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Cartus AT, Lachenmeier DW, Guth S, Roth A, Baum M, Diel P, Eisenbrand G, Engeli B, Hellwig M, Humpf HU, Joost HG, Kulling SE, Lampen A, Marko D, Steinberg P, Wätjen W, Hengstler JG, Mally A. Acetaldehyde as a Food Flavoring Substance: Aspects of Risk Assessment. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200661. [PMID: 37840378 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) has reviewed the currently available data in order to assess the health risks associated with the use of acetaldehyde as a flavoring substance in foods. Acetaldehyde is genotoxic in vitro. Following oral intake of ethanol or inhalation exposure to acetaldehyde, systemic genotoxic effects of acetaldehyde in vivo cannot be ruled out (induction of DNA adducts and micronuclei). At present, the key question of whether acetaldehyde is genotoxic and mutagenic in vivo after oral exposure cannot be answered conclusively. There is also insufficient data on human exposure. Consequently, it is currently not possible to reliably assess the health risk associated with the use of acetaldehyde as a flavoring substance. However, considering the genotoxic potential of acetaldehyde as well as numerous data gaps that need to be filled to allow a comprehensive risk assessment, the SKLM considers that the use of acetaldehyde as a flavoring may pose a safety concern. For reasons of precautionary consumer protection, the SKLM recommends that the scientific base for approval of the intentional addition of acetaldehyde to foods as a flavoring substance should be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr, 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Angelika Roth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr, 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthias Baum
- Solenis Germany Industries GmbH, Fütingsweg 20, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Engeli
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Special Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Risk Assessment Strategies, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Wätjen
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr, 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
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Vijayraghavan S, Saini N. Aldehyde-Associated Mutagenesis─Current State of Knowledge. Chem Res Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37363863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes are widespread in the environment, with multiple sources such as food and beverages, industrial effluents, cigarette smoke, and additives. The toxic effects of exposure to several aldehydes have been observed in numerous studies. At the molecular level, aldehydes damage DNA, cross-link DNA and proteins, lead to lipid peroxidation, and are associated with increased disease risk including cancer. People genetically predisposed to aldehyde sensitivity exhibit severe health outcomes. In various diseases such as Fanconi's anemia and Cockayne syndrome, loss of aldehyde-metabolizing pathways in conjunction with defects in DNA repair leads to widespread DNA damage. Importantly, aldehyde-associated mutagenicity is being explored in a growing number of studies, which could offer key insights into how they potentially contribute to tumorigenesis. Here, we review the genotoxic effects of various aldehydes, focusing particularly on the DNA adducts underlying the mutagenicity of environmentally derived aldehydes. We summarize the chemical structures of the aldehydes and their predominant DNA adducts, discuss various methodologies, in vitro and in vivo, commonly used in measuring aldehyde-associated mutagenesis, and highlight some recent studies looking at aldehyde-associated mutation signatures and spectra. We conclude the Review with a discussion on the challenges and future perspectives of investigating aldehyde-associated mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Vijayraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Natalie Saini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
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Marttila E, Rusanen P, Uittamo J, Salaspuro M, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Salo T. Expression of p53 is associated with microbial acetaldehyde production in oralsquamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 131:527-533. [PMID: 33858805 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the association between p53 expression and microbial acetaldehyde production in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). STUDY DESIGN Oral mucosal biopsies from 22 patients with OSCC and 24 healthy controls (HCs) were collected. p53 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Microbial samples were collected from the mucosa and microbial acetaldehyde production from ethanol was measured by gas chromatography. RESULTS The majority of all OSCC (77%) and HC samples (67%) produced mutagenic levels of acetaldehyde (>100 µM). A significant positive correlation between microbial acetaldehyde production and p53 expression levels in OSCC samples was seen in the intermediate and superficial layers of the epithelium of the infiltrative zone (P = .0005 and P = .0004, respectively) and in the superficial layer of the healthy appearing mucosa next to the tumor (P = .0391). There was no significant correlation between acetaldehyde levels and p53 expression in HC samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results show an association between microbial acetaldehyde production and immunostaining of p53 in OSCC samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Marttila
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Peter Rusanen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Uittamo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit on Acetaldehyde and Cancer, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Salaspuro
- Research Unit on Acetaldehyde and Cancer, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riina Rautemaa-Richardson
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Hirohashi K, Ohashi S, Amanuma Y, Nakai Y, Ida T, Baba K, Mitani Y, Mizumoto A, Yamamoto Y, Kikuchi O, Matsubara J, Yamada A, Miyamoto S, Seno H, Matsuda T, Muto M. Protective effects of Alda-1, an ALDH2 activator, on alcohol-derived DNA damage in the esophagus of human ALDH2*2 (Glu504Lys) knock-in mice. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:194-202. [PMID: 31074772 PMCID: PMC7175241 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is the key risk factor for the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and acetaldehyde, a metabolite of alcohol, is an alcohol-derived major carcinogen that causes DNA damage. Aldehyde dehydrogenase2 (ALDH2) is an enzyme that detoxifies acetaldehyde, and its activity is reduced by ALDH2 gene polymorphism. Reduction in ALDH2 activity increases blood, salivary and breath acetaldehyde levels after alcohol intake, and it is deeply associated with the development of ESCC. Heavy alcohol consumption in individuals with ALDH2 gene polymorphism significantly elevates the risk of ESCC; however, effective prevention has not been established yet. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Alda-1, a small molecule ALDH2 activator, on alcohol-mediated esophageal DNA damage. Here, we generated novel genetically engineered knock-in mice that express the human ALDH2*1 (wild-type allele) or ALDH2*2 gene (mutant allele). Those mice were crossed, and human ALDH2*1/*1, ALDH2*1/*2 and ALDH2*2/*2 knock-in mice were established. They were given 10% ethanol for 7 days in the presence or absence of Alda-1, and we measured the levels of esophageal DNA damage, represented by DNA adduct (N2-ethylidene-2′-deoxyguanosine). Alda-1 significantly increased hepatic ALDH2 activity both in human ALDH2*1/*2 and/or ALDH2*2/*2 knock-in mice and reduced esophageal DNA damage levels after alcohol drinking. Conversely, cyanamide, an ALDH2-inhibitor, significantly exacerbated esophageal DNA adduct level in C57BL/6N mice induced by alcohol drinking. These results indicate the protective effects of ALDH2 activation by Alda-1 on esophageal DNA damage levels in individuals with ALDH2 gene polymorphism, providing a new insight into acetaldehyde-mediated esophageal carcinogenesis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenshiro Hirohashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohashi
