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Blumenfeld O, Rozenshmidt M, Eini I, Laron Z. The COVID-19 Pandemic Increased the Incidence of New-Onset Type One Diabetes in Children. Children (Basel) 2024; 11:142. [PMID: 38397254 PMCID: PMC10886898 DOI: 10.3390/children11020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Background: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence rate of childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D) is controversial. Our aim was to analyze the incidence of new-onset T1D among children aged 0-17 before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel. Methods: Data obtained from the national T1D registry for children aged 0-17 were analyzed for the pre-pandemic (1997-2019) and pandemic (2020-2022) periods. In the pre-pandemic period, 7246 children with newly diagnosed T1D were compared with 1490 children diagnosed during the pandemic period. Results: T1D incidence significantly increased in the 0-17 age group from a mean of 12.9/105 (pre-pandemic) to 17.7/105 and 16.7/105 during the first two years of the pandemic (2020 and 2021, respectively) (p = 0.0001). Stratifying by age group (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 15-17) revealed a significant increase in the 5-9, 10-14, and 15-17 groups, both in 2020 (p = 0.0001) and in 2021 (p = 0.0001). The incidence rate in the 0-4 age group showed no change in the first year of the pandemic (2020) (p = 0.4). However, in the second year of the pandemic (2021), there was a significant increase from 6.3/105 in the pre-pandemic period to 9.1/105 (p = 0.001). Anti-COVID-19 vaccination in 2022 led to a significant decrease in the incidence rates in the 10-14 and 15-17 age groups (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significant increase in the incidence of new-onset T1D in prepubertal and pubertal children. Anti-COVID-19 vaccination decreased the incidence rate significantly only in pubertal children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Blumenfeld
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel; (M.R.); (I.E.)
| | - Mikhail Rozenshmidt
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel; (M.R.); (I.E.)
| | - Idan Eini
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel; (M.R.); (I.E.)
| | - Zvi Laron
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4920235, Israel;
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Parviainen A, But A, Sund R, Arffman M, Siljander H, Knip M. Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Relation to Exposure to Rotavirus Infections in Pre- and Postvaccine Birth Cohorts in Finland. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:97-100. [PMID: 37861431 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the incidence of type 1 diabetes in children in relation to exposure to rotavirus infections. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A nationwide register-based ecological study on the 1995-2015 birth cohorts in Finland compared those born before and after the national implementation of the rotavirus vaccine in 2009. RESULTS When the prevaccine 2001-2005 birth cohorts were compared with the postvaccine birth cohorts, the number of children exposed to rotavirus infection by the age of 5 years decreased from 2,522 per 100,000 children (2.5%) to 171 per 100,000 children (0.2%), while the incidence of type 1 diabetes in those aged <5 years decreased from 71.5 to 54.4 per 100,000 person-years (incidence rate ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.71-0.86). CONCLUSIONS At the population level, a decrease in exposure to rotavirus infections was associated with a decrease in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Parviainen
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna But
- Biostatistics Consulting, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Sund
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Martti Arffman
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Siljander
- Center for Military Medicine, Logistics Command, Finnish Defense Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Laron Z, Shulman L, Hampe C, Blumenfeld O. Hypothesis: Viral infections of pregnant women may be early triggers of childhood type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2023; 135:102977. [PMID: 36621175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Children and adolescents with early onset autoimmune diseases have a different seasonality of month of birth than the general population. This pattern is consistent with an infection during pregnancy affecting the fetus or an infection immediately after birth that act as early triggers of the autoimmune diseases. We present data supporting the use of Rotavirus vaccinations in the reduction of incidence of childhood T1D and propose further investigations into whether other anti-virus vaccinations may reduce the burden of other autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and subtypes of rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Laron
- Schneider Children's Medical Center, Israel.
