1
|
Mhatre I, Abdelhalim H, Degroat W, Ashok S, Liang BT, Ahmed Z. Functional mutation, splice, distribution, and divergence analysis of impactful genes associated with heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16769. [PMID: 37798313 PMCID: PMC10556087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is caused by a multitude of complex and largely heritable conditions. Identifying key genes and understanding their susceptibility to CVD in the human genome can assist in early diagnosis and personalized treatment of the relevant patients. Heart failure (HF) is among those CVD phenotypes that has a high rate of mortality. In this study, we investigated genes primarily associated with HF and other CVDs. Achieving the goals of this study, we built a cohort of thirty-five consented patients, and sequenced their serum-based samples. We have generated and processed whole genome sequence (WGS) data, and performed functional mutation, splice, variant distribution, and divergence analysis to understand the relationships between each mutation type and its impact. Our variant and prevalence analysis found FLNA, CST3, LGALS3, and HBA1 linked to many enrichment pathways. Functional mutation analysis uncovered ACE, MME, LGALS3, NR3C2, PIK3C2A, CALD1, TEK, and TRPV1 to be notable and potentially significant genes. We discovered intron, 5' Flank, 3' UTR, and 3' Flank mutations to be the most common among HF and other CVD genes. Missense mutations were less common among HF and other CVD genes but had more of a functional impact. We reported HBA1, FADD, NPPC, ADRB2, ADBR1, MYH6, and PLN to be consequential based on our divergence analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Mhatre
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, 112 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Habiba Abdelhalim
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, 112 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - William Degroat
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, 112 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Shreya Ashok
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, 112 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Bruce T Liang
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, USA
- UConn School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, 112 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, 400 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, USA.
- Department of Medicine/Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 125 Paterson St, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Virtanen V, Paunu K, Niva S, Sundvall M, Paatero I. Effect of caldesmon mutations in the development of zebrafish embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 669:10-18. [PMID: 37262948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a profound medical concern and better treatments are needed for cancer patients. Therefore, new cancer targets are constantly being studied. These targets need not only be relevant for cancer progression, but their modulation needs to be tolerated reasonably well by the host. Caldesmon is one of these proposed novel targets for cancer therapy. Therefore, we analyzed effects of caldesmon mutations in normal development using genetically modified zebrafish embryos. We analyzed mutations in both zebrafish caldesmon genes, cald1a and cald1b and analyzed effects of either mutation alone or as in combination in double homozygous embryos using molecular, morphological and functional analyses. The effects of caldesmon mutations were mild and the gross development of zebrafish embryos was normal. The caldesmon mutant embryos had, however, alterations in response to light-stimulus in behavioural assays. Taken together, the effects of caldesmon mutations in the development of zebrafish embryos were reasonably well tolerated and did not indicate significant concerns for caldesmon being a potential target for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verneri Virtanen
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Kreetta Paunu
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Saana Niva
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Sundvall
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland; Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, PL52, 20521, Turku, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Paatero
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Virtanen V, Paunu K, Kukkula A, Niva S, Junila Y, Toriseva M, Jokilehto T, Mäkelä S, Huhtaniemi R, Poutanen M, Paatero I, Sundvall M. Glucocorticoid receptor-induced non-muscle caldesmon regulates metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:42. [PMID: 37573448 PMCID: PMC10423232 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00485-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lethal prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized by the presence of metastases and development of resistance to therapies. Metastases form in a multi-step process enabled by dynamic cytoskeleton remodeling. An actin cytoskeleton regulating gene, CALD1, encodes a protein caldesmon (CaD). Its isoform, low-molecular-weight CaD (l-CaD), operates in non-muscle cells, supporting the function of filaments involved in force production and mechanosensing. Several factors, including glucocorticoid receptor (GR), have been identified as regulators of l-CaD in different cell types, but the regulation of l-CaD in PCa has not been defined. PCa develops resistance in response to therapeutic inhibition of androgen signaling by multiple strategies. Known strategies include androgen receptor (AR) alterations, modified steroid synthesis, and bypassing AR signaling, for example, by GR upregulation. Here, we report that in vitro downregulation of l-CaD promotes epithelial phenotype and reduces spheroid growth in 3D, which is reflected in vivo in reduced formation of metastases in zebrafish PCa xenografts. In accordance, CALD1 mRNA expression correlates with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcripts in PCa patients. We also show that CALD1 is highly co-expressed with GR in multiple PCa data sets, and GR activation upregulates l-CaD in vitro. Moreover, GR upregulation associates with increased l-CaD expression after the development of resistance to antiandrogen therapy in PCa xenograft mouse models. In summary, GR-regulated l-CaD plays a role in forming PCa metastases, being clinically relevant when antiandrogen resistance is attained by the means of bypassing AR signaling by GR upregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verneri Virtanen