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Amanuma
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukie Nakai
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ida
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Baba
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mitani
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayaka Mizumoto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Kikuchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junichi Matsubara
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin’ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonari Matsuda
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Yumihama, Otsu, Japan
| | - Manabu Muto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81 75 751 4592; Fax:+81 75 751 4594;
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Ambele MA, Pepper MS, van Heerden MB, van Heerden WFP. Molecular profile of tongue cancer in an 18-year-old female patient with no recognizable risk factor. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2019; 4:310-313. [PMID: 31236464 PMCID: PMC6580056 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The occurrence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) in nonsmoking young adults, especially females, has increased. Yet, there is no clear evidence to support the existence of any single determinant. This case reports the presence of TSCC in an 18-year-old female with no recognizable risk factor for oral cancer development. Methods Histological examination and p16 immunohistochemistry were performed. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections were prepared from resected tissue and DNA was extracted for molecular OncoScan analysis. Results Histological and immunochemical analysis showed a p16-negative poorly differentiated keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. OncoScan analysis of this tumor revealed a high confidence TP53:p.R213*:c.637C>T somatic mutation as well as copy number alterations of chromosomal regions including gains of 1p, 3q, 5p, 7p, 8p, 8q, 11q, 15q, 17q, and 20p, and losses on 1p, 3p, 18q, and 22q. Conclusion The TP53:p.R213*:c.637C>T mutation detected is indicative of a genetic predisposition to cancer and it is the first to be reported in TSCC in a nonsmoking young adult. Level of Evidence Case report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin A Ambele
- Department of Immunology, and SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa.,Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Michael S Pepper
- Department of Immunology, and SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Marlene B van Heerden
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Willie F P van Heerden
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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Mizumoto A, Ohashi S, Hirohashi K, Amanuma Y, Matsuda T, Muto M. Molecular Mechanisms of Acetaldehyde-Mediated Carcinogenesis in Squamous Epithelium. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1943. [PMID: 28891965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaldehyde is a highly reactive compound that causes various forms of damage to DNA, including DNA adducts, single- and/or double-strand breaks (DSBs), point mutations, sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and DNA-DNA cross-links. Among these, DNA adducts such as N²-ethylidene-2'-deoxyguanosine, N²-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine, N²-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine, and N²-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine are central to acetaldehyde-mediated DNA damage because they are associated with the induction of DNA mutations, DNA-DNA cross-links, DSBs, and SCEs. Acetaldehyde is produced endogenously by alcohol metabolism and is catalyzed by aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). Alcohol consumption increases blood and salivary acetaldehyde levels, especially in individuals with ALDH2 polymorphisms, which are highly associated with the risk of squamous cell carcinomas in the upper aerodigestive tract. Based on extensive epidemiological evidence, the International Agency for Research on Cancer defined acetaldehyde associated with the consumption of alcoholic beverages as a "group 1 carcinogen" (definite carcinogen) for the esophagus and/or head and neck. In this article, we review recent advances from studies of acetaldehyde-mediated carcinogenesis in the squamous epithelium, focusing especially on acetaldehyde-mediated DNA adducts. We also give attention to research on acetaldehyde-mediated DNA repair pathways such as the Fanconi anemia pathway and refer to our studies on the prevention of acetaldehyde-mediated DNA damage.
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7
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Aoyama I, Ohashi S, Amanuma Y, Hirohashi K, Mizumoto A, Funakoshi M, Tsurumaki M, Nakai Y, Tanaka K, Hanada M, Uesaka A, Chiba T, Muto M. Establishment of a Quick and Highly Accurate Breath Test for ALDH2 Genotyping. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2017; 8:e96. [PMID: 28594397 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, is a definite carcinogen for the esophagus, head, and neck; and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of acetaldehyde. The ALDH2 genotype exists as ALDH2*1/*1 (active ALDH2), ALDH2*1/*2 (heterozygous inactive ALDH2), and ALDH2*2/*2 (homozygous inactive ALDH2). Many epidemiological studies have reported that ALDH2*2 carriers are at high risk for esophageal or head and neck squamous cell carcinomas by habitual drinking. Therefore, identification of ALDH2*2 carriers would be helpful for the prevention of those cancers, but there have been no methods suitable for mass screening to identify these individuals. Methods: One hundred and eleven healthy volunteers (ALDH2*1/*1 carriers: 53; ALDH2*1/*2 carriers: 48; and ALDH2*2/*2 carriers: 10) were recruited. Breath samples were collected after drinking 100 ml of 0.5% ethanol using specially designed gas bags, and breath ethanol and acetaldehyde levels were measured by semiconductor gas chromatography. Results: The median (range) breath acetaldehyde levels at 1 min after alcohol ingestion were 96.1 (18.1–399.0) parts per billion (p.p.b.) for the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype, 333.5 (78.4–1218.4) p.p.b. for the ALDH2*1/*2 genotype, and 537.1 (213.2–1353.8) p.p.b. for the ALDH2*2/*2 genotype. The breath acetaldehyde levels in ALDH2*2 carriers were significantly higher than for the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype. Notably, the ratio of breath acetaldehyde level-to-breath ethanol level could identify carriers of the ALDH2*2 allele very accurately (whole accuracy; 96.4%). Conclusions: Our novel breath test is a useful tool for identifying ALDH2*2 carriers, who are at high risk for esophageal and head and neck cancers.
