1
|
Rabus H, Gómez-Ros JM, Villagrasa C, Eakins J, Vrba T, Blideanu V, Zankl M, Tanner R, Struelens L, Brkić H, Domingo C, Baiocco G, Caccia B, Huet C, Ferrari P. Quality assurance for the use of computational methods in dosimetry: activities of EURADOS Working Group 6 'Computational Dosimetry'. J Radiol Prot 2021; 41:46-58. [PMID: 33406511 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/abd914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Working Group (WG) 6 'Computational Dosimetry' of the European Radiation Dosimetry Group promotes good practice in the application of computational methods for radiation dosimetry in radiation protection and the medical use of ionising radiation. Its cross-sectional activities within the association cover a large range of current topics in radiation dosimetry, including more fundamental studies of radiation effects in complex systems. In addition, WG 6 also performs scientific research and development as well as knowledge transfer activities, such as training courses. Monte Carlo techniques, including the use of anthropomorphic and other numerical phantoms based on voxelised geometrical models, play a strong part in the activities pursued in WG 6. However, other aspects and techniques, such as neutron spectra unfolding, have an important role as well. A number of intercomparison exercises have been carried out in the past to provide information on the accuracy with which computational methods are applied and whether best practice is being followed. Within the exercises that are still ongoing, the focus has changed towards assessing the uncertainty that can be achieved with these computational methods. Furthermore, the future strategy of WG 6 also includes an extension of the scope toward experimental benchmark activities and evaluation of cross-sections and algorithms, with the vision of establishing a gold standard for Monte Carlo methods used in medical and radiobiological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Rabus
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - J M Gómez-Ros
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Villagrasa
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - J Eakins
- Public Health England (PHE), Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - T Vrba
- Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Blideanu
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Saclay, France
| | - M Zankl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - R Tanner
- Public Health England (PHE), Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - L Struelens
- Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK·CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - H Brkić
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek (MEFOS), Osijek, Croatia
| | - C Domingo
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Baiocco
- Physics Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - B Caccia
- National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - C Huet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - P Ferrari
- National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nogueira P, Rühm W. Person-specific calibration of a partial body counter used for individualised Am 241skull measurements. J Radiol Prot 2020; 40:1362-1389. [PMID: 33017814 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/abbe36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of bone seeking alpha-emitting radionuclides such as241Am are of special concern, due to the potential of alpha particles to damage the extremely radiation-sensitive bone marrow. In the case of an internal contamination with241Am, directin vivomeasurements using Gamma-detectors are typically used to quantify the incorporated activity. Such detectors need to be calibrated with an anatomical phantom, for example of the skull, of known241Am activity that reproduces the anatomy of the measured individual as closely as possible. Any difference in anatomy and material composition between phantom and individual will bias the estimation of the incorporated activity. Consequently, in this work the impact of the most important anatomical parameters on detection efficiency of one of the germanium detectors of the Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) partial body counter were systematically studied. For that a detailed model of the germanium detector was implemented in the Monte Carlo codes GEANT4 and MCNPX. To simulate the detector efficiency, various skull voxel phantoms were used. By changing the phantom dimensions and geometry the impact of parameters such as shape and size of the skull, thickness of tissue covering the skull bone, distribution of241Am across the scull and within the skull bone matrix, on the detector efficiency was studied. Approaches to correct for these parameters were specifically developed for three physical skull phantoms for which Voxel phantoms were available: Case 102 USTUR phantom, Max-06 phantom, BfS phantom. Based on the impact of each parameter, correction factors for an 'individual-specific' calibration were calculated and applied to a real241Am contamination case reported in 2014. It was found that the incorporated241Am activity measured with the HMGU partial body counter was about twice as large as that estimated when using the BfS skull phantom without applying any correction factor for person-specific parameters. It is concluded that the approach developed in the present study should in the future be applied routinely for skull phantom measurements, because it allows for a considerably improved reconstruction of incorporated241Am using partial body counters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Nogueira
