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Mirniyam G, Rahimmalek M, Arzani A, Yavari P, Sabzalian MR, Ehtemam MH, Szumny A. Phytochemical, Morphological, and Physiological Variation in Different Ajowan ( Trachyspermum ammi L.) Populations as Affected by Salt Stress, Genotype × Year Interaction and Pollination System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10438. [PMID: 37445619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present research, 28 populations of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) were evaluated for agro-morphological traits and essential oil yield in two consecutive years. Then, selected ajowan populations from these two years were used for further morphophysiological and biochemical studies under different salinity levels (control, 60, 90, and 120 mM NaCl). The main components of the oil were thymol (32.7-54.29%), γ-terpinene (21.71-32.81%), and p-cymene (18.74-26.16%). Salt stress caused an increase in essential oil content in the Esfahfo and Qazvin populations. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in the Arak population grown in 60 mM NaCl (183.83 mg TAE g-1 DW) and the Yazd population grown in 90 mM NaCl (5.94 mg QE g-1 DW). Moreover, the Yazd population exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity based on DPPH (IC50 = 1566 µg/mL) under 60 mM NaCl and the highest reducing power (0.69 nm) under 120 mM NaCl. The results revealed that low and moderate salt stress improves the phytochemicals of ajowan seeds, which are useful for pharmaceutical and food applications. In this research, some morphological traits, as well as essential oil yield, were evaluated in open pollinated versus self-pollinated plants. As a result, plant height, number of flowering branches, and crown diameter significantly decreased in some populations, while a significant increase was obtained for number of flowers per umbel and seed numbers per umbel. Finally, self-pollination of ajowan might provide new insights for further breeding programs to increase oil or thymol content in ajowan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Mirniyam
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahimmalek
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ahmad Arzani
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
| | - Parisa Yavari
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Sabzalian
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ehtemam
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
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Takahashi D, Sakaguchi S, Teramine T, Setoguchi H. Comparative reproductive ecology of two sister Asarum species (Aristolochiaceae) in relation to the evolution of elongated floral appendage. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:987-997. [PMID: 35869650 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genus Asarum (Aristolochiaceae) shows diverse floral morphology and is hypothesized to have diversified as a result of pollinator-mediated selection. Yet most aspects of their reproductive ecology, including pollinators, remain unclear. This study focuses on A. costatum and A. minamitanianum in Japan, a sister species pair having remarkable differences in calyx lobe length (10-20 mm and 70-180 mm, respectively). The objectives of this study are to elucidate multiple aspects of reproductive ecology of these two species and obtain evolutionary insights into floral organ elongation. We adopted combined approaches, including field observations, molecular analyses and cultivation experiments, such as pollinator observation for 3 years, fine-scale spatial genetic analysis of 769 individuals, paternity analysis based on 566 seeds over 4 years, and control pollination experiments. Both Asarum species had strong spatial genetic structures, indicating limited seed dispersal. Pollinator observation revealed that flies and ground-dwelling insects visited flowers of both species, but that the pollinator fauna differed between the species. The visitation rate of flies was extremely low but was more than twice as high in the species with an elongated floral appendage. Paternity analysis revealed A. minamitanianum was predominantly outcrossing, while A. costatum showed a wide range of selfing rates among fruits. These two Asarum species are likely adapted to fly pollination in the shady forest understorey, where available pollinator fauna is limited. In addition, although its function remains unclear, the elongated calyx lobe of A. minamitanianum could have evolved for effective pollen dispersal by attracting fly visitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Takahashi
- Kawatabi Field Science Centre, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Japan
