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Hosoda K, Umemura K, Shimizu A, Kubota K, Notake T, Kitagawa N, Sakai H, Hayashi H, Yasukawa K, Soejima Y. The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio is a complementary prognostic factor to tumor markers in predicting early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Surg Oncol 2024; 129:765-774. [PMID: 38105473 DOI: 10.1002/jso.27564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The usefulness of inflammation-based prognostic scores for early recurrence (ER) after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma has rarely been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of inflammation-based prognostic scores as predictors of ER and their relationship with tumor markers. METHODS We enrolled 338 patients who underwent hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma between January 2007 and December 2021. Clinicopathological factors were compared between patients who developed ER (ER group) and those who did not develop ER (non-ER group). The association between inflammation-based prognostic scores and ER status was evaluated. These scores were compared with those of well-established tumor markers. RESULTS The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) correlated with ER of hepatocellular carcinoma, with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.70, sensitivity of 68.1%, and specificity of 67.7%. In patients with low tumor marker levels, the PLR showed a strong correlation with ER of hepatocellular carcinoma, with an AUC value of 0.851, sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 76.2%. Multivariate analysis revealed that the PLR was an independent prognostic factor for ER. CONCLUSIONS The PLR is useful and complementary to tumor markers for predicting ER after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Hosoda
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Umemura
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Notake
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hayashi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Koya Yasukawa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Soejima
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Sparrelid E, Olthof PB, Dasari BVM, Erdmann JI, Santol J, Starlinger P, Gilg S. Current evidence on posthepatectomy liver failure: comprehensive review. BJS Open 2022; 6:6840812. [PMID: 36415029 PMCID: PMC9681670 DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zrac142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite important advances in many areas of hepatobiliary surgical practice during the past decades, posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) still represents an important clinical challenge for the hepatobiliary surgeon. The aim of this review is to present the current body of evidence regarding different aspects of PHLF. METHODS A literature review was conducted to identify relevant articles for each topic of PHLF covered in this review. The literature search was performed using Medical Subject Heading terms on PubMed for articles on PHLF in English until May 2022. RESULTS Uniform reporting on PHLF is lacking due to the use of various definitions in the literature. There is no consensus on optimal preoperative assessment before major hepatectomy to avoid PHLF, although many try to estimate future liver remnant function. Once PHLF occurs, there is still no effective treatment, except liver transplantation, where the reported experience is limited. DISCUSSION Strict adherence to one definition is advised when reporting data on PHLF. The use of the International Study Group of Liver Surgery criteria of PHLF is recommended. There is still no widespread established method for future liver remnant function assessment. Liver transplantation is currently the only effective way to treat severe, intractable PHLF, but for many indications, this treatment is not available in most countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Sparrelid
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pim B Olthof
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bobby V M Dasari
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.,University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joris I Erdmann
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Santol
- Department of Surgery, HPB Center, Viennese Health Network, Clinic Favoriten and Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Starlinger
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stefan Gilg
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ding C, Jia J, Bai G, Zhou W, Shan W. Predictive value of Gd-EOB-DTPA -enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for post-hepatectomy liver failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Radiol 2022; 64:1347-1356. [PMID: 36303435 DOI: 10.1177/02841851221134485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Accurate preoperative diagnosis of post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) is particularly important to improve the prognosis of patients. Purpose To evaluate the predictive value of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for post-hepatectomy liver failure. Material and Methods A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to find relevant original articles published up to December 2021. The included studies were assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. The bivariate random-effects model was used to assess the diagnostic authenticity. Meta-regression analyses were performed to analyze the potential heterogeneity. Results In total, 13 articles were included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curves were 88% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.80–0.94), 80% (95% CI = 0.73–0.86), 4.4 (95% CI = 3.3–5.9), 0.14 (95% CI = 0.08–0.25), 31 (95% CI = 17–57), and 0.91 (95% CI = 0.89–0.94), respectively. There was no publication bias and threshold effect in our study. Conclusion Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI is a potentially useful for the prediction of PHLF after major hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ding
