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Cho HB, Sung WS, Hong J, Kang Y, Kim EJ. A Survey on Perceptions of the Direction of Korean Medicine Education and National Licensing Examination. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1685. [PMID: 37372803 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11121685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent changes in medical education and assessment led to a focus on occupational competency, and this study investigated the perceptions of Korean medicine doctors (KMDs) on the national licensing examination for KMDs (NLE-KMD). The survey aimed to understand KMDs' recognition of the current situation, items to improve, and items to emphasize in the future. We conducted the web-based survey from 22 February to 4 March 2022, and 1244 among 23,338 KMDs answered voluntarily. Through this study, we found the importance of competency-related clinical practice and Korean standard classification of disease (KCD), and the presence of a generation gap. KMDs considered clinical practice (clinical tasks and clinical work performance) and the item related to the KCD important. They valued (1) the focus on KCD diseases that are frequently seen in clinical practice and (2) the readjustment and introduction of the clinical skills test. They also emphasized KCD-related knowledge and skills for the assessment and diagnosis of KCD diseases, especially those frequently treated at primary healthcare institutes. We confirmed the generation gap in the subgroup analysis according to the license acquisition period, and the ≤5-year group emphasized clinical practice and the KCD, while the >5-year group stressed traditional KM theory and clinical practice guidelines. These findings could be used to develop the NLE-KMD by setting the direction of Korean medicine education and guiding further research from other perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Byul Cho
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Sung
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dongguk University Bundang Oriental Hospital, Seongnam-si 13601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseong Hong
- Teaching & Learning, 7 Days Inc., Seoul 06247, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseok Kang
- Department of Medical History, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan-si 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dongguk University Bundang Oriental Hospital, Seongnam-si 13601, Republic of Korea
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Hyun E, Ryu J, Kim K, Lee S, Kim S, Lim B. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the standard traditional Korean medicine-based health promotion program for disadvantaged children in South Korea. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:175. [PMID: 35754023 PMCID: PMC9233805 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03634-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) is highly integrated with the modern health care system of South Korea and is actively used in the public health field. Since 2014, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of South Korea has supported the development of standard models for TKM-based health promotion programs. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a standard TKM-based health promotion program for disadvantaged children.
Methods
Using convenience sampling, we recruited 16 Community Children’s Centers (CCCs) located in Busan and Yangsan, South Korea, which are welfare daytime facilities for children from socially disadvantaged families. The CCCs were divided into two groups of eight CCCs—intervention CCCs and control CCCs—through random allocation, and children in each group were selected as subjects for the study. For 12 weeks, the TKM-based health promotion program developed in this study along with the basic services of CCCs were applied to children in the intervention group, and only the basic services of CCCs were provided to children in the control group. Data were obtained through pre- and post-surveys with the legal representatives of the children prior to implementing the program and after the 12-week program, respectively. The outcome variables—the number of outpatient visits, absences, lateness/early leaves, infectious symptoms, and EuroQol-5D and EQ-visual analog scale scores–were measured and statistically compared between the groups by descriptive analysis, chi-square test, t-test, and difference-in-differences model with regression analysis.
Results
At baseline, there were 156 children in the intervention group and 153 children in the control group, among which 155 and 147 children, respectively, were included in the analysis. Results indicated that the number of outpatient visits was significantly lower (by 65%) in the intervention group than in the control group (p = 0.03), and this was similar in the sensitivity analysis. Regarding other outcome variables, the effects were not consistently significant.
Conclusions
A standard TKM-based health promotion program has the potential to improve the health of disadvantaged children. In the future, studies with long-term interventions and a larger sample are needed to enhance the applicability of these programs in communities.
