD We conducted an online survey during the peak of the COVID-19 outbreak in Poland. The participants completed existential anxiety scale (SNE), life satisfaction scale (SWLS), IES-R scale for measuring the level of PTSD symptoms and post-traumatic growth inventory (PTGI). RESULTS The effect of PTSD on PTG was found to be mediated by existential anxiety and life satisfaction. We also confirmed two indirect effects: (1) the indirect effect of PTSD on PTG via existential anxiety and life satisfaction tested simultaneously; (2) the indirect effect of life satisfaction on PTG through severity of trauma symptoms. An intermediate or high level of PTSD level was related to less PTG when low and full PTSD stress symptoms strengthened PTG experiences. CONCLUSIONS A therapeutic intervention for individuals after traumatic experience should attempt to include fundamental existential questions and meaning of life as well as the severity of PTSD symptoms. The severity of traumatic sensations may affect the relationship between life satisfaction and post-traumatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Muchacka-Cymerman
- Department of Psychosomatic, Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland;
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