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, and FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Kreetta Paunu
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, and FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Kukkula
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, and FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Saana Niva
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, and FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ylva Junila
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, and FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Mervi Toriseva
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, and FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi Jokilehto
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, and FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sari Mäkelä
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, and FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Huhtaniemi
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, and FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, and FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Paatero
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Sundvall
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, and FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, PL52, 20521, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paltsev MA, Markelova AY, Mironova ES, Novak-Bobarykina UA, Zubareva TS, Khop DN, Kvetnoy IM. [Caldesmon and tumor growth: prospects for optimizing diagnosis and targeted therapy]. Arkh Patol 2023; 85:53-59. [PMID: 37053355 DOI: 10.17116/patol20238502153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor invasion plays a key role in the progression of tumors. This process is regulated by the interactions of cells and tissues, in which physical, cellular and molecular determinants undergo changes throughout the entire period of progression of tumor growth. Tumor invasion is triggered and maintained by specialized signal cascades that control the dynamic state of the cytoskeleton in tumor cells, the processes of rearrangement of cell-matrix and intercellular connections, followed by cell migration to neighboring tissues. Studying the mechanisms of regulation of cell motor activity and determining its main regulators is an important task for understanding the pathophysiology of tumor growth. Caldesmon is an actin, myosin and calmodulin binding protein. It is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction by inhibiting actin and myosin binding, in the formation of actin stress fibers, and in the transport of intracellular granules. Currently, caldesmon is considered as a potential biomarker of tumor cell invasion, migration, and metastasis. The study of signaling molecules involved in tumor progression, such as caldesmon, is necessary to predict response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This review highlights the main functions of caldesmon and analyzes its role in oncological pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Paltsev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Yu Markelova
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E S Mironova
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - T S Zubareva
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D N Khop
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - I M Kvetnoy
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kokate SB, Ciuba K, Tran VD, Kumari R, Tojkander S, Engel U, Kogan K, Kumar S, Lappalainen P. Caldesmon controls stress fiber force-balance through dynamic cross-linking of myosin II and actin-tropomyosin filaments. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6032. [PMID: 36229430 PMCID: PMC9561149 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractile actomyosin bundles are key force-producing and mechanosensing elements in muscle and non-muscle tissues. Whereas the organization of muscle myofibrils and mechanism regulating their contractility are relatively well-established, the principles by which myosin-II activity and force-balance are regulated in non-muscle cells have remained elusive. We show that Caldesmon, an important component of smooth muscle and non-muscle cell actomyosin bundles, is an elongated protein that functions as a dynamic cross-linker between myosin-II and tropomyosin-actin filaments. Depletion of Caldesmon results in aberrant lateral movement of myosin-II filaments along actin bundles, leading to irregular myosin distribution within stress fibers. This manifests as defects in stress fiber network organization and contractility, and accompanied problems in cell morphogenesis, migration, invasion, and mechanosensing. These results identify Caldesmon as critical factor that ensures regular myosin-II spacing within non-muscle cell actomyosin bundles, and reveal how stress fiber networks are controlled through dynamic cross-linking of tropomyosin-actin and myosin filaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant B Kokate
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarzyna Ciuba
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Vivien D Tran