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Park J, Youn DH, Kang J, Ahn KS, Kwak HJ, Um JY. Taeumjowi-tang, a Traditional Korean Sasang Remedy, Improves Obesity-Atopic Dermatitis Comorbidity by Regulating Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Alpha. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1458. [PMID: 31920651 PMCID: PMC6933016 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory disease of the skin, resulting from an immune dysfunction, that often occurs as a comorbidity of obesity. This investigation evaluated the capacity of Taeumjowi-tang (TJT), a Korean herbal formulation from the Sasang medical tradition to influence prognostic features of AD and obesity in a mouse model. Here, obesity and AD were induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB). Following an 8-week HFD regimen and 4 weeks of DNFB administration, the comorbid (CO) group manifested increased body weight and AD-like lesions, as compared to normal control (NC) mice, while TJT administration diminished these symptoms of obesity and AD. Specifically, TJT treatment reduced epidermal thickness and eosinophil/mast cell infiltration, along with reduction in immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). It was additionally demonstrated that TJT suppresses HFD/DNFB-associated increase of the inflammation-related nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinase. Moreover, significantly increased levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) protein was observed in CO group versus controls, an increase significantly down-regulated by TJT-treatment. These outcomes suggest that TJT may prove useful in clinical management of obesity-AD comorbidity treatment, an effect that may be due to regulation of HIF-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Comorbidity Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Youn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Comorbidity Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - JongWook Kang
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Comorbidity Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kwak
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Comorbidity Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Kim MJ, Lee DH, Ahn J, Jang YJ, Ha TY, Do E, Jung CH. Nutrikinetic study of fermented soybean paste ( Cheonggukjang) isoflavones according to the Sasang typology. Nutr Res Pract 2019; 14:102-108. [PMID: 32256984 PMCID: PMC7075739 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2020.14.2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In Oriental medicine, certain foods may be beneficial or detrimental based on an individual's constitution; however, the scientific basis for this theory is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of body constitution, based on the Sasang type of Korean traditional medical classification system, on the bioavailability of soy isoflavones of Cheonggukjang, a quick-fermented soybean paste. SUBJECTS/METHODS A pilot study was conducted on 48 healthy Korean men to evaluate the bioavailability of isoflavone after ingestion of food based on constitution types classified by the Sasang typology. The participants were classified into the Taeeumin (TE; n = 15), Soyangin (SY; n = 15), and Soeumin (SE; n = 18) groups. Each participant ingested 50 g of Cheonggukjang per 60 kg body weight. Thereafter, blood was collected, and the soy isoflavone metabolites were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Ntrikinetic analysis of individual isoflavone-derived metabolites was performed. RESULTS Our nutrikinetic analysis identified 21 metabolites derived from isoflavones in the blood samples from 48 healthy Korean men (age range, 21-29 years). Significant differences were observed in the time to maximum concentration (T max) and elimination half-life (t 1/2) for nine metabolites among the three groups. The T max and t 1/2 of the nine metabolites were higher in the SE group than in the other groups. Moreover, the absorption rates, as determined by the area under the plasma-level curve (AUC) values of intact isoflavone, were 5.3 and 9.4 times higher in the TE group than in the SY and SE groups, respectively. Additionally, the highest AUC values for phase I and II metabolites were observed in the TE group. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that isoflavone bioavailability, following Cheonggukjang insgestion, is high in individuals with the TE constitution, and relatively lower in those with the SE and SY constitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kim
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Lee
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Jang
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Youl Ha
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Do