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - W Rühm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rühm W, Ainsbury E, Breustedt B, Caresana M, Gilvin P, Knežević Ž, Rabus H, Stolarczyk L, Vargas A, Bottollier-Depois J, Harrison R, Lopez M, Stadtmann H, Tanner R, Vanhavere F, Woda C, Clairand I, Fantuzzi E, Fattibene P, Hupe O, Olko P, Olšovcová V, Schuhmacher H, Alves J, Miljanic S. The European radiation dosimetry group – Review of recent scientific achievements. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
4
|
Breustedt B, Blanchardon E, Castellani CM, Etherington G, Franck D, Giussani A, Hofmann W, Lebacq AL, Li WB, Noßke D, Lopez MA. EURADOS work on internal dosimetry. Ann ICRP 2018; 47:75-82. [PMID: 29664321 DOI: 10.1177/0146645318756232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) Working Group 7 is a network on internal dosimetry that brings together researchers from more than 60 institutions in 21 countries. The work of the group is organised into task groups that focus on different aspects, such as development and implementation of biokinetic models (e.g. for diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid decorporation therapy), individual monitoring and the dose assessment process, Monte Carlo simulations for internal dosimetry, uncertainties in internal dosimetry, and internal microdosimetry. Several intercomparison exercises and training courses have been organised. The IDEAS guidelines, which describe - based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection's (ICRP) biokinetic models and dose coefficients - a structured approach to the assessment of internal doses from monitoring data, are maintained and updated by the group. In addition, Technical Recommendations for Monitoring Individuals for Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides have been elaborated on behalf of the European Commission, DG-ENER (TECHREC Project, 2014-2016, coordinated by EURADOS). Quality assurance of the ICRP biokinetic models by calculation of retention and excretion functions for different scenarios has been performed and feedback was provided to ICRP. An uncertainty study of the recent caesium biokinetic model quantified the overall uncertainties, and identified the sensitive parameters of the model. A report with guidance on the application of ICRP biokinetic models and dose coefficients is being drafted at present. These and other examples of the group's activities, which complement the work of ICRP, are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Breustedt
- a Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Safety and Environment - Radioanalytical Laboratories, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - E Blanchardon
- b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, France
| | - C-M Castellani
- c ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Radiation Protection Institute, Italy
| | | | - D Franck
- b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, France
| | - A Giussani
- e Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Germany
| | - W Hofmann
- f University of Salzburg, Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Austria
| | - A-L Lebacq
- g SCK-CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Belgium
| | - W B Li
- h Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Germany
| | - D Noßke
- i Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Germany (retired)
| | - M A Lopez
- j Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Beaumont T, Ideias PC, Rimlinger M, Broggio D, Franck D. Development and test of sets of 3D printed age-specific thyroid phantoms for131I measurements. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:4673-4693. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
6
|
Li C, Capello K, Hauck B, Zankl M, Kramer G. A MONTE CARLO STUDY OF SIMULATED MEASUREMENTS OF RADIONUCLIDES IN BONE. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2016; 171:73-77. [PMID: 27473704 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
When measuring the internally deposited activity in the bone of a subject, the placement of the detector is critical. This study reports the simulated counting efficiencies for three counting geometries, the skull, knee and shin, using 13 different voxel phantoms. It shows that the range of counting efficiencies for a given geometry is large for the studied phantoms, especially at low energies. Skull counting offers higher efficiency for low energies such as the 17 keV compared to knee counting or shin counting, but this advantage disappears when the energy is higher such as at 185 keV. This work also shows that the calibration phantom may greatly impact the accuracy of the activity estimate in bone counting, with uncertainties increasing greatly as the photon energy is reduced. Estimating the activity of a radionuclide in bone from direct counting has large uncertainties, and the dose calculated from a skeleton measurement would need careful analysis and, if possible, supporting data from other bioassay measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Rd, Ottawa, Canada K1A 1C1
| | - K Capello
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Rd, Ottawa, Canada K1A 1C1
| | - B Hauck
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Rd, Ottawa, Canada K1A 1C1
| | - M Zankl
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - G Kramer
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, 775 Brookfield Rd, Ottawa, Canada K1A 1C1