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Lacerda CF, Cruvinel-Carloni A, de Oliveira ATT, Scapulatempo-Neto C, López RVM, Crema E, Adad SJ, Rodrigues MAM, Henry MACA, Guimarães DP, Reis RM. Mutational profile of TP53 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma associated with chagasic megaesophagus. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30:1-9. [PMID: 28375484 DOI: 10.1093/dote/dow040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chaga's disease is an important communicable neglected disease that is gaining wider attention due to its increasing incidence worldwide. Achalasia due to chagasic megaesophagus (CM), a complication of this disease, is a known-yet, poorly understood-etiological factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) development. In this study, we aimed to perform the analysis of TP53 mutations in a series of Brazilian patients with ESCC that developed in the context CM (ESCC/CM), and to compare with the TP53 mutation profile of patients with benign CM and patients with nonchagasic ESCC. Additionally, we intended to correlate the TP53 mutation results with patient's clinical pathological features. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by direct sequencing of the hotspot regions of TP53 (exon 5 to 8), we found that TP53 mutations were present in 40.6% (13/32) of the ESCC/CM group, 45% (18/40) of the nonchagasic ESCC group, and in only 3% (1/33) of the benign CM group. Missense mutations were the most common in the three groups, yet, the type and mutated exon mutation varied significantly among the groups. Clinically, the groups exhibited distinct features, with both cancer groups (ESCC and ESCC/CM) been significantly associated higher consumption of alcohol and tobacco, older age, worse Karnofsky performance status, poor outcome than the patients with benign CM. No significant association was found between TP53 mutation profile and clinical-pathological features in any of the three groups. We describe first the time the analysis of TP53 mutations in ESCC that developed in the context of CM, and the observed high frequency of mutations, suggest that TP53 also plays an important role in the tumorigenic process of this unexplored etiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Lacerda
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Cruvinel-Carloni
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - C Scapulatempo-Neto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R V M López
- Centre for Researcher Support, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Crema
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Pathology, Medical School, UFTM -Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - S J Adad
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Pathology, Medical School, UFTM -Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M A M Rodrigues
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery and Pathology, Medical School, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A C A Henry
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery and Pathology, Medical School, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D P Guimarães
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Endoscopy, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R M Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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9
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Ohashi S, Miyamoto S, Kikuchi O, Goto T, Amanuma Y, Muto M. Recent Advances From Basic and Clinical Studies of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1700-15. [PMID: 26376349 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive squamous cell carcinomas and is highly prevalent in Asia. Alcohol and its metabolite, acetaldehyde, are considered definite carcinogens for the esophagus. Polymorphisms in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene, which encodes an enzyme that eliminates acetaldehyde, have been associated with esophageal carcinogenesis. Studies of the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of acetaldehyde support this observation. Several recent large-scale comprehensive analyses of the genomic alterations in ESCC have shown a high frequency of mutations in genes such as TP53 and others that regulate the cell cycle or cell differentiation. Moreover, whole genome and whole exome sequencing studies have frequently detected somatic mutations, such as G:C→A:T transitions or G:C→C:G transversions, in ESCC tissues. Genomic instability, caused by abnormalities in the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway, is also considered a pathogenic mechanism of ESCC. Advances in diagnostic techniques such as magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging or positron emission tomography have increased the accuracy of diagnosis of ESCC. Updated guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network standardize the practice for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer. Patients with ESCC are treated endoscopically or with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, based on tumor stage. Minimally invasive treatments help improve the quality of life of patients who undergo such treatments. We review recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of ESCC and advances gained from basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohashi
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto University Hospital Cancer Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Amanuma
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto University Hospital Cancer Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Muto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto University Hospital Cancer Center, Kyoto, Japan.
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10
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Pickering CR, Zhang J, Neskey DM, Zhao M, Jasser SA, Wang J, Ward A, Tsai CJ, Ortega Alves MV, Zhou JH, Drummond J, El-Naggar AK, Gibbs R, Weinstein JN, Wheeler DA, Wang J, Frederick MJ, Myers JN. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in young non-smokers is genomically similar to tumors in older smokers. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3842-8. [PMID: 24874835 PMCID: PMC4102633 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemiologic studies have identified an increasing incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT) in younger patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNA isolated from tongue tumors of young (<45 years, non-smokers) and old (>45 years) patients at was subjected to whole-exome sequencing and copy-number analysis. These data were compared with data from similar patients in the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) project. RESULTS In this study, we found that gene-specific mutation and copy-number alteration frequencies were similar between young and old patients with SCCOT in two independent cohorts. Likewise, the types of base changes observed in the young cohort were similar to those in the old cohort even though they differed in smoking history. TCGA data also demonstrate that the genomic effects of smoking are tumor site-specific, and we find that smoking has only a minor impact on the types of mutations observed in SCCOT. CONCLUSIONS Overall, tumors from young patients with SCCOT appear genomically similar to those of older patients with SCCOT, and the cause for the increasing incidence of young SCCOT remains unknown. These data indicate that the functional impact of smoking on carcinogenesis in SCCOT is still poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David M Neskey
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Mei Zhao
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Samar A Jasser
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Jiping Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Alexandra Ward
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Head and Neck Surgery
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - John N Weinstein
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | - Jing Wang
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | | | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Head and Neck Surgery,