| | - S Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - H Setoguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Cortés-Fernández I, Cerrato MD, Ribas-Serra A, Gil Vives L. Floral traits and reproductive success variation among inflorescence orders in Eryngium maritimum. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:249-258. [PMID: 34704343 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eryngium maritimum L. is considered a key species in dunes of the western Mediterranean. Although Northern European populations are endangered, the Mediterranean populations show a good conservation status, despite a lack of studies of the reproductive requirements and strategies of this species. This study aims to analyse the reproductive biology of a population of E. maritimum in the western Mediterranean (Balearic Islands, Spain), specifically focusing on differences in morphometric and reproductive traits among inflorescence orders. Capitulum size, number of flowers, fruit set and seed set were analysed to evaluate the morphological and reproductive differences among inflorescence orders. The association between subterranean development and investment in reproductive structures was also studied along the dune location. Breeding system was analysed, evaluating self-pollination capacity at capitulum level and the pollen/ovary ratio. Finally, floral visitors were assessed. Morphometric and reproductive traits showed a decline in size and production from early to subsequent inflorescence orders. A correlation between width of stem base (caudex) and number of reproductive structures was observed, whereas seashore distance did not affect the reproductive development. Flowering occurred during summer, from May until late July, while fructification took place from the middle of August until the last days of September. Pollinator exclusion treatments induced a fruit and seed set decline. Twenty-one species of floral visitor were found. First and second inflorescence orders contributed to the generation of seeds, displaying high fruit and seed production, while other inflorescence orders seemed to attract pollinators. Reproductive and non-reproductive development could depend on the capacity to reallocate resources from underground to aerial structures, which seemed to be superior in samples with highly developed caudices. In the studied population, inner areas closest to the seashore showed a delay in anthesis, which could be related to microclimate differences along the coast-to-inland gradient. Pollination is strongly entomophilous and showed low levels of self-compatibility at capitulum level. Considering these results, for habitat conservation the reported microclimate diversity should be taken into consideration, with a focus on conservation of the pollinator populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cortés-Fernández
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - M D Cerrato
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - A Ribas-Serra
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - L Gil Vives
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Kikowska M, Thiem B, Jafernik K, Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Studzińska-Sroka E, Ekiert H, Szopa A. Effect of Elicitation with (+)-Usnic Acid on Accumulation of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Agitated Microshoots of Eryngium alpinum L. Molecules 2021; 26:5532. [PMID: 34577004 PMCID: PMC8465747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work was aimed at studying the potential of elicitation on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in in vitro shoot cultures of Eryngium alpinum L., a protected plant from the Apiaceae family. The study examined the influence of (+)-usnic acid on the biomass growth as well as on the biosynthesis of the desired flavonoids and phenolic acids in the cultured microshoots. The phenolic compound content was determined by HPLC-DAD. The flavonoid of the highest concentration was isoquercetin, and the phenolic acids of the highest amount were rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, both in the non-elicited and elicited biomass. Isoquercetin accumulation was efficiently increased by a longer elicitation with a lower concentration of lichenic compound (107.17 ± 4.67 mg/100 g DW) or a shorter elicitation with a higher concentration of acid (127.54 ± 11.34 and 108.37 ± 12.1 mg/100 g DW). Rosmarinic acid production generally remained high in all elicited and non-elicited microshoots. The highest content of this acid was recorded at 24 h of elicitation with 3.125 µM usnic acid (512.69 ± 4.89 mg/100 g DW). The process of elicitation with (+)-usnic acid, a well-known lichenic compound with allelopathic nature, may therefore be an effective technique of enhancing phenolic compound accumulation in alpine eryngo microshoot biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, 14 Św. Marii Magdaleny St., 61-861 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Barbara Thiem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, 14 Św. Marii Magdaleny St., 61-861 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Karolina Jafernik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.); (M.K.-S.); (H.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.); (M.K.-S.); (H.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Elżbieta Studzińska-Sroka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, 4 Święcickiego St., 61-781 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Halina Ekiert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.); (M.K.-S.); (H.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.); (M.K.-S.); (H.E.); (A.S.)