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rühm W, Fantuzzi E, Harrison R, Schuhmacher H, Vanhavere F, Alves J, Bottollier Depois JF, Fattibene P, Knežević Ž, Lopez MA, Mayer S, Miljanić S, Neumaier S, Olko P, Stadtmann H, Tanner R, Woda C. EURADOS strategic research agenda: vision for dosimetry of ionising radiation. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2016; 168:223-34. [PMID: 25752758 PMCID: PMC4884873 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Since autumn 2012, the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) has been developing its Strategic Research Agenda (SRA), which is intended to contribute to the identification of future research needs in radiation dosimetry in Europe. The present article summarises-based on input from EURADOS Working Groups (WGs) and Voting Members-five visions in dosimetry and defines key issues in dosimetry research that are considered important for the next decades. The five visions include scientific developments required towards (a) updated fundamental dose concepts and quantities, (b) improved radiation risk estimates deduced from epidemiological cohorts, (c) efficient dose assessment for radiological emergencies, (d) integrated personalised dosimetry in medical applications and (e) improved radiation protection of workers and the public. The SRA of EURADOS will be used as a guideline for future activities of the EURADOS WGs. A detailed version of the SRA can be downloaded as a EURADOS report from the EURADOS website (www.eurados.org).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Rühm
- Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute of Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E Fantuzzi
- Radiation Protection Institute, ENEA, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - H Schuhmacher
- Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - F Vanhavere
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK-CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - J Alves
- Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), CTN, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J F Bottollier Depois
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - P Fattibene
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Ž Knežević
- Ruđer Bošković Institute (RBI), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M A Lopez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Mayer
- Paul Scherer Institut (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - S Miljanić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute (RBI), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S Neumaier
- Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - P Olko
- Instytut Fizyki Jądrowej (IFJ), Krakow, Poland
| | - H Stadtmann
- Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - R Tanner
- Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, UK
| | - C Woda
- Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute of Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Paquet F, Etherington G, Bailey MR, Leggett RW, Lipsztein J, Bolch W, Eckerman KF, Harrison JD. ICRP Publication 130: Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides: Part 1. Ann ICRP 2015; 44:5-188. [PMID: 26494836 DOI: 10.1177/0146645315577539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This report is the first in a series of reports replacing Publications 30 and 68 to provide revised dose coefficients for occupational intakes of radionuclides by inhalation and ingestion. The revised dose coefficients have been calculated using the Human Alimentary Tract Model (Publication 100) and a revision of the Human Respiratory Tract Model (Publication 66) that takes account of more recent data. In addition, information is provided on absorption into blood following inhalation and ingestion of different chemical forms of elements and their radioisotopes. In selected cases, it is judged that the data are sufficient to make material-specific recommendations. Revisions have been made to many of the models that describe the systemic biokinetics of radionuclides absorbed into blood, making them more physiologically realistic representations of uptake and retention in organs and tissues, and excretion. The reports in this series provide data for the interpretation of bioassay measurements as well as dose coefficients, replacing Publications 54 and 78. In assessing bioassay data such as measurements of whole-body or organ content, or urinary excretion, assumptions have to be made about the exposure scenario, including the pattern and mode of radionuclide intake, physical and chemical characteristics of the material involved, and the elapsed time between the exposure(s) and measurement. This report provides some guidance on monitoring programmes and data interpretation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Radiation doses delivered by incorporated radionuclides cannot be directly measured, and they are assessed by means of biokinetic and dosimetric models and computational phantoms. For emitters of short-range radiation like alpha-particles or Auger electrons, the doses at organ levels, as they are usually defined in internal dosimetry, are no longer relevant. Modelling the inter- and intra-cellular radiation transport and the local patterns of deposition at molecular or cellular levels are the challenging tasks of micro- and nano-dosimetry. With time, the physiological and anatomical realism of the models and phantoms have increased. However, not always the information is available that would be required to characterise the greater complexity of the recent models. Uncertainty studies in internal dose assessment provide here a valuable contribution for testing the significance of the new dose estimates and of the discrepancies from the previous values. Some of the challenges, limitations and future perspectives of the use of models and phantoms in internal dosimetry are discussed in the present manuscript.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Giussani