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Brooks PJ, Zakhari S. Acetaldehyde and the genome: beyond nuclear DNA adducts and carcinogenesis. Environ Mol Mutagen 2014; 55:77-91. [PMID: 24282063 DOI: 10.1002/em.21824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The designation of acetaldehyde associated with the consumption of alcoholic beverages as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has brought renewed attention to the biological effects of acetaldehyde, as the primary oxidative metabolite of alcohol. Therefore, the overall focus of this review is on acetaldehyde and its direct and indirect effects on the nuclear and mitochondrial genome. We first consider different acetaldehyde-DNA adducts, including a critical assessment of the evidence supporting a role for acetaldehyde-DNA adducts in alcohol related carcinogenesis, and consideration of additional data needed to make a conclusion. We also review recent data on the role of the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway in protecting against acetaldehyde genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, as well as teratogenicity. We also review evidence from the older literature that acetaldehyde may impact the genome indirectly, via the formation of adducts with proteins that are themselves critically involved in the maintenance of genetic and epigenetic stability. Finally, we note the lack of information regarding acetaldehyde effects on the mitochondrial genome, which is notable since aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), the primary acetaldehyde metabolic enzyme, is located in the mitochondrion, and roughly 30% of East Asian individuals are deficient in ALDH2 activity due to a genetic variant in the ALDH2 gene. In summary, a comprehensive understanding of all of the mechanisms by which acetaldehyde impacts the function of the genome has implications not only for alcohol and cancer, but types of alcohol related pathologies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Brooks
- Division of Metabolism and Health Effects, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
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12
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Paiano V, Bianchi G, Davoli E, Negri E, Fanelli R, Fattore E. Risk assessment for the Italian population of acetaldehyde in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Food Chem 2014; 154:26-31. [PMID: 24518311 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde is a naturally-occurring carcinogenic compound, present in different food items, especially in alcoholic beverages. The aims of this study were to measure acetaldehyde concentration in different beverages consumed in Italy and to estimate the potential cancer risk. The analytical procedure was based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), using the isotopic dilution method. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was used for risk characterisation. The highest concentrations (median, min-max) were detected in grappa samples (499, 23.4-1850mg/l), followed by fruit-based liqueurs and spirits (62.0, 5.23-483mg/l) and wine (68.0, 18.1-477mg/l); the lowest were detected in gin (0.91, 0.78-1.90mg/l). The lowest MOE was estimated for high wine consumers (69). These results suggest that regulatory measures and consumer guidance may be necessary for acetaldehyde in beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Paiano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Bianchi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Davoli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Fanelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Fattore
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
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13
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14
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da Costa NM, Soares Lima SC, de Almeida Simão T, Ribeiro Pinto LF. The potential of molecular markers to improve interventions through the natural history of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:e00057. [PMID: 23837802 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20130063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
EC (oesophageal cancer) is one of the ten most frequent and fatal tumours worldwide and ESCC (oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma) accounts for about 80% of the cases. The first symptoms of ESCC arise late during the progression of the disease and, therefore, the diagnosis is usually done in advanced stages. This leads to an inefficient treatment and consequently to a poor prognosis. Thus, a comprehensive knowledge of ESCC biology is of major importance to identify risk factors, especially in high-incidence areas and biomarkers which could enable ESCC prevention and interventions throughout the natural history of the disease. In this review, we present the current knowledge regarding ESCC aetiology as well as the different genetic and epigenetic alterations already described in this tumour. We also discuss how these alterations could be used to anticipate ESCC diagnosis as well as how they can help improving treatment. A molecular natural history of the disease is proposed pointing out potential markers that may improve interventions at different points of ESCC development. Only when the different layers of complexity behind this tumour are elucidated, it will be possible to successfully perform prevention at different levels.
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15
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Walker DM, Patrick O'Neill J, Tyson FL, Walker VE. The stress response resolution assay. I. Quantitative assessment of environmental agent/condition effects on cellular stress resolution outcomes in epithelium. Environ Mol Mutagen 2013; 54:268-280. [PMID: 23554083 DOI: 10.1002/em.21772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The events or factors that lead from normal cell function to conditions and diseases such as aging or cancer reflect complex interactions between cells and their environment. Cellular stress responses, a group of processes involved in homeostasis and adaptation to environmental change, contribute to cell survival under stress and can be resolved with damage avoidance or damage tolerance outcomes. To investigate the impact of environmental agents/conditions upon cellular stress response outcomes in epithelium, a novel quantitative assay, the "stress response resolution" (SRR) assay, was developed. The SRR assay consists of pretreatment with a test agent or vehicle followed later by a calibrated stress conditions exposure step (here, using 6-thioguanine). Pilot studies conducted with a spontaneously-immortalized murine mammary epithelial cell line pretreated with vehicle or 20 µg N-ethyl-N-nitrososurea/ml medium for 1 hr, or two hTERT-immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell lines pretreated with vehicle or 100 µM zidovudine/lamivudine for 12 days, found minimal alterations in cell morphology, survival, or cell function through 2 weeks post-exposure. However, when these pretreatments were followed 2 weeks later by exposure to calibrated stress conditions of limited duration (for 4 days), significant alterations in stress resolution were observed in pretreated cells compared with vehicle-treated control cells, with decreased damage avoidance survival outcomes in all cell lines and increased damage tolerance outcomes in two of three cell lines. These pilot study results suggest that sub-cytotoxic pretreatments with chemical mutagens have long-term adverse impact upon the ability of cells to resolve subsequent exposure to environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale M Walker
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Herndon, VA, USA
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Toh Y, Oki E, Ohgaki K, Sakamoto Y, Ito S, Egashira A, Saeki H, Kakeji Y, Morita M, Sakaguchi Y, Okamura T, Maehara Y. Alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Int J Clin Oncol 2010; 15:135-44. [PMID: 20224883 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-010-0057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common incident cancer in the world and ranks sixth among all cancers in mortality. Esophageal cancers are classified into two histological types; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and adenocarcinoma, and the incidences of these types show a striking variety of geographic distribution, possibly reflecting differences in exposure to specific environmental factors. Both alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are major risk factors for the development of ESCC. Acetaldehyde is the most toxic ethanol metabolite in alcohol-associated carcinogenesis, while ethanol itself stimulates carcinogenesis by inhibiting DNA methylation and by interacting with retinoid metabolism. Cigarette smoke contains more than 60 carcinogens and there are strong links between some of these carcinogens and various smoking-induced cancers; these mechanisms are well established. Synergistic effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are also observed in carcinogenesis of the upper aerodigestive tract. Of note, intensive molecular biological studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of ESCC, including genetic and epigenetic alterations. However, a wide range of molecular changes is associated with ESCC, possibly because the esophagus is exposed to many kinds of carcinogens including alcohol and cigarette smoke, and it remains unclear which alterations are the most critical for esophageal carcinogenesis. This brief review summarizes the general mechanisms of alcohol- and smoking-induced carcinogenesis and then discusses the mechanisms of the development of ESCC, with special attention to alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Toh
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan.