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Micropropagation and Production of Somatic Seeds for Short-Term Storage of the Endangered Species Eryngium alpinum L. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040498. [PMID: 32295044 PMCID: PMC7238032 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eryngium alpinum L. is a high-value herb and a source of important compounds that include phenolics, triterpenoid saponins, and essential oils. The present report indicates successful micropropagation of this species. In our study, medium supplemented with BAP 2.0 mg/L, IAA 1.0 mg/L, and GA3 1.0 mg/L was found to be the most suitable for long-term culture and for effective proliferation, irrespective of the passage number. Roots induction, without basal callus formation, was observed when individual microshoots were placed on Murashige & Skoog medium augmented with auxin, and formation was the most advantageous in the presence of NAA alone or when combined with IAA or IBA. The encapsulated propagules were tested for their capability to endure different storage periods under low temperature. Therefore, we developed an efficient method for synseeds production by encapsulation of axillary buds in the sodium alginate matrix, storage for 2, 4, and 6 months, as well as the regeneration process. The maximum regeneration rate of 74% ± 2.72% was observed for axillary buds encapsulated in 4% sodium–alginate complexed with 300 mM calcium chloride after 2 months of storage at low temperature. This is the first report on E. alpinum micropropagation and somatic seeds production.
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Conservation biology of Chionodoxa lochiae and Scilla morrisii (Asparagaceae): Two priority bulbous plant species of the European Union in Cyprus. Glob Ecol Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Gan X, Cao L, Zhang X, Li H. Floral biology, breeding system and pollination ecology of an endangered tree Tetracentron sinense Oliv. (Trochodendraceae). BOTANICAL STUDIES 2013; 54:50. [PMID: 28510885 PMCID: PMC5430371 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-54-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetracentron sinense Oliv. is an endangered tree mainly distributed in south-central China. The breeding system and pollination ecology of T. sinense are unclear. With a conservation perspective, the floral biology, breeding system and pollination ecology of Tetracentron sinense Oliv. were investigated, in order to discuss the endangered factors related to pollination, and to provide important information for its conservation. RESULTS Our results revealed four important aspects of the reproductive biology of T. sinense. 1) T. sinense usually flowers by the beginning of June, and the flowering period of the population is about two months, and the florescence of florets lasted for 15 to 24 days with delicate fragrance. 2) The pollen/ovule ratio is 720 ± 28, and the outcrossing index is three. Artificial pollination experiments showed that T. sinense is self-compatible, with facultative xenogamy and no indication of agamospermy. 3) The pollination syndrome is ambophily, and self-pollination plays an important role in fruit production if wind and insect pollination is unavailable. 4) Insect pollinators were predominantly represented by Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. Syrphid fly and bees were the main effective pollinators. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that T. sinense exhibits a mixed-mating system, and autogamy in its breeding system may provide reproductive assurance for the population maintenance. During flowering and pollination in natural population, the decrease of population density and harsh environmental condition might be one of crucial reasons resulting in endanger for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Gan
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009 PR. China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009 PR. China
| | - Lingling Cao
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009 PR. China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009 PR. China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Library of China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009 PR. China
| | - Huaichun Li
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009 PR. China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009 PR. China
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Till-Bottraud I, Gouyon PH, Ressayre A, Godelle B. Gametophytic vs. sporophytic control of pollen aperture number: a generational conflict. Theor Popul Biol 2012; 82:147-57. [PMID: 22796134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In flowering plants, the haploid phase is reduced to the pollen grain and embryo sac. These reproductive tissues (gametophytes) are actually distinct individuals that have a different genome from the plant (sporophyte), and are more or less independent. The morphology of pollen grains, particularly the openings permitting pollen tube germination (apertures), is crucial for determining the outcome of pollen competition. Many species of flowering plants simultaneously produce pollen grains with different aperture numbers in a single individual (heteromorphism). In this paper, we show that the heteromorphic pollen aperture pattern depends on the genetic control of pollen morphogenesis. This points out a conflict of interest between genes expressed in the sporophyte and genes expressed in the gametophyte. More generally, such a conflict should exist whenever heteromorphism is an ESS resulting from a bet-hedging strategy. For pollen aperture, heteromorphism has been observed in about 40% of angiosperm species, suggesting that conflicting situations are the rule. In this context, the sporo-gametophytic conflict could be one of the factors that led to the reduction of the haploid phase in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Till-Bottraud
- Université de Grenoble 1, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR 5553, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex, France.