- Clinical Trial Convergence Commercialization Team, Korea Medicine Industry Support Center, Daegu Technopark, Susung-gu, Daegu 42158, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this concept analysis was to clarify the meaning and the attributes of traditional Korean (Hanbang) nursing. DATA SOURCE Data sources include Academic Search Complete, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, EBSCOhost, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Research Information Sharing Service. DATA SYNTHESIS We used Walker and Avant's method to analyze the concept of Hanbang nursing. CONCLUSIONS By exploring its common use in the literature, a comprehensive definition of the concept of Hanbang nursing was developed. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE The results of analyzing the current concept of Hanbang nursing will help provide a better understanding of it and contribute to expanding nursing knowledge and developing of a valid and reliable measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Kang
- Youngmi Kang, PhD, RN, is an Associate Professor in the College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ju Hwang
- Won Ju Hwang, PhD, RN, MPH, is an Assistant Professor in the College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JiSun Choi
- JiSun Choi, PhD, RN, is an Assistant Professor in the College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim T, Park AY, Baek Y, Cha S. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Four Loci for Lipid Ratios in the Korean Population and the Constitutional Subgroup. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168137. [PMID: 28046027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating lipid ratios are considered predictors of cardiovascular risks and metabolic syndrome, which cause coronary heart diseases. One constitutional type of Korean medicine prone to weight accumulation, the Tae-Eum type, predisposes the consumers to metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, etc. Here, we aimed to identify genetic variants for lipid ratios using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and followed replication analysis in Koreans and constitutional subgroups. GWASs in 5,292 individuals of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study and replication analyses in 2,567 subjects of the Korea medicine Data Center were performed to identify genetic variants associated with triglyceride (TG) to HDL cholesterol (HDLC), LDL cholesterol (LDLC) to HDLC, and non-HDLC to HDLC ratios. For subgroup analysis, a computer-based constitution analysis tool was used to categorize the constitutional types of the subjects. In the discovery stage, seven variants in four loci, three variants in three loci, and two variants in one locus were associated with the ratios of log-transformed TG:HDLC (log[TG]:HDLC), LDLC:HDLC, and non-HDLC:HDLC, respectively. The associations of the GWAS variants with lipid ratios were replicated in the validation stage: for the log[TG]:HDLC ratio, rs6589566 near APOA5 and rs4244457 and rs6586891 near LPL; for the LDLC:HDLC ratio, rs4420638 near APOC1 and rs17445774 near C2orf47; and for the non-HDLC:HDLC ratio, rs6589566 near APOA5. Five of these six variants are known to be associated with TG, LDLC, and/or HDLC, but rs17445774 was newly identified to be involved in lipid level changes in this study. Constitutional subgroup analysis revealed effects of variants associated with log[TG]:HDLC and non-HDLC:HDLC ratios in both the Tae-Eum and non-Tae-Eum types, whereas the effect of the LDLC:HDLC ratio-associated variants remained only in the Tae-Eum type. In conclusion, we identified three log[TG]:HDLC ratio-associated variants, two LDLC:HDLC ratio-associated variants, and one non-HDLC:HDLC-associated variant in Koreans and the constitutional subgroups.
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Cheng JF, Huang XY, Liu TL, Wang RY, Ching HY. The Relationship between Body Weight Change and Body Constitutions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Patients with Schizophrenia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016; 2016:9585968. [PMID: 27818703 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9585968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To explore the relationship between body constitution (BC) types and weight change in patients with schizophrenia and who underwent second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) treatment. Method. Body weight and waist circumference of eighty-five participants were measured for 6 consecutive weeks. Constitutions of Yin-Xu, Yang-Xu, and Stasis were assessed using the Body Constitution Questionnaire (BCQ). Results. Participants with body constitutions Yin-Xu (50.6%), Yang-Xu (49.4%), or Stasis (38.8%) exhibited worse physical condition and unhealthy daily habits, particularly in Stasis constitution. Moreover, Stasis constitution was significantly associated with several factors, including BMI, body weight, waist circumference, perception of stress, perception of health, staying up late, and less physical exercise. However, perception of stress showed significant difference in Yin-Xu, Yang-Xu, and Stasis. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis revealed that significant time effects in body weight increase in the imbalanced BC types and gentleness BC type. SGAs induced weight gain in imbalanced BC type as well as gentleness BC type, especially treated with olanzapine. Conclusions. This is the first study to explore the longitudinal relationship between BC and weight gain in schizophrenia patients undergoing SGAs treatment. Health care providers should focus on weight gain problems in schizophrenia patients who underwent SGAs treatment.