- The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jianye Jia
- The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Genji Bai
- The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenli Shan
- The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, PR China
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Caparroz C, Forner A, Rimola J, Darnell A, García-Criado Á, Ayuso JR, Reig M, Bruix J, Ayuso C. Portal hypertension may influence the registration of hypointensity of small hepatocellular carcinoma in the hepatobiliary phase in gadoxetic acid MR. Radiol Oncol 2022; 56:292-302. [PMID: 35776837 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2022-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to analyze the association between the liver uptake of Gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) in the hepatobiliary phase (HBP) in cirrhotic patients and the presence of clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH), and how these features impact on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) detection in the HBP. PATIENTS AND METHODS Post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort of 62 cirrhotic patients with newly US-detected nodule between 1-2 cm (study group). Twenty healthy subjects were used as control group. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the liver contrast uptake in the HBP assessed by Relative Liver-Enhancement (RLE), Liver-Spleen (LSCR), Liver-Muscle (LMCR), and Liver-Kidney Contrast-Ratio (LKCR), Contrast Enhancement Index (CEI), and Hepatic Uptake (HUI), and biliary excretion, were registered. CSPH was confirmed invasively (HVPG > 10 mmHg) or by indirect parameters. The appearance of HCC at the HBP was analyzed. RESULTS Nineteen patients (30.6%) did not have CSPH. In 41 patients (66.1%) the final diagnosis was HCC. All indices were significantly higher in the control group, indicating a more intense HBP liver signal intensity compared to patients with cirrhosis, even if the comparison was restricted to patients with no CSPH. CSPH was associated to a lower rate of HCC hypointensity in the HBP (51.9% vs. 85.7% without CSPH, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Liver uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA at the HBP is decreased in cirrhosis even if the liver function is minimally impaired and it falls down significantly in patients with CSPH compromising the recognition of hypointense lesions. This fact may represent a limitation for the detection of small HCC in patients with cirrhosis and CSPH.
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Baumgartner R, Gilg S, Björnsson B, Hasselgren K, Ghorbani P, Sauter C, Stål P, Sandstöm P, Sparrelid E, Engstrand J. Impact of post-hepatectomy liver failure on morbidity and short- and long-term survival after major hepatectomy. BJS Open 2022; 6:6645280. [PMID: 35849062 PMCID: PMC9291378 DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zrac097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) is one of the most serious postoperative complications after hepatectomy. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS) definition of PHLF on morbidity and short- and long-term survival after major hepatectomy. Methods This was a retrospective review of all patients who underwent major hepatectomy (three or more liver segments) for various liver tumours between 2010 and 2018 at two Swedish tertiary centres for hepatopancreatobiliary surgery. Descriptive statistics, regression models, and survival analyses were used. Results A total of 799 patients underwent major hepatectomy, of which 218 patients (27 per cent) developed ISGLS-defined PHLF, including 115 patients (14 per cent) with ISGLS grade A, 76 patients (10 per cent) with grade B, and 27 patients (3 per cent) with grade C. The presence of cirrhosis, perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancer, right-sided hemihepatectomy and trisectionectomy all significantly increased the risk of clinically relevant PHLF (grades B and C). Clinically relevant PHLF increased the risk of 90-day mortality and was associated with impaired long-term survival. ISGLS grade A had more major postoperative complications compared with no PHLF but failed to be an independent predictor of both 90-day mortality and long-term survival. The impact of PHLF grade B/C on long-term survival was no longer present in patients surviving the first 90 days after surgery. Conclusions The presently used ISGLS definition for PHLF should be reconsidered regarding mortality as only PHLF grade B/C was associated with a negative impact on short-term survival; however, even ISGLS grade A had clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Baumgartner
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Gilg
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bergthor Björnsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kristina Hasselgren
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Poya Ghorbani
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Sauter
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Stål
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Sandstöm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ernesto Sparrelid
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennie Engstrand
