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Revilla G, Ruiz-Auladell L, Vallverdú NF, Santamaría P, Moral A, Pérez JI, Li C, Fuste V, Lerma E, Corcoy R, Pitoia F, Escolà-Gil JC, Mato E. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Is a Key Driver of Aggressiveness in Thyroid Tumor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11153. [PMID: 37446330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously described the role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in aggressiveness in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Moreover, the MAPK signaling pathway in the presence of BRAF V600E mutation is associated with more aggressive PTC. Although the link between MAPK cascade and LDL receptor (LDLR) expression has been previously described, it is unknown whether LDL can potentiate the adverse effects of PTC through it. We aimed to investigate whether the presence of LDL might accelerate the oncogenic processes through MAPK pathway in presence or absence of BRAF V600E in two thyroid cell lines: TPC1 and BCPAP (wild-type and BRAF V600E, respectively). LDLR, PI3K-AKT and RAS/RAF/MAPK (MEK)/ERK were analyzed via Western blot; cell proliferation was measured via MTT assay, cell migration was studied through wound-healing assay and LDL uptake was analyzed by fluorometric and confocal analysis. TPC1 demonstrated a time-specific downregulation of the LDLR, while BCPAP resulted in a receptor deregulation after LDL exposition. LDL uptake was increased in BCPAP over-time, as well as cell proliferation (20% higher) in comparison to TPC1. Both cell lines differed in migration pattern with a wound closure of 83.5 ± 9.7% after LDL coculture in TPC1, while a loss in the adhesion capacity was detected in BCPAP. The siRNA knockdown of LDLR in LDL-treated BCPAP cells resulted in a p-ERK expression downregulation and cell proliferation modulation, demonstrating a link between LDLR and MAPK pathway. The modulation of BRAF-V600E using vemurafenib-impaired LDLR expression decreased cellular proliferation. Our results suggest that LDLR regulation is cell line-specific, regulating the RAS/RAF/MAPK (MEK)/ERK pathway in the LDL-signaling cascade and where BRAF V600E can play a critical role. In conclusion, targeting LDLR and this downstream signaling cascade, could be a new therapeutic strategy for PTC with more aggressive behavior, especially in those harboring BRAF V600E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Revilla
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Ruiz-Auladell
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Fucui Vallverdú
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Santamaría
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Moral
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Pérez
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Changda Li
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Fuste
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Lerma
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Corcoy
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabián Pitoia
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1120 AAF, Argentina
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugènia Mato
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Abdelmohsen K, Srikantan S, Kang MJ, Gorospe M. Regulation of senescence by microRNA biogenesis factors. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:491-500. [PMID: 22306790 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Senescence represents a state of indefinite growth arrest in cells that have reached the end of their replicative life span, have become damaged, or express aberrant levels of cancer-related proteins. While senescence is widely considered to represent a tumor-suppressive mechanism, the accumulation of senescent cells in tissues of older organisms is believed to underlie age-associated losses in physiologic function and age-related diseases. With the emergence of microRNAs (miRNAs) as a major class of molecular regulators of senescence, we review the transcriptional and post-transcriptional factors that control senescence-associated microRNA biosynthesis. Focusing on their enhancement or repression of senescence, we describe the transcription factors that govern the synthesis of primary (pri-)miRNAs, the proteins that control the nuclear processing of pri-miRNAs into precursor (pre-)miRNAs, including RNA editing enzymes, RNases, and RNA helicases, and the cytoplasmic proteins that affect the final processing of pre-miRNAs into mature miRNAs. We discuss how miRNA biogenesis proteins promote or inhibit senescence, and thus influence the senescent phenotype that affects normal tissue function and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotb Abdelmohsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, NIA-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Espía M, Sebastián C, Mulero M, Giralt M, Mallol J, Celada A, Lloberas J. Granulocyte macrophage--colony-stimulating factor-dependent proliferation is impaired in macrophages from senescence-accelerated mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63:1161-7. [PMID: 19038830 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/63.11.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A senescence-accelerated (SAMP8) mouse model was used to determine the effect of aging on the immune system. We produced in vitro bone marrow-derived macrophages from SAMP8 mice and compared them against senescence-resistant, long-lived mice (SAMR1). Although macrophages from both strains of mice proliferated in a similar manner in response to monocyte-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), SAMP8 macrophages showed an impaired response to granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Similar levels of external regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 and signaling transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) phosphorylation were observed in macrophages from both strains of mice. The lack of proliferation was not caused by the induction of apoptosis. Differentiation of bone marrow cells into dendritic cells was similar in both strains of mice, as was the induction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Finally, we determined the density of Langerhans cells in vivo in the skin of the two mouse strains, but no differences were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Espía
- Macroophage Biology Group, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, C/ Josep Samitier 1-5, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Cell proliferation is an important process in life for growth of normal and cancer cells. The signal transduction pathways activated during this process are strictly regulated. This editorial focuses on the role of nicotine, a mitogen, in the induction of signaling pathways resulting in proliferation of pancreatic tumor cells and compares these events with those in normal acinar cells isolated from the rat pancreas. The data shows striking similarities between these two cellular systems. In addition, the editorial reviews very recent literature of the contribution of MAPK signaling in cell lines associated with human diseases. A prospective cellular model of nicotine induced activation of MAPK cascade is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimal Chowdhury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States.