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Andreou M, Delipetrou P, Kadis C, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K, Georghiou K. An integrated approach for the conservation of threatened plants: The case of Arabis kennedyae (Brassicaceae). ACTA OECOLOGICA 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Van Rossum F, Stiers I, Van Geert A, Triest L, Hardy OJ. Fluorescent dye particles as pollen analogues for measuring pollen dispersal in an insect-pollinated forest herb. Oecologia 2010; 165:663-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kouonon LC, Jacquemart AL, Zoro Bi AI, Bertin P, Baudoin JP, Dje Y. Reproductive biology of the andromonoecious Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Cucurbitaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:1129-39. [PMID: 19671577 PMCID: PMC2766191 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Cucurbitaceae) is cultivated in many African regions for its edible kernels used as a soup thickener. The plant, an annual, andromonoecious, trailing-vine species, is of high social, cultural and economic value for local communities. In order to improve the yield of this crop, the first step and our aim were to elucidate its breeding system. METHODS Eight experimental pollination treatments were performed during three growing seasons to assess spontaneous selfing, self-compatibility and effects of pollen source (hermaphroditic vs. male flowers). Pollination success was determined by pollen tube growth and reproductive success was assessed by fruit, seed and seedling numbers and characteristics. The pollinator guild was surveyed and the pollination distance determined both by direct observations and by indirect fluorescent dye dispersal. KEY RESULTS The species is probably pollinated by several Hymenoptera, principally by Hypotrigona para. Pollinator flight distances varied from 25 to 69 cm. No evidence for apomixis or spontaneous self-pollination in the absence of insect visitors was found. The self-fertility index (SFI = 0) indicated a total dependence on pollinators for reproductive success. The effects of hand pollination on fruit set, seed number and seedling fitness differed among years. Pollen tube growth and reproductive success did not differ between self- and cross-pollinations. Accordingly, a high self-compatibility index for the fruit set (SCI = 1.00) and the seed number (SCI = 0.98) and a low inbreeding depression at all developmental stages (cumulative delta = 0.126) suggest a high selfing ability. Finally, pollen origin had no effect on fruit and seed sets. CONCLUSIONS This andromonoecious species has the potential for a mixed mating system with high dependence on insect-mediated pollination. The selfing rate through geitonogamy should be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie C. Kouonon
- Laboratoire de Génétique, UFR des Sciences de la Nature, Université d'Abobo-Adjamé, 02 BP 801, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Research group ‘Genetics, populations, reproduction’, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix-du-Sud 2, Box 14, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Anne-Laure Jacquemart
- Research group ‘Genetics, populations, reproduction’, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix-du-Sud 2, Box 14, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Arsene I. Zoro Bi
- Laboratoire de Génétique, UFR des Sciences de la Nature, Université d'Abobo-Adjamé, 02 BP 801, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Pierre Bertin
- Unité d'écophysiologie et amélioration végétale, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix-du-Sud 2, Box 11, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- Unité de Phytotechnie tropicale et d'Horticulture, Faculté universitaire des sciences agronomiques, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yao Dje
- Laboratoire de Génétique, UFR des Sciences de la Nature, Université d'Abobo-Adjamé, 02 BP 801, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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Lemke A, von der Lippe M, Kowarik I. New opportunities for an old method: using fluorescent colours to measure seed dispersal. J Appl Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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GAUDEUL MYRIAM, TILL-BOTTRAUD IRÈNE. Genetic structure of the endangered perennial plant Eryngium alpinum (Apiaceae) in an alpine valley. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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