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Shin S, Kim YH, Hwang MW. Diagnosis and treatment principle in Sasang medicine: original symptom. Integr Med Res 2016; 5:99-104. [PMID: 28462103 PMCID: PMC5381415 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to demonstrate the definition of the original symptom (OS) and how it works in medical procedures as to the Sasang medicine based on the Jema Lee's Donguisusebowon (Longevity and Life Preservation in Eastern Medicine). OS is defined as the sum of all clinical information featured by an individual's intrinsic characteristics as Sasangin and health state prior to onset. It is the key factor in the clinical application of Sasang medicine including the diagnosis of constitutional type and Sasang symptomatology because the imbalance of metabolic functions of each Sasangin originates from that. The working principles of the OS and Sasang symptomatology can be summarized as follows. First, clinical information regarding cold or heat intolerance determines the cold or heat pattern of Sasang symptomatology. Another is the present worsening of the severity of Sasang symptomatology by one level as compared with that in the past. Symptoms prior to the onset worsen to a higher level of severity after any disorder breaks out. Finally, the treatment strategy and progress of each Sasangin are determined following the characteristics of the OS. Theoretical and clinical studies should be conducted to show the specific criteria for the diagnosis of Sasang symptomatology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon Shin
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Goewoongyul Korean Medicine Clinic at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Woo Hwang
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Kim Y, Park K, Yoo J, Jang E. Sasang Constitution May Play a Key Role in Increasing the Number of Sub-Elements of Metabolic Syndrome. J Altern Complement Med 2016; 22:204-11. [PMID: 26914220 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2015.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MS), a representative cluster of chronic diseases, is defined by the presence of three or more of the following five elements: high blood glucose, high blood pressure, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol, high serum triglyceride levels, and abdominal obesity. Recently, innate factors have been continuously demonstrated as important risk factors for increasing the number of MS sub-elements. Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) is a traditional Korean medicine in which each Sasang constitution (SC) type has a different susceptibility to pathology and diseases. The aim of this study is to determine whether the SC could be an independent risk factor for single and multiple MS sub-elements. METHODS Twenty-four Korean medical clinics joined the study, and 3334 participants aged 20-80 years were recruited. Clinical data related to MS and general characteristics were obtained. The chi-square test and a one-way analysis of variance were conducted, and the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated through multinomial logistic regression according to the SC. RESULTS The prevalence of single and multiple MS sub-elements was significantly different according to SC. The ORs of the Tae-Eumin (TE) type were significantly high for abdominal obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension. The ORs for the So-Yangin type were also high in hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol compared with the So-Eumin type, even after being adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, and eating habits. As the numbers of MS sub-elements increased, the ORs of the TE type also increased. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the SC types may be risk factors for not only single MS sub-elements but also multiple MS sub-elements and that the TE type's risk degree is associated with an increase in the number of MS sub-elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyoung Kim
- 1 Department of Nursing, Sangmyung University , Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea
| | - Kihyun Park
- 2 Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jonghyang Yoo
- 2 Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunsu Jang
- 2 Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon, South Korea .,3 Department of Diagnosis College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University , Daejeon, South Korea
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Kim HG, Kim YJ, Ahn YC, Son CG. Serum Levels of Stress Hormones and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Differ according to Sasang Constitutional Type. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; 2015:737631. [PMID: 26539232 DOI: 10.1155/2015/737631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. This study investigated whether Sasang constitutional type is associated with differences in the serum levels of stress hormones and oxidative stress. Methods. A total of 236 participants (77 males and 159 females) were enrolled. The serum levels of cortisol, adrenaline, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were analyzed. Results. The distribution of Sasang constitutional types was as follows: Taeumin, 35.6%; Soumin, 33.0%; and Soyangin, 31.4%. The serum cortisol levels of Taeumin were significantly lower than Soumin (p < 0.1 in both sexes) and Soyangin (p < 0.05 in males and p < 0.1 in females). The adrenaline levels were also significantly lower in Taeumin than in Soumin (p < 0.05 in males and p < 0.1 in females) and Soyangin (p < 0.1 in males). Serum ROS levels were significantly higher in Soyangin than in Taeumin and Soumin (p < 0.05 in males), whereas MDA levels were significantly lower in Taeumin compared with Soumin and Soyangin (p < 0.05 in males and p < 0.1 in females). Conclusion. Taeumin type may tolerate psychological or oxidative stress better than other types, which suggests a biological mechanism to explain the different pathophysiological features of Sasang constitutional types.