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hosoda K, Shimizu A, Kubota K, Notake T, Masuo H, Yoshizawa T, Sakai H, Hayashi H, Yasukawa K, Soejima Y. Usefulness of frailty to predict short‐ and long‐term outcomes in patients who have undergone major hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2022; 6:833-841. [PMID: 36338592 PMCID: PMC9628246 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The influence of frailty on outcomes after hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of frailty on the incidence of postoperative complications and survival after major hepatectomy for PHCC. Methods A total of 87 patients who had undergone surgery for PHCC between 2007 and 2020 were enrolled in this study. Frailty was scored retrospectively using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). The survival and incidence of postoperative complications were compared based on the degree of frailty, and their risk factors were analyzed. Results The overall survival of the CFS score 1‐2 group was significantly higher than that of the CFS score 3‐7 group (P = .01). The survival benefit was especially observed in stage I or II PHCC. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the CFS score 1‐3 group and the CFS score 4‐7 group in the incidence of Clavien–Dindo classification grade ≥ IIIa (39.4% vs 70.6%; P = .03). Frailty was an independent risk factor for severe postoperative complications (odds ratio, 4.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.18‐15.20; P = .03) and the incidence of systemic complications (P < .01). Conclusion Frailty is a predictive factor for short‐ and long‐term outcomes in patients who have undergone major hepatectomy for PHCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Hosoda
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Notake
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Hitoshi Masuo
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Hikaru Hayashi
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Koya Yasukawa
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Yuji Soejima
- Division of Gastroenterological, Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
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Tan CH, Chou SC, Inmutto N, Ma K, Sheng R, Shi Y, Zhou Z, Yamada A, Tateishi R. Gadoxetate-Enhanced MRI as a Diagnostic Tool in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Report from a 2020 Asia-Pacific Multidisciplinary Expert Meeting. Korean J Radiol 2022; 23:697-719. [PMID: 35555884 PMCID: PMC9240294 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2021.0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadoxetate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used in clinical practice for liver imaging. For optimal use, we must understand both its advantages and limitations. This article is the outcome of an online advisory board meeting and subsequent discussions by a multidisciplinary group of experts on liver diseases across the Asia-Pacific region, first held on September 28, 2020. Here, we review the technical considerations for the use of gadoxetate, its current role in the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and its relevance in consensus guidelines for HCC imaging diagnosis. In the latter part of this review, we examine recent evidence evaluating the impact of gadoxetate on clinical outcomes on a continuum from diagnosis to treatment decision-making and follow-up. In conclusion, we outline the potential future roles of gadoxetate MRI based on an evolving understanding of the clinical utility of this contrast agent in the management of patients at risk of, or with, HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher Heng Tan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Shu-Cheng Chou
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City & Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nakarin Inmutto
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - RuoFan Sheng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - YingHong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongguo Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Akira Yamada
- Department of Radiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Saito Y, Shimada M, Morine Y, Yamada S, Sugimoto M. Essential updates 2020/2021: Current topics of simulation and navigation in hepatectomy. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2021; 6:190-196. [PMID: 35261944 PMCID: PMC8889864 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of three‐dimensional (3D) simulation software, preoperative simulation technology is almost completely established. The remaining issue is how to recognize anatomy three‐dimensionally. Extended reality is a newly developed technology with several merits for surgical application: no requirement for a sterilized display monitor, better spatial awareness, and the ability to share 3D images among all surgeons. Various technology or devices for intraoperative navigation have also been developed to support the safety and certainty of liver surgery. Consensus recommendations regarding indocyanine green fluorescence were determined in 2021. Extended reality has also been applied to intraoperative navigation, and artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the topics of real‐time navigation. AI might overcome the problem of liver deformity with automatic registration. Including the issues described above, this article focuses on recent advances in simulation and navigation in liver surgery from 2020 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Saito
- Department of Surgery Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | | | - Maki Sugimoto
- Department of Surgery Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
- Okinaga Research Institute Teikyo University Chiyoda‐ku Japan
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