- Department of Radiation and Health, BfS-Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tabatadze G, Brey RR, Kramer GH, Capello K, Meldrum DJ. Reevaluation of (241)Am content in the USTUR case 0102 leg phantom. Health Phys 2013; 104:9-14. [PMID: 23326860 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e318269bf81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The (241)Am contents in the United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries' (USTUR) case 0102 leg phantom were previously estimated to be 1,243 ± 11 Bq. Recent analysis of the computed tomography images of the phantom revealed multiple bone structures missing from various regions of the phantom skeleton including: posterior ilium, anterior ilium, ischium, femur proximal end, femur middle shaft, femur distal end, patella, tibia distal shaft, fibula distal shaft, and fibula distal end. Additionally, the fifth metatarsal and all of the fifth-digit phalanges were found to be completely missing from the foot. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the leg phantom was created using 3D-Doctor software. Volumes of missing bone structures were outlined separately based on the anatomical assessment of those structures. Weights of the missing bone samples were calculated. Consequently, the value of total( 241)Am activity in the USTUR leg phantom is 1,218 ± 11 Bq. This activity is about 2.0% less than the previously published value of 1,243 ± 11 Bq. External gamma detector response was simulated considering both activity values (1,243 and 1,218 Bq) across the five different locations along the USTUR leg phantom: foot, middle leg, knee, middle thigh, and hip. Each counting position was chosen such that it was above the missing bone structure locations. The highest difference observed between the two counting efficiencies (each corresponding to the two different quantities of estimated activity) was 8.2% and 9.4% for locations above the foot and middle thigh, respectively. Other counting locations (middle leg, knee, and hip) showed efficiency variations of about 1%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Tabatadze
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Health Physics, Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Ave., Stop 8103, Pocotello, ID 83209, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kramer GH, Hauck B, Capello K, Rühm W, El-Faramawy N, Broggio D, Franck D, Lopez MA, Navarro T, Navarro JF, Perez B, Tolmachev S. Comparison of two leg phantoms containing (241)Am in bone. Health Phys 2011; 101:248-258. [PMID: 21799341 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e3182118f61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Three facilities (CIEMAT, HMGU and HML) have used their in vivo counters to compare two leg phantoms. One was commercially produced with (241)Am activity artificially added to the bone inserts. The other, the United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries' (USTUR) leg phantom, was manufactured from (241)Am-contaminated bones resulting from an intake. The comparison of the two types of leg phantoms showed that the two phantoms are not similar in their activity distributions. An error in a bone activity estimate could be quite large if the commercial leg phantom is used to estimate what is contained in the USTUR leg phantom and, consequently, a real person. As the latter phantom was created as a result of a real contamination, it is deemed to be the more representative of what would actually happen if a person were internally contaminated with (241)Am.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Kramer
- Human Monitoring Laboratory, Radiation Protection Bureau, 775 Brookfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 1C1 Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lopez MA, Balásházy I, Bérard P, Blanchardon E, Breustedt B, Broggio D, Castellani CM, Franck D, Giussani A, Hurtgen C, James AC, Klein W, Kramer GH, Li WB, Marsh JW, Malatova I, Nosske D, Oeh U, Pan G, Puncher M, Peixoto Telles P, Schimmelpfeng J, Vrba T. EURADOS coordinated action on research, quality assurance and training of internal dose assessments. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2011; 144:349-352. [PMID: 21156780 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
EURADOS working group on 'Internal Dosimetry (WG7)' represents a frame to develop activities in the field of internal exposures as coordinated actions on quality assurance (QA), research and training. The main tasks to carry out are the update of the IDEAS Guidelines as a reference document for the internal dosimetry community, the implementation and QA of new ICRP biokinetic models, the assessment of uncertainties related to internal dosimetry models and their application, the development of physiology-based models for biokinetics of radionuclides, stable isotope studies, biokinetic modelling of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid decorporation therapy and Monte-Carlo applications to in vivo assessment of intakes. The working group is entirely supported by EURADOS; links are established with institutions such as IAEA, US Transuranium and Uranium Registries (USA) and CEA (France) for joint collaboration actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lopez
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, CIEMAT, Dosimetría Interna, Avda Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|