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Yin CS, Ko SG. Introduction to the history and current status of evidence-based korean medicine: a unique integrated system of allopathic and holistic medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014; 2014:740515. [PMID: 24834097 DOI: 10.1155/2014/740515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. Korean medicine, an integrated allopathic and traditional medicine, has developed unique characteristics and has been active in contributing to evidence-based medicine. Recent developments in Korean medicine have not been as well disseminated as traditional Chinese medicine. This introduction to recent developments in Korean medicine will draw attention to, and facilitate, the advancement of evidence-based complementary alternative medicine (CAM). Methods and Results. The history of and recent developments in Korean medicine as evidence-based medicine are explored through discussions on the development of a national standard classification of diseases and study reports, ranging from basic research to newly developed clinical therapies. A national standard classification of diseases has been developed and revised serially into an integrated classification of Western allopathic and traditional holistic medicine disease entities. Standard disease classifications offer a starting point for the reliable gathering of evidence and provide a representative example of the unique status of evidence-based Korean medicine as an integration of Western allopathic medicine and traditional holistic medicine. Conclusions. Recent developments in evidence-based Korean medicine show a unique development in evidence-based medicine, adopting both Western allopathic and holistic traditional medicine. It is expected that Korean medicine will continue to be an important contributor to evidence-based medicine, encompassing conventional and complementary approaches.
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Kim JU, Ku B, Kim YM, Do JH, Jang JS, Jang E, Jeon YJ, Kim KH, Kim JY. The concept of sasang health index and constitution-based health assessment: an integrative model with computerized four diagnosis methods. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013:879420. [PMID: 23843888 PMCID: PMC3694382 DOI: 10.1155/2013/879420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SASANG CONSTITUTIONAL MEDICINE (SCM) SHARES ITS PHILOSOPHY WITH THAT OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: it provides constitution-specific treatment and healthcare individualized for each patient. In this work, we propose the concept of the Sasang Health Index (SHI) as an attempt to assess the individualized health status in the framework of SCM. From the target population of females in their fifties and older, we recruited 298 subjects and collected their physiological data, including complexion, radial pulse, and voice, and their questionnaire responses. The health status of each subject was evaluated by two Korean medical doctors independently, and the SHI model was obtained by combining all the integrative features of the phenotype data using a regression technique. As a result, most subjects belonged to either the healthy, subhealthy, or slightly diseased group, and the intraclass correlation coefficient between the two doctors' health scoring reached 0.95. We obtained an SHI model for each constitution type with adjusted R-squares of 0.50, 0.56, and 0.30, for the TE, SE, and SY constitution types, respectively. In the proposed SHI model, the significant characteristics used in the health assessment consisted of constitution-specific features in accordance with the classic literature and features common to all the constitution types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeuk U. Kim
- Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Boncho Ku
- Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeong Do
- Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Su Jang
- Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsu Jang
- Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Jeon
- Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Ho Kim
- Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yeol Kim
- Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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Lee J, Lee J, Shin H, Kim KS, Lee E, Koh B, Jang HJ. Suggestion of new possibilities in approaching individual variability in appetite through constitutional typology: a pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12:122. [PMID: 22889232 PMCID: PMC3502388 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Appetite is intricately connected to eating behaviors and shows a high individual variability. In an attempt to approach the problem of gut hormone profiles, appetite, and eating behaviors at the individual level, we have adopted a constitutional typing system widely used in traditional East-Asian medicine, the Sasang constitutional typology, in order to determine the individual variations in appetite, eating behavior, and weight change. Methods This pilot study was designed to investigate the variability of appetite among individuals by tracking the gut hormone patterns across different constitutional types. Pre- and post-prandial concentrations of anorectic (peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)) and