| | - Lester Shulman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services MOH, Israel
| | | | - Orit Blumenfeld
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Israel
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Khalil RG, Abdel-Moneim A, Arafa AA, Allam G, El-Senousy WM, Mabrouk D. Possible association of rotavirus IgG with cytokine expression levels and dyslipidemia in rotavirus-infected type 1 diabetic children. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7587-7599. [PMID: 35733062 PMCID: PMC9216291 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Rotavirus (RV) has been postulated as a viral trigger for the onset of autoimmune disorders, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study aimed to examine the conceivable association of RV IgG with cytokine levels and dyslipidemia in the pathogenesis of pediatric T1D. Methods This study included 30 healthy controls and 80 children with T1D who were divided into two groups based on the time since their T1D diagnosis: newly diagnosed (ND ≤ 1 year; n = 30) and previously diagnosed (PD > 1 year; n = 50). ND and PD patients were also separated into negative and positive according to IgG detection (RV IgG−, ND−, and PD−; RV IgG+, ND+, and PD+). Results Positive polymerase chain reaction for RVs was evidenced in 7.5% of children with T1D. Anti-RV IgG was 30% and 36% in ND and PD, respectively, compared to healthy controls (2 of 30, 6.6%; P < 0.05). Fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c significantly increased in PD+ compared to PD−. Interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-15 levels significantly increased. IL-12 and IL-22 mRNA expression was upregulated in ND+ patients compared to that in ND− patients. IL-37 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated in ND− and ND+ patients compared to that in healthy controls. Total cholesterol and high- and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were significantly lower in PD+ than in PD−; whereas triglyceride levels were higher than those in healthy controls. Conclusions This study suggested that anti-RV IgG may have a role in the pathogenesis, development, and progression of T1D, and RV infections are implicated in dyslipidemia and inflammation status. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11033-022-07573-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab G Khalil
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt. Salah Salem St, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Amany A Arafa
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Gamal Allam
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Waled M El-Senousy
- Department of Water Pollution Research, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Mabrouk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Zhang X, Xu XF, Jin J. Rotavirus vaccination and the risk of type 1 diabetes and celiac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:951127. [PMID: 36090563 PMCID: PMC9459138 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.951127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus vaccination has been proven to effectively protect against rotavirus gastroenteritis. However, there are concerns about the relationship between rotavirus vaccination and the risk of autoimmune disorders. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively assess the association between rotavirus vaccination and type 1 diabetes (T1D) or celiac disease (CD) risk. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the type 1 diabetes or celiac disease associated with rotavirus vaccination. The following journal databases were searched to identify potential studies for inclusion: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. RESULTS Seven articles involving more than 5,793,055 children were included. Our results showed that rotavirus vaccination does not alter the subsequent risk of T1D (RR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.82-1.09) or CD (RR 0.86, 95% CI: 0.64-1.17) after vaccination. Furthermore, the risk of T1D was not increased or decreased for children fully exposed to rotavirus vaccination (RR 0.86, 95% CI, 0.54-1.36) and for children partially exposed to rotavirus vaccination (RR 1.05, 95% CI, 0.87-1.26). However, younger (<5 years) vaccinated children at the end of study (RR 0.84, 95% CI = 0.75-0.95) may be at a lower risk for T1D than older (≥5 years) vaccinated children (RR 0.93, 95% CI, 0.81-1.07). CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that rotavirus vaccination does not appear to be associated with T1D or CD in children. The protective effect of rotavirus vaccination on T1D may be presented by time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Fei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Blumenfeld O, Lawrence G, Shulman LM, Laron Z. Use of the Whole Country Insulin Consumption Data in Israel to Determine the Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes in Children <5 Years of Age Before and During Rotavirus Vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:771-773. [PMID: 34250976 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies showed that rotavirus vaccination may affect the prevalence of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of early childhood (<5 years) T1D before and during the introduction of rotavirus vaccination in Israel by syndromic surveillance. METHODS Data on insulin purchases reported by Israel's four Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) were retrieved from the National Program for Quality Indicators in Community Healthcare. RESULTS During the prevaccination years (2002-2007), a steady increase in insulin purchases was reported in the young (<5 years). The period percent change (PC) of children <5 years old diagnosed with T1D inferred from purchased insulin prescriptions increased by 50.0%, and the annual percent change (APC) increased by 10.0% (p = 0.01). During the period of free, universal Rotavirus vaccination (2011-2018), the PC for T1D diagnoses among children <5 years of age decreased by 3.8% with an APC of -2.5% (p = 0.14). There was a significant difference (p = 0.002) between the increasing trend in insulin use before vaccination versus the decreasing trend after vaccination. CONCLUSION Rotavirus vaccination correlated with attenuation of the increasing rate in the prevalence of T1D in <5-year-old children in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Blumenfeld
- From the National Diseases Registries Unit, Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Israel
| | - Gabriella Lawrence
- Laboratory of Environmental Virology, Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Lester M Shulman
- Laboratory of Environmental Virology, Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Zvi Laron
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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