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17
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Yu HS, Oyama T, Isse T, Kitakawa K, Ogawa M, Pham TTP, Kawamoto T. Characteristics of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) knockout mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 19:535-40. [PMID: 19874182 DOI: 10.3109/15376510903401708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde is an intermediate of ethanol oxidation. It covalently binds to DNA, and is known as a carcinogen. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an important enzyme that oxidizes acetaldehyde. Approximately 45% of Chinese and Japanese individuals have the inactive ALDH2 genotypes (ALDH2*2/*2 and ALDH2*1/*2), and Aldh2 knockout mice appear to be a valid animal model for humans with inactive ALDH2. This review gives an overview of published studies on Aldh2 knockout mice, which were treated with ethanol or acetaldehyde. According to these studies, it was found that Aldh2 -/- mice (Aldh2 knockout mice) are more susceptible to ethanol and acetaldehyde-induced toxicity than Aldh2 +/+ mice (wild type mice). When mice were fed with ethanol, the mortality was increased. When they were exposed to atmospheres containing acetaldehyde, the Aldh2 -/- mice showed more severe toxic symptoms, like weight loss and higher blood acetaldehyde levels, as compared with the Aldh2 +/+ mice. Thus, ethanol and acetaldehyde treatment affects Aldh2 knockout mice more than wild type mice. Based on these findings, it is suggested that ethanol consumption and acetaldehyde inhalation are inferred to pose a higher risk to ALDH2-inactive humans. These results also support that ALDH2-deficient humans who habitually consume alcohol have a higher rate of cancer than humans with functional ALDH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Sheng Yu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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18
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Brendel M, Marisco G, Ganda I, Wolter R, Pungartnik C. DNA repair mutant pso2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is sensitive to intracellular acetaldehyde accumulated by disulfiram-mediated inhibition of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Genet Mol Res 2010; 9:48-57. [PMID: 20082270 DOI: 10.4238/vol9-1gmr695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Blocking aldehyde dehydrogenase with the drug disulfiram leads to an accumulation of intracellular acetaldehyde, which negatively affects the viability of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutants of the yeast gene PSO2, which encodes a protein specific for repair of DNA interstrand cross-links, showed higher sensitivity to disulfiram compared to the wild type. This leads us to suggest that accumulated acetaldehyde induces DNA lesions, including highly deleterious interstrand cross-links. Acetaldehyde induced the expression of a PSO2-lacZ reporter construct that is specifically inducible by bi- or poly-functional mutagens, e.g., nitrogen mustard and photo-activated psoralens. Chronic exposure of yeast cells to disulfiram and acute exposure to acetaldehyde induced forward mutagenesis in the yeast CAN1 gene. Disulfiram-induced mutability of a pso2Delta mutant was significantly increased over that of the isogenic wild type; however, this was not found for acetaldehyde-induced mutagenesis. Spontaneous mutability at the CAN1 locus was elevated in pso2Delta, suggesting that growth of glucose-repressed yeast produces DNA lesions that, in the absence of Pso2p-mediated crosslink repair, are partially removed by an error-prone DNA repair mechanism. The use of disulfiram in the control of human alcohol abuse increases cellular acetaldehyde pools, which, based on our observations, enhances the risk of mutagenesis and of other genetic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brendel
- Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
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19
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Szymańska K, Levi J, Menezes A, Wünsch-Filho V, Eluf-Neto J, Koifman S, Matos E, Daudt A, Curado M, Villar S, Pawlita M, Waterboer T, Boffetta P, Hainaut P, Brennan P. TP53 and EGFR mutations in combination with lifestyle risk factors in tumours of the upper aerodigestive tract from South America. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:1054-9. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Rossini A, de Almeida Simão T, Marques CB, Soares-Lima SC, Herbster S, Rapozo DC, Andreollo NA, Ferreira MA, El-Jaick KB, Teixeira R, Guimarães DP, Albano RM, Ribeiro Pinto LF. TP53 mutation profile of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas of patients from Southeastern Brazil. Mutat Res 2010; 696:10-5. [PMID: 19944185 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is among the 10 most common and fatal malignacies in the world, presenting a marked geographic variation in incidence rates between and within different countries. The TP53 tumor suppressor gene is highly mutated in esophageal tumors and its mutation pattern can offer clues to the etiopathology of the tumor. As Brazil presents one of the highest incidence areas in the West, a deeper knowledge of the molecular mechanisms related to EC development in the Brazilian population is needed. We analyzed the mutation profile of 110 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) of patients from Southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) and collected data regarding alcohol intake and tobacco smoking. We detected 41 mutations in tumor samples from 38 patients. There was no association between mutation frequency and tobacco smoking or alcohol drinking. The most frequently mutated codons were 179, 214, 220 and 248. Codons 179, 220 and 248 are hot-spots for ESCC, but codon 214 presents only 0.7% of the mutations registered in the IARC database. The mutation profile revealed a high percentage of mutations at A:T base pairs (34.1%) followed by deletions (17.1%). We concluded that the mutation profile detected in this study is different from that of patients from Southern Brazil but very similar to that previously seen in French patients, being characterized by a high frequency of mutations at A:T base pairs, which may be associated with acetaldehyde, the metabolic product of ethanol.