orexigenic (active ghrelin) gut hormones were measured in healthy, normal-weight (18.5 kg/m2 ≤BMI <23 kg/m2) male subjects aged 20–35 (Soyang (SY) (n = 9), Taeeum (TE) (n = 9), and Soeum (SE) (n = 10) constitutional types). Results Significant differences were found only in the PYY concentrations across the three groups (p = 0.031). The PYY concentration peaked at 30-min post-prandial in the SE group and was significantly higher compared to the other two groups (p = 0.004). The GLP-1 concentration peaked at 15-min post-prandial in the SE group (not significant). The ghrelin levels at 30-min pre-prandial were relatively lower in the TE group compared to the other groups (not significant). Conclusions In conclusion, although with weak statistical power, meaningful gut hormone patterns specific to each constitutional type were discovered in this pilot study, which could offer a new method of approaching the problem of appetite and eating behavior from the angle of individual variability in appetite.
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Lee BJ, Ku B, Park K, Kim KH, Kim JY. A new method of diagnosing constitutional types based on vocal and facial features for personalized medicine. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:818607. [PMID: 22899890 PMCID: PMC3415144 DOI: 10.1155/2012/818607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to develop an accurate constitution diagnostic method based solely on the individual's physical characteristics, irrespective of psychologic traits, characteristics of clinical medicine, and genetic factors. In this paper, we suggest a novel method for diagnosing constitutional types using only speech and face characteristics. Based on 514 subjects, the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) values of classification models in age and gender groups ranged from 0.64 to 0.89. We identified significant features showing statistical differences among three constitutional types by performing statistical analysis. Also, we selected a compact and discriminative feature subset for constitution diagnosis in each age and gender group. Our method may support the direction of improved diagnosis prediction and will serve to develop a personal and automatic constitution diagnosis software for improvement of the effectiveness of prescribed medications and development of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum Ju Lee
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Boncho Ku
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyun Park
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Ho Kim
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yeol Kim
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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Song KH, Yu SG, Kim JY. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome according to Sasang Constitutional Medicine in Korean Subjects. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012; 2012:646794. [PMID: 22454673 DOI: 10.1155/2012/646794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex disorder defined by a cluster of abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension; the condition is recognized as a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This study assessed the effects of the Sasang constitution group (SCG) on the risk of MS in Korean subjects. We have analyzed 1,617 outpatients of Korean oriental medicine hospitals who were classified into three SCGs, So-Yang, So-Eum, and Tae-Eum. Significant differences were noted in the prevalence of MS and the frequencies of all MS risk factors among the three SCGs. The odds ratios for MS as determined via multiple logistic regression analysis were 2.004 for So-Yang and 4.521 for Tae-Eum compared with So-Eum. These results indicate that SCG may function as a significant risk factor of MS; comprehensive knowledge of Sasang constitutional medicine may prove helpful in predicting susceptibility and developing preventive care techniques for MS.
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Song KH, Yu SG, Cha S, Kim JY. Association of the Apolipoprotein A5 Gene -1131T>C Polymorphism with Serum Lipids in Korean Subjects: Impact of Sasang Constitution. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012; 2012:598394. [PMID: 21860654 DOI: 10.1155/2012/598394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) was identified as a strong modulator of serum lipids. Moreover, an APOA5 gene −1131T>C polymorphism has been associated with serum lipids, but the results are inconsistent according to ethnic and racial groups. We have genotyped and analyzed 1,619 outpatients of Korean oriental medicine hospitals who were classified into three Sasang constitution groups (SCGs), So-Yang (SY), So-Eum (SE), and Tae-Eum (TE). There were no significant difference in the distribution of the APOA5 −1131T>C genotype among the three SCGs. Subjects with the C allele in SY and TE showed significantly lower serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and higher triglyceride (TG) levels than noncarriers of the C allele. These results show the differences in the prevalence of decreasing serum HDL-C and elevating serum TG levels along with APOA5 −1131T>C polymorphism according to SCG and suggest that SCG may act as a significant risk factor for hypo-HDL-C-emia and hypertriglyceridemia susceptibility.