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Reena Kumari
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Tojkander
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Kauppi Campus, Arvo Building, E318, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulrike Engel
- Nikon Imaging Center at Heidelberg University and Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Konstantin Kogan
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pütz S, Barthel LS, Frohn M, Metzler D, Barham M, Pryymachuk G, Trunschke O, Lubomirov LT, Hescheler J, Chalovich JM, Neiss WF, Koch M, Schroeter MM, Pfitzer G. Caldesmon ablation in mice causes umbilical herniation and alters contractility of fetal urinary bladder smooth muscle. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:212279. [PMID: 34115104 PMCID: PMC8203487 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin-, myosin-, and calmodulin-binding protein caldesmon (CaD) is expressed in two splice isoforms: h-CaD, which is an integral part of the actomyosin domain of smooth muscle cells, and l-CaD, which is widely expressed and is involved in many cellular functions. Despite extensive research for many years, CaD's in vivo function has remained elusive. To explore the role of CaD in smooth muscle contraction in vivo, we generated a mutant allele that ablates both isoforms. Heterozygous animals were viable and had a normal life span, but homozygous mutants died perinatally, likely because of a persistent umbilical hernia. The herniation was associated with hypoplastic and dysmorphic abdominal wall muscles. We assessed mechanical parameters in isometrically mounted longitudinal strips of E18.5 urinary bladders and in ring preparations from abdominal aorta using wire myography. Ca2+ sensitivity was higher and relaxation rate was slower in Cald1−/− compared with Cald1+/+ skinned bladder strips. However, we observed no change in the content and phosphorylation of regulatory proteins of the contractile apparatus and myosin isoforms known to affect these contractile parameters. Intact fibers showed no difference in actin and myosin content, regardless of genotype, although KCl-induced force tended to be lower in homozygous and higher in heterozygous mutants than in WTs. Conversely, in skinned fibers, myosin content and maximal force were significantly lower in Cald1−/− than in WTs. In KO abdominal aortas, resting and U46619 elicited force were lower than in WTs. Our results are consistent with the notion that CaD impacts smooth muscle function dually by (1) acting as a molecular brake on contraction and (2) maintaining the structural integrity of the contractile machinery. Most importantly, CaD is essential for resolution of the physiological umbilical hernia and ventral body wall closure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pütz
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Sophie Barthel
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marina Frohn
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Doris Metzler
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohammed Barham
- Institute of Anatomy I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Galyna Pryymachuk
- Institute of Anatomy I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Trunschke
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lubomir T Lubomirov
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joseph M Chalovich
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Wolfram F Neiss
- Institute of Anatomy I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mechthild M Schroeter
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pfitzer
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Caldesmon, an actin-binding protein, can inhibit myosin binding to actin and regulate smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. However, caldesmon has recently attracted attention due to its importance in cancer. The upregulation of caldesmon in several solid cancer tissues has been reported. Caldesmon, as well as its two isoforms, is considered as a biomarker for cancer and a potent suppressor of cancer cell invasion by regulating podosome/invadopodium formation. Therefore, caldesmon may be a promising therapeutic target for diseases such as cancer. Here, we review new studies on the gene transcription, isoform structure, expression, and phosphorylation regulation of caldesmon and discuss its clinical implications in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bo Yao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Fang Xiao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Gen Lu
- Longhua Hospital, Institute of Chinese Traditional Surgery, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kuwabara S, Yamaki M, Yu H, Itoh M. Notch signaling regulates the expression of glycolysis-related genes in a context-dependent manner during embryonic development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:803-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
9
|
Zheng PP, Li J, Kros JM. Breakthroughs in modern cancer therapy and elusive cardiotoxicity: Critical research-practice gaps, challenges, and insights. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:325-376. [PMID: 28862319 PMCID: PMC5763363 DOI: 10.1002/med.21463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To date, five cancer treatment modalities have been defined. The three traditional modalities of cancer treatment are surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy, and the two modern modalities include molecularly targeted therapy (the fourth modality) and immunotherapy (the fifth modality). The cardiotoxicity associated with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy is well known. Similar adverse cardiac events are resurging with the fourth modality. Aside from the conventional and newer targeted agents, even the most newly developed, immune‐based therapeutic modalities of anticancer treatment (the fifth modality), e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy, have unfortunately led to potentially lethal cardiotoxicity in patients. Cardiac complications represent unresolved and potentially life‐threatening conditions in cancer survivors, while effective clinical management remains quite challenging. As a consequence, morbidity and mortality related to cardiac complications now threaten to offset some favorable benefits of modern cancer treatments in cancer‐related survival, regardless of the oncologic prognosis. This review focuses on identifying critical research‐practice gaps, addressing real‐world challenges and pinpointing real‐time insights in general terms under the context of clinical cardiotoxicity induced by the fourth and fifth modalities of cancer treatment. The information ranges from basic science to clinical management in the field of cardio‐oncology and crosses the interface between oncology and onco‐pharmacology. The complexity of the ongoing clinical problem is addressed at different levels. A better understanding of these research‐practice gaps may advance research initiatives on the development of mechanism‐based diagnoses and treatments for the effective clinical management of cardiotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Pin Zheng
- Cardio-Oncology Research Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kros JM, Mustafa DM, Dekker LJM, Sillevis Smitt PAE, Luider TM, Zheng PP. Circulating glioma biomarkers. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:343-60. [PMID: 25253418 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Validated biomarkers for patients suffering from gliomas are urgently needed for standardizing measurements of the effects of treatment in daily clinical practice and trials. Circulating body fluids offer easily accessible sources for such markers. This review highlights various categories of tumor-associated circulating biomarkers identified in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of glioma patients, including circulating tumor cells, exosomes, nucleic acids, proteins, and oncometabolites. The validation and potential clinical utility of these biomarkers is briefly discussed. Although many candidate circulating protein biomarkers were reported, none of these have reached the required validation to be introduced for clinical practice. Recent developments in tracing circulating tumor cells and their derivatives as exosomes and circulating nuclear acids may become more successful in providing useful biomarkers. It is to be expected that current technical developments will contribute to the finding and validation of circulating biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., P.-P.Z.); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L.); Brain Tumor Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L., P.-P.Z.)
| | - Dana M Mustafa
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., P.-P.Z.); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L.); Brain Tumor Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L., P.-P.Z.)
| | - Lennard J M Dekker
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., P.-P.Z.); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L.); Brain Tumor Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L., P.-P.Z.)
| | - Peter A E Sillevis Smitt
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., P.-P.Z.); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L.); Brain Tumor Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L., P.-P.Z.)
| | - Theo M Luider
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., P.-P.Z.); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L.); Brain Tumor Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L., P.-P.Z.)
| | - Ping-Pin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., P.-P.Z.); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L.); Brain Tumor Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L., P.-P.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Clavreul A, Guette C, Faguer R, Tétaud C, Boissard A, Lemaire L, Rousseau A, Avril T, Henry C, Coqueret O, Menei P. Glioblastoma-associated stromal cells (GASCs) from histologically normal surgical margins have a myofibroblast phenotype and angiogenic properties. J Pathol 2014; 233:74-88. [PMID: 24481573 DOI: 10.1002/path.4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) displays diffusely infiltrative growth patterns. Dispersive cells escape surgical resection and contribute to tumour recurrence within a few centimeters of the resection cavity in 90% of cases. We know that the non-neoplastic stromal compartment, in addition to infiltrative tumour cells, plays an active role in tumour recurrence. We isolated a new stromal cell population from the histologically normal surgical margins of GB by computer-guided stereotaxic biopsies and primary culture. These GB-associated stromal cells (GASCs) share phenotypic and functional properties with the cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) described in the stroma of carcinomas. In particular, GASCs have tumour-promoting effects on glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we describe a quantitative proteomic analysis, using iTRAQ labelling and mass spectrometry, to compare GASCs with control stromal cells derived from non-GB peripheral brain tissues. A total of 1077 proteins were quantified and 67 proteins were found to differ between GASCs and control stromal cells. Several proteins changed in GASCs are related to a highly motile myofibroblast phenotype, and to wound healing and angiogenesis. The results for several selected proteins were validated by western blotting or flow cytometry. Furthermore, the effect of GASCs on angiogenesis was confirmed using the orthotopic U87MG glioma model. In conclusion, GASCs, isolated from GB histologically normal surgical margins and found mostly near blood vessels, could be a vascular niche constituent establishing a permissive environment, facilitating angiogenesis and possibly colonization of recurrence-initiating cells. We identify various proteins as being expressed in GASCs: some of these proteins may serve as prognostic factors for GB and/or targets for anti-glioma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Clavreul