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Kanteres F, Rehm J, Lachenmeier DW. Artisanal alcohol production in Mayan Guatemala: chemical safety evaluation with special regard to acetaldehyde contamination. Sci Total Environ 2009; 407:5861-5868. [PMID: 19729189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge regarding the composition, production, distribution, and consumption of artisanal alcohol, particularly in the developing world. In Nahualá, an indigenous Mayan municipality located in highland Guatemala, heavy alcohol consumption appears to have had a significant negative impact on health, a major role in cases of violence and domestic abuse, and a link to street habitation. Cuxa, an artisanally, as well as commercially produced sugarcane alcohol, is widely consumed by heavy drinkers in this community. Cuxa samples from all distribution points in the community were obtained and chemically analyzed for health-relevant constituents and contaminants including methanol, acetaldehyde, higher alcohols, and metals. From those, only acetaldehyde was confirmed to be present in unusually high levels (up to 126 g/hl of pure alcohol), particularly in samples that were produced clandestinely. Acetaldehyde has been evaluated as "possibly carcinogenic" and has also been identified as having significant human exposure in a recent risk assessment. This study explores the reasons for the elevated levels of acetaldehyde, through both sampling and analyses of raw and intermediary products of cuxa production, as well as interviews from producers of the clandestine alcohol. For further insight, we experimentally produced this alcohol in our laboratory, based on the directions provided by the producers, as well as materials from the town itself. Based on these data, the origin of the acetaldehyde contamination appears to be due to chemical changes induced during processing, with the major causative factors consisting of poor hygiene, aerobic working conditions, and inadequate yeast strains, compounded by flawed distillation methodology that neglects separation of the first fractions of the distillate. These results indicate a preventable public health concern for consumers, which can be overcome through education about good manufacturing practices, as well as financial incentives to separate the acetaldehyde-rich fractions during distillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotis Kanteres
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, ARF 2035, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Lachenmeier DW, Gumbel-Mako S, Sohnius EM, Keck-Wilhelm A, Kratz E, Mildau G. Salivary acetaldehyde increase due to alcohol-containing mouthwash use: a risk factor for oral cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:730-5. [PMID: 19444911 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that acetaldehyde, the first and genotoxic metabolite of ethanol, mediates the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages. Ethanol is also contained in a number of ready-to-use mouthwashes typically between 5 and 27% vol. An increased risk of oral cancer has been discussed for users of such mouthwashes; however, epidemiological evidence had remained inconclusive. This study is the first to investigate acetaldehyde levels in saliva after use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes. Ready-to-use mouthwashes and mouthrinses (n = 13) were rinsed in the mouth by healthy, nonsmoking volunteers (n = 4) as intended by the manufacturers (20 ml for 30 sec). Saliva was collected at 0.5, 2, 5 and 10 min after mouthwash use and analyzed using headspace gas chromatography. The acetaldehyde content in the saliva was 41 +/- 15 microM, range 9-85 microM (0.5 min), 52 +/- 14 microM, range 11-105 microM (2 min), 32 +/- 7 microM, range 9-67 microM (5 min) and 15 +/- 7 microM, range 0-37 microM (10 min). The contents were significantly above endogenous levels and corresponding to concentrations normally found after alcoholic beverage consumption. A twice-daily use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes leads to a systemic acetaldehyde exposure of 0.26 microg/kg bodyweight/day on average, which corresponds to a lifetime cancer risk of 3E-6. The margin of exposure was calculated to be 217,604, which would be seen as a low public health concern. However, the local acetaldehyde contents in the saliva are reaching concentrations associated with DNA adduct formation and sister chromatid exchange in vitro, so that concerns for local carcinogenic effects in the oral cavity remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Abstract
AIMS In addition to being produced in ethanol metabolism, acetaldehyde occurs naturally in alcoholic beverages. Limited epidemiological evidence points to acetaldehyde as an independent risk factor for cancer during alcohol consumption, in addition to the effects of ethanol. This study aims to estimate human exposure to acetaldehyde from alcoholic beverages and provide a quantitative risk assessment. METHODS The human dietary intake of acetaldehyde via alcoholic beverages was estimated based on World Health Organization (WHO) consumption data and literature on the acetaldehyde contents of different beverage groups (beer, wine, spirits and unrecorded alcohol). The risk assessment was conducted using the European Food Safety Authority's margin of exposure (MOE) approach with benchmark doses obtained from dose-response modelling of animal experiments. Life-time cancer risk was calculated using the T25 dose descriptor. RESULTS The average exposure to acetaldehyde from alcoholic beverages was estimated at 0.112 mg/kg body weight/day. The MOE was calculated to be 498, and the life-time cancer risk at 7.6 in 10,000. Higher risk may exist for people exposed to high acetaldehyde contaminations, as we have found in certain unrecorded alcohol beverages in Guatemala and Russia, for which we have demonstrated possible exposure scenarios, with risks in the range of 1 in 1000. CONCLUSIONS The life-time cancer risks for acetaldehyde from alcoholic beverages greatly exceed the usual limits for cancer risks from the environment set between 1 : 10,000 and 1 : 1,000,000. Alcohol consumption has thus been identified as a direct source of acetaldehyde exposure, which in conjunction with other sources (food flavourings, tobacco) results in a magnitude of risk requiring intervention. An initial public health measure could be to reduce the acetaldehyde content in alcoholic beverages as low as technologically possible, and to restrict its use as a food flavour additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Lachenmeier DW, Sohnius EM. The role of acetaldehyde outside ethanol metabolism in the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages: evidence from a large chemical survey. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2903-11. [PMID: 18577414 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde is a volatile compound naturally found in alcoholic beverages, and it is regarded as possibly being carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 2B). Acetaldehyde formed during ethanol metabolism is generally considered as a source of carcinogenicity in alcoholic beverages. However, no systematic data is available about its occurrence in alcoholic beverages and the carcinogenic potential of human exposure to this directly ingested form of acetaldehyde outside ethanol metabolism. In this study, we have analysed and evaluated a large sample collective of different alcoholic beverages (n=1,555). Beer (9+/-7 mg/l, range 0-63 mg/l) had significantly lower acetaldehyde contents than wine (34+/-34 mg/l, range 0-211 mg/l), or spirits (66+/-101 mg/l, range 0-1,159 mg/l). The highest acetaldehyde concentrations were generally found in fortified wines (118+/-120 mg/l, range 12-800 mg/l). Assuming an equal distribution between the beverage and saliva, the residual acetaldehyde concentrations in the saliva after swallowing could be on average 195 microM for beer, 734 microM for wine, 1,387 microM for spirits, or 2,417 microM for fortified wine, which are above levels previously regarded as potentially carcinogenic. Further research is needed to confirm the carcinogenic potential of directly ingested acetaldehyde. Until then, some possible preliminary interventions include the reduction of acetaldehyde in the beverages by improvement in production technology or the use of acetaldehyde binding additives. A re-evaluation of the 'generally recognized as safe' status of acetaldehyde is also required, which does not appear to be in agreement with its toxicity and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Str. 