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Lee MS, Shin BC, Choi SM, Kim JY. Randomized clinical trials of constitutional acupuncture: a systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 6 Suppl 1:59-64. [PMID: 19745012 PMCID: PMC2741628 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to compile and critically evaluate the evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for the effectiveness of acupuncture using constitutional medicine compared to standard acupuncture. Ten databases were searched through to December 2008 without language restrictions. We also hand-searched nine Korean journals of oriental medicine. We included prospective RCTs of any form of acupuncture with or without electrical stimulation. The included trials had to investigate constitutional medicine. There were no restrictions on population characteristics. Forty-one relevant studies were identified, and three RCTs were included. The methodological quality of the trials was variable. One RCT found Sasang constitutional acupuncture to be superior to standard acupuncture in terms of the Unified PD Rating Scale and freezing gate in Parkinson's disease (PD). Another two RCTs reported favorable effects of eight constitutional acupuncture on pain reduction in patients with herniated nucleus pulposi and knee osteoarthritis. Meta-analysis demonstrated positive results for eight constitutional acupuncture compared to standard acupuncture on pain reduction (weighted mean difference: 10 cm VAS, 1.69, 95% CI 0.85-2.54, P < 0.0001; heterogeneity: tau(2) = 0.00, chi(2) = 0.00, P = 0.96, I(2) = 0%). Our results provide suggestive evidence for the effectiveness of constitutional acupuncture in treating pain conditions compared to standard acupuncture. However, the total number of RCTs and the total sample size included in our analysis were too small to draw definite conclusions. Future RCTs should assess larger patient samples with longer treatment periods and appropriate controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Soo Lee
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea. ;
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Kim JY, Pham DD, Koh BH. Comparison of sasang constitutional medicine, traditional chinese medicine and ayurveda. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2011:239659. [PMID: 21949669 PMCID: PMC3143585 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda are three different forms of Asian traditional medicine. Although these traditions share a lot in common as holistic medicines, the different philosophical foundations found in each confer distinguishing attributes and unique qualities. SCM is based on a constitution-based approach, and is in this way relatively more similar to the Ayurvedic tradition than to the TCM, although many of the basic SCM theories were originally derived from TCM, a syndrome-based medicine. SCM and TCM use the same botanical materials that are distributed mainly in the East Asian region, but the basic principles of usage and the underlying rationale are completely different from each other. Meanwhile, the principles of the Ayurvedic use of botanical resources are very similar to those seen in SCM, but the medicinal herbs used in Ayurveda generally originate from the West Asian region which displays a different spectrum of flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeol Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Exporo (461-24 Jeonmin-dong) Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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Choi K, Lee J, Yoo J, Lee E, Koh B, Lee J. Sasang constitutional types can act as a risk factor for insulin resistance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 91:e57-60. [PMID: 21146241 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) was found to differ across different constitutional types defined by the Sasang constitutional medicine, a sub-division of the Korean traditional medicine, implying that the constitutional type of an individual is a trait that can act as an independent risk factor for IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungju Choi
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Pham DD, Do JH, Ku B, Lee HJ, Kim H, Kim JY. Body mass index and facial cues in sasang typology for young and elderly persons. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2011:749209. [PMID: 21423637 DOI: 10.1155/2011/749209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Facial characteristics may provide reliable information giving an insight into the inner nature of an individual. This study examines the differences in widely used facial metrics, including cheek-to-jaw width ratio (CJWR), width-to-height ratio (WHR), perimeter-to-area ratio (PAR), and facial masculinity indexes across Sasang constitutional types, to investigate the association between these facial cues and body mass index (BMI) and develop a predictive model for Sasang typing. 2D images of 911 participants were analyzed. The results indicated that TaeEum (TE) type generally has a squarer face, with the male TE type having a squarer and wider face than that of both SoYang (SY) and SoEum (SE) types. Male TE type has longer eyes than that of the SE type, and the lower face of the female TE type is longer than that of the SY type. PAR, WHR, CJWR, and eye size had associations with BMI, and the magnitude of correlation of CJWR in Korean men were twofold higher than that of the Caucasian and African men. BMI and facial metrics including PAR, WHR, CJWR, and eye size were good predictors for TE type, and the most parsimonious model for TE typing included BMI and CJWR with high predictive performances.
