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Dawson MA, Hennigar SR, Shankaran M, Kelley AM, Anderson BJ, Nyangau E, Field TJ, Evans WJ, Hellerstein MK, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM, Berryman CE. Replacement of dietary carbohydrate with protein increases fat mass and reduces hepatic triglyceride synthesis and content in female obese Zucker rats. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15885. [PMID: 38036455 PMCID: PMC10689297 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated both energy restriction (ER) and higher protein (HP), lower carbohydrate (LC) diets downregulate hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Little is known about the independent and combined impact of ER and HP/LC diets on tissue-specific lipid kinetics in leptin receptor-deficient, obese rodents. This study investigated the effects of ER and dietary macronutrient content on body composition; hepatic, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral AT (VAT) lipid metabolic flux (2 H2 O-labeling); and blood and liver measures of cardiometabolic health in six-week-old female obese Zucker rats (Leprfa+/fa+ ). Animals were randomized to a 10-week feeding intervention: ad libitum (AL)-HC/LP (76% carbohydrate/15% protein), AL-HP/LC (35% protein/56% carbohydrate), ER-HC/LP, or ER-HP/LC. ER groups consumed 60% of the feed consumed by AL. AL gained more fat mass than ER (P-energy = 0.012) and HP/LC gained more fat mass than HC/LP (P-diet = 0.025). Hepatic triglyceride (TG) concentrations (P-interaction = 0.0091) and absolute hepatic TG synthesis (P-interaction = 0.012) were lower in ER-HP/LC versus ER-HC/LP. ER had increased hepatic, SAT, and VAT de novo cholesterol fractional synthesis, absolute hepatic cholesterol synthesis, and serum cholesterol (P-energy≤0.0035). A HP/LC diet, independent of energy intake, led to greater gains in fat mass. A HP/LC diet, in the context of ER, led to reductions in absolute hepatic TG synthesis and TG content. However, ER worsened cholesterol metabolism. Increased adipose tissue TG retention with the HP/LC diet may reflect improved lipid storage capacity and be beneficial in this genetic model of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alan Dawson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Stephen R. Hennigar
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alyssa M. Kelley
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
| | - Bradley J. Anderson
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
| | - Edna Nyangau
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tyler J. Field
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Marc K. Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - James P. McClung
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Military Performance DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Claire E. Berryman
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
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Howard EE, Shankaran M, Evans WJ, Berryman CE, Margolis LM, Lieberman HR, Karl JP, Young AJ, Montano MA, Matthews MD, Bizieff A, Nyangao E, Mohammed H, Harris MN, Hellerstein MK, Rood JC, Pasiakos SM. Effects of Testosterone on Mixed-Muscle Protein Synthesis and Proteome Dynamics During Energy Deficit. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3254-e3263. [PMID: 35532889 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Effects of testosterone on integrated muscle protein metabolism and muscle mass during energy deficit are undetermined. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the effects of testosterone on mixed-muscle protein synthesis (MPS), proteome-wide fractional synthesis rates (FSR), and skeletal muscle mass during energy deficit. DESIGN This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING The study was conducted at Pennington Biomedical Research Center. PARTICIPANTS Fifty healthy men. INTERVENTION The study consisted of 14 days of weight maintenance, followed by a 28-day 55% energy deficit with 200 mg testosterone enanthate (TEST, n = 24) or placebo (PLA, n = 26) weekly, and up to 42 days of ad libitum recovery feeding. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mixed-MPS and proteome-wide FSR before (Pre), during (Mid), and after (Post) the energy deficit were determined using heavy water (days 1-42) and muscle biopsies. Muscle mass was determined using the D3-creatine dilution method. RESULTS Mixed-MPS was lower than Pre at Mid and Post (P < 0.0005), with no difference between TEST and PLA. The proportion of individual proteins with numerically higher FSR in TEST than PLA was significant by 2-tailed binomial test at Post (52/67; P < 0.05), but not Mid (32/67; P > 0.05). Muscle mass was unchanged during energy deficit but was greater in TEST than PLA during recovery (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The high proportion of individual proteins with greater FSR in TEST than PLA at Post suggests exogenous testosterone exerted a delayed but broad stimulatory effect on synthesis rates across the muscle proteome during energy deficit, resulting in muscle mass accretion during subsequent recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Howard
- Military Nutrit ion Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Willian J Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Claire E Berryman
- Military Nutrit ion Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrit ion Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrit ion Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrit ion Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Andrew J Young
- Military Nutrit ion Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Monty A Montano
- MyoSyntax Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcy D Matthews
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alec Bizieff
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Edna Nyangao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hussein Mohammed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Melissa N Harris
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer C Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
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