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Paget V, Lechevrel M, Sichel F. Acetaldehyde-induced mutational pattern in the tumour suppressor gene TP53 analysed by use of a functional assay, the FASAY (functional analysis of separated alleles in yeast). Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2008; 652:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Isse T, Oyama T, Matsuno K, Uchiyama I, Kawamoto T. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activity affects symptoms produced by an intraperitoneal acetaldehyde injection, but not acetaldehyde lethality. J Toxicol Sci 2006; 30:315-28. [PMID: 16404140 DOI: 10.2131/jts.30.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an important enzyme that oxidizes acetaldehyde. Approximately 45% of Chinese and Japanese individuals are inactive ALDH2 phenotype; acute acetaldehyde toxicity has not been evaluated in these populations. We compared the acute acetaldehyde toxicity between wild-type (Aldh2+/+) and Aldh2-inactive transgenic (Aldh2-/-) mice who were administered an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of a single dose of acetaldehyde. This comparison was made based on the LD(50) values of acetaldehyde and the symptoms following the ip injection. Blood acetaldehyde level was measured in the 400 mg/kg dose group. Immediately after administration of acetaldehyde, the mice exhibited hypoactivity and staggering gait. Subsequently, symptoms such as pale skin, prone position, coma, and abnormal deep respiration were observed. In cases of death, dyspnea, wheezing, and hypothermia were observed from 15 to 30 min after the administration. In cases of survival, crouching, bradypnea, flushing and piloerection were observed. Significant latency of symptom recovery was found in the Aldh2+/- mice as compared with the Aldh2+/+ mice; however, no statistical difference was observed in the acetaldehyde LD(50) values. This might be attributable to the absence of a significant difference in the blood acetaldehyde concentrations in both mice during the first 0-15 min following administration; however, acetaldehyde elimination delay was observed in the Aldh2-/- mice as compared with the Aldh2+/+ mice. Acetaldehyde toxicity difference was observed between the Aldh2+/+ and Aldh2-/- mice; however, no difference in acetaldehyde lethality was observed by administration of a single dose of an ip acetaldehyde injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyohi Isse
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Abstract
Acetaldehyde (AA), occurring widely in the human environment, is a mutagen and carcinogen. AA can react with DNA to form AA-DNA adducts. Several types of adducts, including an interstrand cross-link 3-(2-deoxyribos-1-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-8-(N2-deoxyguanosyl)-6-methylpyrimido[1,2-a]purine-10(3H)one (7), have been previously characterized by our laboratory. We hypothesize that cross-link 7 may be involved in determining the mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of AA. To address this question, the double-stranded oligonucleotide 13, bearing cross-link 7, was synthesized in a sequence appropriate for mutagenicity studies in human cells. Oligonucleotide 9, containing 2-fluoro-O6-(trimethylsilylethyl)deoxyinosine (dIno), was reacted with 4-amino-1,2-pentanediol, followed by treatment with NaIO4. The resulting oligonucleotide 11 containing the 1,N2-propano-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) 5 was incubated with the complementary oligonucleotide 12 to give the desired cross-link 13, which was characterized by negative-ion electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF-MS) and enzymatic hydrolysis to cross-link 7. The formation of cross-link 13 at 5'-CpG-3' was confirmed by incubation of 11 with [15N5]12 containing a 5'-Cp[15N5]G-3' sequence. The formation of cross-link 13 was reversible. Therefore, oligonucleotide 24 containing the irreversible analogue of cross-link 7, 1,3-bis(2'-deoxyguanos-N2-yl)butane, was synthesized for use as a control in the mutagenicity studies. Oligonucleotide 21 was reacted with 1,3-diaminobutane dihydrochloride, followed by incubation with the complementary oligonucleotide 23, to give 24. To determine the optimum distance and orientation for cross-link formation, six oligonucleotides, containing 5 at the i + 1, i + 2, and i + 3 or the i - 1, i - 2, and i - 3 positions relative to dGuo in the complementary strand, were 5'-end labeled with [gamma-32P]ATP, followed by incubation of each labeled oligonulceotide with its complementary strand and then analysis by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Only the oligonucleotide containing 5'-Cp5-3' formed the cross-link with the complementary 5'-CpG-3' sequence. The results of this study confirm the structure of an AA-derived DNA cross-link, supply characterized cross-link-containing oligonucleotides for mutagenicity studies, and provide information on the optimum distance and orientation for cross-link formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Lao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, and it is second among cancer deaths in women. Results of most epidemiologic studies, as well as of most experimental studies in animals, have shown that alcohol intake is associated with increased breast cancer risk. Alcohol consumption may cause breast cancer through different mechanisms, including through mutagenesis by acetaldehyde, through perturbation of estrogen metabolism and response, and by inducing oxidative damage and/or by affecting folate and one-carbon metabolism pathways. Alcohol-metabolizing enzymes are present in human breast tissue. Acetaldehyde is a known, although weak, mutagen. However, results of some studies with human subjects implicate this agent in the context of genetic susceptibilities to increased ethanol metabolism. Reactive oxygen species, resulting from ethanol metabolism, may be involved in breast carcinogenesis by causing damage, as well as by generating DNA and protein adducts. Alcohol interferes with estrogen pathways in multiple ways, influencing hormone levels and effects on the estrogen receptors. With regard to one-carbon metabolism, alcohol can negatively affect folate levels, and the folate perturbation affects DNA methylation and DNA synthesis, which is important in carcinogenesis. Some study results indicate that genetic variants of one-carbon metabolism genes might increase alcohol-related breast cancer risk. For all these pathways, genetic polymorphisms might play a role in increasing further a woman's risk for breast cancer. Additional studies are needed to determine the relative importance of these pathways, as well as the modifying influence by genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona G Dumitrescu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Road, Lombardi Building, SS Level, 150, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Wang Y, Kringen P, Kristensen GB, Holm R, Baekelandt MMO, Olivier M, Skomedal H, Hainaut P, Tropé CG, Abeler VM, Nesland JM, Børresen-Dale AL, Helland A. Effect of the codon 72 polymorphism (c.215G>C, p.Arg72Pro) in combination with somatic sequence variants in theTP53gene on survival in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. Hum Mutat 2004; 24:21-34. [PMID: 15221786 