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Park HM, Kim SY, Jung IC, Lee YW, Cho CK, Yoo HS. Integrative Tumor Board: A Case Report and Discussion From East-West Cancer Center. Integr Cancer Ther 2010; 9:236-45. [PMID: 20498130 DOI: 10.1177/1534735410371479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. To introduce the application of wheel balance cancer therapy (WBCT) in cancer treatment through an intensive study of a representative patient. Method. A 59-year-old, female patient who was a secondhand smoker and who carried no significant medical and family history was diagnosed with T1N0M1 (stage 4) lung adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was positive for thyroid transcription factor-1, CK7, cyclin D1, p53, and Ki-67 on both lung biopsy specimens. An open lobectomy with mediastinal nodal dissection followed. The patient was transferred to East-West Cancer Center (EWCC) suffering from exertional dyspnea (NYHA [New York Heart Association] grade 2) with thoracic pain and pain in both upper limbs because of the decreased ventilatory capacity and reduced exercise capacity after a pulmonary resection. She also complained of emotional stress. EWCC provided WBCT, a multimodality alternative protocol based on the theory of traditional oriental medicine. Physicians regularly monitored whether metastasis or recurrence existed through blood and radiation tests. Observations and dialogues with the patient were used to record the changes in symptoms such as thoracic pain, dyspnea, anxiety, and fear. Results . Treatments at EWCC led to a disease-free survival of 28 months without adjuvant chemotherapy. Neither metastasis nor recurrence occurred during this period. Exertional dyspnea recovered to NYHA grade 1. Other physical and psychological symptoms were alleviated. Conclusion. This report suggests that WBCT may have the potential for extending life expectancy, controlling symptoms, and improving quality of life in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Min Park
- East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Oriental Medical Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-122, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Kim
- East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Oriental Medical Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-122, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Jung
- East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Oriental Medical Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-122, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Weol Lee
- East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Oriental Medical Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-122, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kwan Cho
- East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Oriental Medical Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-122, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Seung Yoo
- East-West Cancer Center, Dunsan Oriental Medical Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-122, Republic of Korea
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Lee MS. Strategic approach to the globalization of sasang constitutional medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2009; 2011:784057. [PMID: 19939952 PMCID: PMC3137563 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The workshop on “Strategic Approach to the Globalization of Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM)” was held in the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) on September 18, 2009. This workshop was designed to discuss and brainstorm the strategic approach to the globalization of SCM, one of the unique systems in Korean Traditional Medicine, with three topics and an extensive panel discussion. Professor Edwin Cooper, Editor-in-Chief of eCAM, gave a commemorative lecture for publication of the second supplement of eCAM entitled “Sasang Constitutional Medicine as a Holistic Tailored Medicine”. The other two presenters suggested some practical methods for globalization of SCM on the basis of their experiences. After the three main presentations, there was a panel discussion session for further development of workshop topics, extended by five other external experts. They discussed the benefits, limitations and essentials for globalization of Korean Traditional Medicine, specifically SCM, from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Soo Lee
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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