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Lowe D, Roy L, Tabocchini MA, Rühm W, Wakeford R, Woloschak GE, Laurier D. Radiation dose rate effects: what is new and what is needed? Radiat Environ Biophys 2022; 61:507-543. [PMID: 36241855 PMCID: PMC9630203 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research to understand the biological effects of ionising radiation, there is still much uncertainty over the role of dose rate. Motivated by a virtual workshop on the "Effects of spatial and temporal variation in dose delivery" organised in November 2020 by the Multidisciplinary Low Dose Initiative (MELODI), here, we review studies to date exploring dose rate effects, highlighting significant findings, recent advances and to provide perspective and recommendations for requirements and direction of future work. A comprehensive range of studies is considered, including molecular, cellular, animal, and human studies, with a focus on low linear-energy-transfer radiation exposure. Limits and advantages of each type of study are discussed, and a focus is made on future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Lowe
- UK Health Security Agency, CRCE Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Laurence Roy
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Maria Antonella Tabocchini
- Istituto Nazionale i Fisica Nucleare, Sezione i Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Werner Rühm
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Richard Wakeford
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dominique Laurier
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
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Sommer M, Štěpánová D, Kákona M, Velychko O, Ambrožová I, Ploc O. CALIBRATION OF SILICON DETECTORS LIULIN AND AIRDOS USING COSMIC RAYS AND TIMEPIX FOR USE AT FLIGHT ALTITUDES. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2022; 198:597-603. [PMID: 36005970 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silicon detectors such as Liulin and AIRDOS are used for cosmic radiation measurements onboard aircraft. These measurements can be used for the verification of computer programs assessing aircraft crew radiation exposure. Recently performed intercomparison flights showed large variances of absorbed doses among individual detectors and significant differences between results of silicon detectors and computer programs. In order to explain for these differences, we have developed energy calibration method that can be performed on short flights. The method is based on cross-calibration of Liulin and AIRDOS deposited energy spectra with deposited energy spectra measured by Timepix which has superior detection properties in terms of energy resolution and the detection threshold. Moreover, the portion of dose which is omitted due to low sensitivity for low-energy deposits was calculated. The resulting absorbed dose rates at two intercomparison flights show significantly improved variation of results and better agreement with modelled absorbed dose rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sommer
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Department of Dosimetry and Application of Ionizing Radiation, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Štěpánová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Department of Dosimetry and Application of Ionizing Radiation, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kákona
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Velychko
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Ambrožová
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Ploc
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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Rühm W, Bottollier-Depois JF, Gilvin P, Harrison R, Knežević Ž, Lopez MA, Tanner R, Vargas A, Woda C. The work programme of EURADOS on internal and external dosimetry. Ann ICRP 2018; 47:20-34. [PMID: 29664324 DOI: 10.1177/0146645318756224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) has been maintaining a network of institutions interested in the dosimetry of ionising radiation. As of 2017, this network includes more than 70 institutions (research centres, dosimetry services, university institutes, etc.), and the EURADOS database lists more than 500 scientists who contribute to the EURADOS mission, which is to promote research and technical development in dosimetry and its implementation into practice, and to contribute to harmonisation of dosimetry in Europe and its conformance with international practices. The EURADOS working programme is organised into eight working groups dealing with environmental, computational, internal, and retrospective dosimetry; dosimetry in medical imaging; dosimetry in radiotherapy; dosimetry in high-energy radiation fields; and harmonisation of individual monitoring. Results are published as freely available EURADOS reports and in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. Moreover, EURADOS organises winter schools and training courses on various aspects relevant for radiation dosimetry, and formulates the strategic research needs in dosimetry important for Europe. This paper gives an overview on the most important EURADOS activities. More details can be found at www.eurados.org .
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Affiliation(s)
- W Rühm
- a Department of Radiation Sciences, Institute for Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - M A Lopez
- f Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Spain
| | | | - A Vargas
- g Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
| | - C Woda
- a Department of Radiation Sciences, Institute for Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Parmaksız A. COMPREHENSIVE DATA CONCERNING COSMIC RADIATION DOSES AT GROUND LEVEL AND IN-FLIGHTS FOR TURKEY. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2016; 171:539-544. [PMID: 26564864 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cosmic radiation doses of individuals living in 81 cities in Turkey were estimated by using CARI-6 software. Annual cosmic radiation doses of individuals were found to be between 308 and 736 µSv y-1 at ground level. The population-weighted annual effective dose from cosmic radiation was determined to be 387 µSv y-1 for Turkey. Cosmic radiation doses on-board for 137 (60 domestic and 77 international) flights varied from 1.2 to 83 µSv. It was estimated that six or over long-route round-trip air travels may cause cosmic radiation dose above the permissible limit for member of the public, i.e. 1 mSv y-1 According to the assumption of flights throughout 800 h on each route, cosmic radiation doses were found to be between 1.0 and 4.8 mSv for aircrew.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parmaksız
- Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Center, Istanbul Road 30 km., 06983 Saray, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Civil airliner passengers and crew are exposed to elevated levels of radiation relative to being at sea level. Previous studies have assessed the radiation dose received in particular cases or for cohort studies. Here we present the first estimate of the total radiation dose received by the worldwide civilian flying population. We simulated flights globally from 2000 to 2013 using schedule data, applying a radiation propagation code to estimate the dose associated with each flight. Passengers flying in Europe and North America exceed the International Commission on Radiological Protection annual dose limits at an annual average of 510 or 420 flight hours per year, respectively. However, this falls to 160 or 120 h on specific routes under maximum exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Alvarez
- Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Chen J, Newton D. An estimation of Canadian population exposure to cosmic rays from air travel. Radiat Environ Biophys 2013; 52:59-64. [PMID: 23138886 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-012-0444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Based on air travel statistics in 1984, it was estimated that less than 4 % of the population dose from cosmic ray exposure would result from air travel. In the present study, cosmic ray doses were calculated for more than 3,000 flights departing from more than 200 Canadian airports using actual flight profiles. Based on currently available air travel statistics, the annual per capita effective dose from air transportation is estimated to be 32 μSv for Canadians, about 10 % of the average cosmic ray dose received at ground level (310 μSv per year).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, 2720 Riverside Drive, Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Schuhmacher H. Workplace monitoring of mixed neutron-photon radiation fields and its contribution to external dosimetry. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2011; 144:599-604. [PMID: 21285111 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Workplace monitoring is a common procedure for determining measures for routine radiation protection in a particular working environment. For mixed radiation fields consisting of neutrons and photons, it is of increased importance because it contributes to the improved accuracy of individual monitoring. An example is the determination of field-specific correction factors, which can be applied to the readings of personal dosemeters. This paper explains the general problems associated with individual dosimetry of neutron radiation, and describes the various options for workplace monitoring. These options cover a range from the elaborate field characterisation using transport calculations or spectrometers to the simpler approach using area monitors. Examples are given for workplaces in nuclear industry, at particle accelerators and at flight altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schuhmacher
- Department 6.5, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
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