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the frequency and prognostic impact of TP53 alterations stratified for the TP53 codon 72 polymorphism (c.215G>C, p.Arg72Pro) in a cohort of 109 patients with advanced ovarian carcinomas. TP53 sequence variants were observed in 80 of the 109 (73.4%) tumors and were significantly associated with grade of differentiation (P=0.001). A tendency towards higher frequency of sequence variants in tumors with higher FIGO stages was seen (P=0.05). The type of TP53 sequence variant (transition A:T>G:C vs. G:C>A:T at CpG dinucleotides, and transversion G:C>T:A) had significant correlation with patients' age (P=0.04) with more A:T>G:C in patients over 60 years old. No significant associations were found between frequency of sequence variants and age at diagnosis, histological type, size of residual tumor after primary surgery, or long-term survival. Analyses of the codon 72 polymorphism in tumor DNA gave a higher frequency of homozygosity/hemizygosity than expected from the population frequency, particularly for the Pro allele. Tumors homozygous or hemizygous for the Pro allele had significantly higher frequency of TP53 sequence variants, particularly of the nonmissense type (P=0.002), and patients with these types of alterations had significantly shorter survival (P=0.04). TP53 protein accumulation, determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), was found in 67.9% (74 out of 109) of the tumors, was significantly more common among serous than nonserous ovarian carcinomas (P=0.008), and had a significant effect on progression-free survival (P=0.03). p63 (TP73L; formerly TP63) and p73 (TP73) protein accumulation detected by IHC was seen in 67.9 and 0% of the tumors, respectively. A significantly higher frequency of p63-positive cases was seen among serous tumors (P=0.008) and tended to increase with increasing FIGO stages (P=0.05), but had no significant effect on survival. No association between p63 protein accumulation and TP53 protein accumulation was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Walker DM, Seilkop SK, Scott BR, Walker VE. Hprt mutant frequencies in splenic T-cells of male F344 rats exposed by inhalation to propylene. Environ Mol Mutagen 2004; 43:265-272. [PMID: 15141366 DOI: 10.1002/em.20020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Propylene is a major industrial intermediate and atmospheric pollutant to which humans are exposed by inhalation. In this study, 6-week-old male F344 rates were exposed to 0, 200, 2000, or 10,000 ppm propylene by inhalation for 4 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week), and mutant frequencies were determined in the Hprt gene of splenic T-lymphocytes. Twenty milligrams of cyclophosphamide monohydrate (CPP)/kg bw, given on the penultimate day of propylene exposure, was used as a positive control mutagen. Rats (n = 8/group) were necropsied for isolation of T-cells 8 weeks after the last dose, a sampling time that produced peak spleen Hprt mutant frequencies (Mfs) in a preliminary mutant manifestation study using CCP treatment. Hprt Mfs were measured via the T-cell cloning assay, which was performed without knowledge of the animal treatment groups. Mean Hprt Mfs were significantly increased over control values (mean Mf = 5.24 +/- 1.55 (SD) x 10(-6)) in CPP-treated rats (10.37 +/- 4.30 x 10(-6), P = 0.007). However, Hprt Mfs in propylene-exposed rats were not significantly increased over background, with mean Mfs of 4.90 +/- 1.84 x 10(-6) (P = 0.152), 5.05 +/- 3.70 x 10(-6) (P = 0.895), and 5.95 +/- 2.49 x10(-6) (P = 0.500) for animals exposed to 200, 2000, or 10,000 ppm propylene, respectively. No significant increase in F344 rat or B6C3F1 mouse cancer incidence was reported in the National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity studies of propylene across this same exposure range. Taken together, these findings support the conclusion that inhalation exposure of rats to propylene does not cause mutations or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale M Walker
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Sako M, Inagaki S, Esaka Y, Deyashiki Y. Oxidative hydrolysis of a cyclic 1,N2-propano-2′-deoxyguanosine, an adduct of 2′-deoxyguanosine with acetaldehyde or crotonaldehyde. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pfeifer GP, Denissenko MF, Olivier M, Tretyakova N, Hecht SS, Hainaut P. Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers. Oncogene 2002; 21:7435-51. [PMID: 12379884 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 729] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that cigarette smoking kills over 1 000 000 people each year by causing lung cancer as well as many other neoplasmas. p53 mutations are frequent in tobacco-related cancers and the mutation load is often higher in cancers from smokers than from nonsmokers. In lung cancers, the p53 mutational patterns are different between smokers and nonsmokers with an excess of G to T transversions in smoking-associated cancers. The prevalence of G to T transversions is 30% in smokers' lung cancer but only 12% in lung cancers of nonsmokers. A similar trend exists, albeit less marked, in laryngeal cancers and in head and neck cancers. This type of mutation is infrequent in most other tumors aside from hepatocellular carcinoma. At several p53 mutational hotspots common to all cancers, such as codons 248 and 273, a large fraction of the mutations are G to T events in lung cancers but are almost exclusively G to A transitions in non-tobacco-related cancers. Two important classes of tobacco smoke carcinogens are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the nicotine-derived nitrosamines. Recent studies have indicated that there is a strong coincidence of G to T transversion hotspots in lung cancers and sites of preferential formation of PAH adducts along the p53 gene. Endogenously methylated CpG dinucleotides are the preferred sites for G to T transversions, accounting for more than 50% of such mutations in lung tumors. The same dinucleotide, when present within CpG-methylated mutational reporter genes, is the target of G to T transversion hotspots in cells exposed to the model PAH compound benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide. As summarized here, a number of other tobacco smoke carcinogens also can cause G to T transversion mutations. The available data suggest that p53 mutations in lung cancers can be attributed to direct DNA damage from cigarette smoke carcinogens rather than to selection of pre-existing endogenous mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd P Pfeifer
- Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, CA 91010, USA.
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Abstract
The vascular structure of cancer changes during tumour progression. A particularly dramatic change occurs during the early phase of progression when in situ tumour is transformed to invasive cancer. Recent advances in morphological investigations have made it possible to visualise and characterise the microvascular-network alterations. In addition, laboratory studies have also revealed the molecular profile--the changing levels of expression of different proteins--of cancer progression, which has helped to advance understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss recent outcomes of research of oesophageal cancer and consider the responses of the vascular network and the development of new blood vessels during the early phase of cancer progression. Such considerations will be useful not only for understanding vascular biology but also for exploring novel diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive approaches targeting early stage or latent phase human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Kumagai
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital Honkomagome, 3-18-22, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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