- LUNAM, Université d'Angers, France; INSERM U1066, Micro et Nanomédecines Biomimétiques (MINT), Angers, France; Département de Neurochirurgie, CHU, Angers, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Howarth DL, Yin C, Yeh K, Sadler KC. Defining hepatic dysfunction parameters in two models of fatty liver disease in zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish 2013; 10:199-210. [PMID: 23697887 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2012.0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease in humans can progress from steatosis to hepatocellular injury, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. We developed a series of straightforward assays to determine whether zebrafish larvae with either tunicamycin- or ethanol-induced steatosis develop hepatic dysfunction. We found altered expression of genes involved in acute phase response and hepatic function, and impaired hepatocyte secretion and disruption of canaliculi in both models, but glycogen deficiency in hepatocytes and dilation of hepatic vasculature occurred only in ethanol-treated larvae. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) become activated during liver injury and HSC numbers increased in both models. Whether the excess lipids in hepatocytes are a direct cause of hepatocyte dysfunction in fatty liver disease has not been defined. We prevented ethanol-induced steatosis by blocking activation of the sterol response element binding proteins (Srebps) using gonzo(mbtps1) mutants and scap morphants and found that hepatocyte dysfunction persisted even in the absence of lipid accumulation. This suggests that lipotoxicity is not the primary cause of hepatic injury in these models of fatty liver disease. This study provides a panel of parameters to assess liver disease that can be easily applied to zebrafish mutants, transgenics, and for drug screening in which liver function is an important consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Howarth
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jang SM, Kim JW, Kim D, Kim CH, An JH, Choi KH, Rhee S. Sox4-mediated caldesmon expression facilitates skeletal myoblast differentiation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5178-88. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.131581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Caldesmon (CaD), originally identified as an actin-regulatory protein, is involved in the regulation of diverse actin-related signaling processes, including cell migration and proliferation, in various cells. The cellular function of CaD has been studied primarily in the smooth muscle system; nothing is known about its function in skeletal muscle differentiation. In this study, we found that the expression of CaD gradually increased as C2C12 myoblast differentiation progressed. Silencing of CaD inhibited cell spreading and migration, resulting in a decrease in myoblast differentiation. Promoter analysis of the caldesmon gene (CALD1) and gel mobility shift assays identified Sox4 as a major trans-acting factor for the regulation of CALD1 expression during myoblast differentiation. Silencing of Sox4 decreased not only CaD protein synthesis but also myoblast fusion in C2C12 cells and myofibril formation in mouse embryonic muscle. Overexpression of CaD in Sox4-silenced C2C12 cells rescued the differentiation process. These results clearly demonstrate that CaD, regulated by Sox4 transcriptional activity, contributes to skeletal muscle differentiation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen J, Huang C, Truong L, La Du J, Tilton SC, Waters KM, Lin K, Tanguay RL, Dong Q. Early life stage trimethyltin exposure induces ADP-ribosylation factor expression and perturbs the vascular system in zebrafish. Toxicology 2012; 302:129-39. [PMID: 23000284 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is an organotin contaminant, widely detected in aqueous environments, posing potential human and environmental risks. In this study, we utilized the zebrafish model to investigate the impact of transient TMT exposure on developmental progression, angiogenesis, and cardiovascular development. Embryos were waterborne exposed to a wide TMT concentration range from 8 to 96 h post fertilization (hpf). The TMT concentration that led to mortality in 50% of the embryos (LC(50)) at 96 hpf was 8.2 μM; malformations in 50% of the embryos (EC(50)) was 2.8 μM. The predominant response observed in surviving embryos was pericardial edema. Additionally, using the Tg (fli1a: EGFP) y1 transgenic zebrafish line to non-invasively monitor vascular development, TMT exposure led to distinct disarrangements in the vascular system. The most susceptible developmental stage to TMT exposure was between 48 and 72 hpf. High density whole genome microarrays were used to identify the early transcriptional changes following TMT exposure from 48 to 60 hpf or 72 hpf. In total, 459 transcripts were differentially expressed at least 2-fold (P<0.05) by TMT compared to control. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) tools, it was revealed that the transcripts misregulated by TMT exposure were clustered in numerous categories including metabolic and cardiovascular disease, cellular function, cell death, molecular transport, and physiological development. In situ localization of highly elevated transcripts revealed intense staining of ADP-ribosylation factors arf3 and arf5 in the head, trunk, and tail regions. When arf5 expression was blocked by morpholinos, the zebrafish did not display the prototypical TMT-induced vascular deficits, indicating that the induction of arf5 was necessary for TMT-induced vascular toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfei Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Institute of Watershed Science and Environmental Ecology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high molecular weight isoform of the actin-binding protein Caldesmon (h-CaD) regulates smooth muscle contractile function by modulating cross-bridge cycling of myosin heads. The normal inhibitory activity of h-CaD is regulated by the enteric nervous system; however, the role of h-CaD during intestinal peristalsis has never been studied. METHODS We identified a zebrafish paralog of the human CALD1 gene that encodes an h-CaD isoform expressed in intestinal smooth muscle. We examined the role of h-CaD during intestinal peristalsis in zebrafish larvae by knocking down the h-CaD protein using an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide. We also developed transgenic zebrafish that express inhibitory peptides derived from the h-CaD myosin and actin-binding domains, and examined their effect on peristalsis in wild-type zebrafish larvae and sox10 (colourless) mutant larvae that lack enteric nerves. KEY RESULTS Genomic analyses identified two zebrafish Caldesmon paralogs. The cald1a ortholog encoded a high molecular weight isoform generated by alternative splicing whose intestinal expression was restricted to smooth muscle. Propulsive intestinal peristalsis was increased in wild-type zebrafish larvae by h-CaD knockdown and by expression of transgenes encoding inhibitory myosin and actin-binding domain peptides. Peristalsis in the non-innervated intestine of sox10 (colourless) larvae was partially restored by h-CaD knockdown and expression of the myosin-binding peptide. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Disruption of the normal inhibitory function of h-CaD enhances intestinal peristalsis in both wild-type zebrafish larvae and mutant larvae that lack enteric nerves, thus confirming a physiologic role for regulation of smooth muscle contraction at the actin filament.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. ABRAMS
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School
of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G. DAVULURI
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School
of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C. SEILER
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School
of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M. PACK
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School
of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology,
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zheng PP, Romme E, van der Spek PJ, Dirven CMF, Willemsen R, Kros JM. HeNe laser (633 nm)-coupled confocal microscope allows simulating magnetic resonance imaging/computed tomography scan of the brain and eye: a noninvasive optical approach applicable to small laboratory animals. Zebrafish 2011; 8:83-5. [PMID: 21682601 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2011.0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are noninvasive medical imaging techniques used for the detailed visualization of internal organs of the human body. Because CT uses X-rays for imaging, there is a risk of radiation exposure. In contrast, MRI uses radiowaves and magnetic fields for imaging; thus, there are no reported biological hazards. However, neither MRI nor CT is suitable as a noninvasive imaging tool applicable in small laboratory animals such as zebrafish embryos or larvae. The recently established micro-CT scanner is only suitable for scanning adult fish and a staining procedure is required for imaging. In addition, CT-based scanning is generally more suitable for skeletal imaging but not for visualization of soft tissues because of its lower contrast. In this study, we evaluated whether 633 nm HeNe laser-coupled confocal microscope allows simulating MRI/CT scan and imaging soft tissues such as brain and eye in zebrafish embryos/larvae. We show that the 633 nm HeNe laser can penetrate well into intact brain and eye of zebrafish. It represents a noninvasive imaging method with high resolution while not requiring contrast agents, enabling the detection of differential signals from normal and pathological organs such as brain and eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Pin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
A nonmuscle caldesmon (CaD) is highly expressed in premigratory and migrating Xenopus cranial neural crest cells. A loss-of-function approach shows that CaD is critical for neural crest migration. The results further suggest that CaD influences cell morphology and motility by modulating actin dynamics in neural crest cells. Caldesmon (CaD) is an important actin modulator that associates with actin filaments to regulate cell morphology and motility. Although extensively studied in cultured cells, there is little functional information regarding the role of CaD in migrating cells in vivo. Here we show that nonmuscle CaD is highly expressed in both premigratory and migrating cranial neural crest cells of Xenopus embryos. Depletion of CaD with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides causes cranial neural crest cells to migrate a significantly shorter distance, prevents their segregation into distinct migratory streams, and later results in severe defects in cartilage formation. Demonstrating specificity, these effects are rescued by adding back exogenous CaD. Interestingly, CaD proteins with mutations in the Ca2+-calmodulin–binding sites or ErK/Cdk1 phosphorylation sites fail to rescue the knockdown phenotypes, whereas mutation of the PAK phosphorylation site is able to rescue them. Analysis of neural crest explants reveals that CaD is required for the dynamic arrangements of actin and, thus, for cell shape changes and process formation. Taken together, these results suggest that the actin-modulating activity of CaD may underlie its critical function and is regulated by distinct signaling pathways during normal neural crest migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Nie