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Abstract
Normal somatic cells have a limited replicative lifespan, and serial subcultivation ultimately results in senescence. Senescent cells are irreversibly growth-arrested and show impaired responses to mitogens. Activation of the ERK signaling pathway, an absolute requirement for cell proliferation, results in nuclear relocalization of active ERKs, an event impaired in senescent fibroblasts. This impairment coincides with increased activity of the nuclear ERK phosphatase MKP2. Here we show that replicative lifespan can be altered by changes in nuclear ERK activity. Ectopic expression of MKP2 results in premature senescence. In contrast, knock-down of MKP2 expression, through transduction of MKP2 sequence-specific short hairpin RNA, or expression of the phosphatase resistant ERK2(D319N) mutant, abrogates the effects of increased endogenous MKP2 levels and senescence is postponed. Nuclear targeting of ERK2(D319N) significantly augments its effects and the transduced cultures show higher than 60% increase in replicative lifespan compared with cultures transduced with wt ERK2. Long-lived cultures senesce with altered molecular characteristics and retain the ability to express c-fos, and Rb is maintained in its inactive form. Our results support that MKP2-mediated inactivation of nuclear ERK2 represents a key event in the establishment of replicative senescence. Although it is evident that senescence can be imposed through multiple mechanisms, restoration of nuclear ERK activity can bypass a critical senescence checkpoint and, thus, extend replicative lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tresini
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA.
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Bose C, Zhang H, Udupa KB, Chowdhury P. Activation of p-ERK1/2 by nicotine in pancreatic tumor cell line AR42J: effects on proliferation and secretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G926-34. [PMID: 16051920 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00138.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of nicotine on MAPK signaling and on the proliferation of AR42J cells as well as to assess the relationship between MAPK activation and exocrine secretion in these cells. AR42J cells were incubated with nicotine and analyzed for the activation of MAPK by Western blot analysis using their respective antibodies and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The effect of nicotine on cell proliferation was determined by the spectrophotometric method, and cell function was assessed by cholecystokinin (CCK)-stimulated amylase release into the culture medium. Nicotine at a dose of 100 microM induced phospho-ERK1/2 activation maximally in 3 min compared with untreated cells. Furthermore, immunofluorescence study confirmed the nicotine-induced increase in translocation of phospho-ERK1/2 to the nucleus. Activation of phospho-ERK1/2 was inhibited by an ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor but not by a nicotine receptor antagonist. At the same dose, there was significantly enhanced proliferation of AR42J cells until 72 h without toxic effect, as the percentage of lactate dehydrogenase release remained unchanged. Other MAPKs, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2 and p38 MAPK, were not affected by nicotine treatment. At a nicotine dose of 100 microM, the CCK-stimulated release of amylase was maximal at 6 min, and, although a nicotinic receptor antagonist inhibited this response, it was not inhibited by the ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor. We conclude that nicotine treatment induced activation of ERK1/2 and increased the proliferation of AR42J cells. The data further indicate that MAPK signaling by nicotine is independent of the secretory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhanda Bose
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Bose C, Bhuvaneswaran C, Udupa KB. Age-related alteration in hepatic acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase and its relation to LDL receptor and MAPK. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:740-51. [PMID: 15888329 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the regulation of lipid metabolism and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the liver of C57BL/6 mice as they age. This was done by assessing the status of total cholesterol content and its enzyme, acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), in liver microsomal preparations and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) mRNA expression in the livers of 4-24-month-old C57B/6 mice, without exogenous cholesterol feeding. With aging, there was an increase in cholesterol content and ACAT activity in liver microsomes. Northern blot analysis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction data showed that ACAT-2 mRNA increased with age as well. LDLr expression decreased significantly in an age-dependent manner. In addition, we studied the basal and activated forms of MAPK, e.g. extracellular regulatory kinase (ERK-1/2), c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK-1/2) and p38 MAPK. During aging, there was a considerable decrease in phosphorylated ERK-1/2 level while JNK-1/2 and p38 MAPK levels increased with age. Our studies showed an altered LDLr expression and altered phosphorylated MAPK in the liver of C57BL/6 mice during aging. These alterations might contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia and other cholesterol-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhanda Bose
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Medical Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, 72205, USA
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Abstract
Human cells in culture have a limited proliferative capacity. After a period of vigorous proliferation, the rate of cell division declines and a number of changes occur in the cells including increases in size, in secondary lysosomes and residual bodies, nuclear changes and a number of changes in gene expression which provide biomarkers for senescence. Although human cells in culture have been used for over 40 years as models for understanding the cellular basis of aging, the relationship of replicative senescence to aging of the organism is still not clear. In this review, we discuss replicative senescence in the light of current information on signal transduction and mitogenesis, cell stress, apoptosis, telomere changes and finally we discuss replicative senescence as a model of aging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Cristofalo
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA.
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