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hill JJ, Tremblay TL, Pen A, Li J, Robotham AC, Lenferink AEG, Wang E, O’Connor-McCourt M, Kelly JF. Identification of Vascular Breast Tumor Markers by Laser Capture Microdissection and Label-Free LC−MS. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2479-93. [DOI: 10.1021/pr101267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Hill
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tammy-Lynn Tremblay
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ally Pen
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jie Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna C. Robotham
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne E. G. Lenferink
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edwin Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maureen O’Connor-McCourt
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John F. Kelly
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The author has recently reported the distribution of the cytoskeleton-associated protein caldesmon in spleen and lymph nodes detected with different antibodies against caldesmon (J Histochem Cytochem 58:183-193, 2010). Here the author reports the distribution of caldesmon in the CNS and ganglia of the mouse using the same antibodies. Western blot analysis of mouse brain and spinal cord showed the preponderance of l-caldesmon and suggested at least two l-caldesmon isoforms in the brain. Immunostaining revealed the predominant reactivity of smooth muscle cells and cells resembling pericytes of many large and small blood vessels, ependymocytes, and secretory cells of the pineal gland and pituitary gland. Neuronal perikarya and neuropil in general displayed no or weak immunoreactivity, but there was stronger labeling of neuronal perikarya in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. In the brain, staining of the neuropil was stronger in the molecular layers of the dentate gyrus and cerebellum. Results show that caldesmon is expressed in many different cell types in the CNS and ganglia, consistent with the notion that l-caldesmon is ubiquitously expressed, but it appears most concentrated in smooth muscle cells, pericytes, epithelial cells, secretory cells, and neuronal perikarya in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph N Köhler
- Institute II of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a key role in regulating cell motility. Caldesmon (CaD) is an actin-linked regulatory protein found in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells that is conserved among a variety of vertebrates. It binds and stabilizes actin filaments, as well as regulating actin-myosin interaction in a calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin (CaM)- and/or phosphorylation-dependent manner. CaD function is regulated qualitatively by Ca2+/CaM and by its phosphorylation state and quantitatively at the mRNA level, by three different transcriptional regulation of the CALD1 gene. CaD has numerous functions in cell motility, such as migration, invasion, and proliferation, exerted via the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Here we will outline recent findings regarding CaD's structural features and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taira Mayanagi
- Department of Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zheng PP, Romme E, van der Spek PJ, Dirven CMF, Willemsen R, Kros JM. Glut1/SLC2A1 is crucial for the development of the blood-brain barrier in vivo. Ann Neurol 2011; 68:835-44. [PMID: 21194153 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The overall permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is regulated by specialized cerebral endothelial cells and their junctional complexes, consisting of adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs). Among the members of the glucose transporters (Glut), Glut1 is a unique molecule expressed in the cerebral endothelial cells. Glut1 and the junctional proteins are concomitantly downregulated in situations in which breakdown of the BBB has taken place. We hypothesized that the expression of Glut1 may play a significant role in the development of the cerebral microvasculature with BBB properties. To date, there is no information on the role of Glut1 during the development of BBB. In the present study, the in vivo effects of Glut1 knockdown on the cerebral vascular development were investigated. METHODS Zebrafish was used as a model organism. We confirmed that the structure of the zebrafish homologue of Glut1 is highly similar to the human Glut1 and that the function of the Glut1-mediated cerebral uptake of glucose is evolutionally conserved. RESULTS In the Glut1 knockdown model, we observed loss of the cerebral endothelial cells, with concomitant downregulation of the junctional proteins important for intactness of the AJs/TJs and impaired cerebral circulation. The resulting leaky BBB caused vasogenic brain edema. INTERPRETATION The data suggest a crucial role of Glut1 in the development of the cerebral endothelial cells with BBB properties in vivo. The findings suggest that modulation of Glut1 expression and function may open new directions of research for therapeutic strategies to prevent vasogenic brain edema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Pin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zheng PP, Severijnen LA, Willemsen R, Kros JM. Different Patterns of Circulatory Shunting in Zebrafish Caldesmon Morphants: A Digital Motion Analysis. Heart Lung Circ 2010; 19:251-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|