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Serra L, Estienne A, Caria G, Ramé C, Jolivet C, Froger C, Henriot A, Amalric L, Guérif F, Froment P, Dupont J. In vitro exposure to triazoles used as fungicides impairs human granulosa cells steroidogenesis. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 104:104295. [PMID: 37852555 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Triazoles are the main components of fungicides used in conventional agriculture. Some data suggests that they may be endocrine disruptors. Here, we found five triazoles, prothioconazole, metconazole, difenoconazole, tetraconazole, and cyproconazole, in soil or water from the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. We then studied their effects from 0.001 µM to 1000 µM for 48 h on the steroidogenesis and cytotoxicity of ovarian cells from patients in this region and the human granulosa line KGN. In addition, the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) nuclear receptor in KGN cells was studied. Overall, all triazoles reduced the secretion of progesterone, estradiol, or both at doses that were non-cytotoxic but higher than those found in the environment. This was mainly associated, depending on the triazole, with a decrease in the expression of CYP51, STAR, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, or HSD3B proteins, or a combination thereof, in hGCs and KGN cells and an increase in AHR in KGN cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïse Serra
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, University of Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Anthony Estienne
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, University of Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Giovanni Caria
- INRAE, Laboratoire d'Analyses des Sols, 273, rue de Cambrai, 62000 Arras, France
| | - Christelle Ramé
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, University of Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Claire Froger
- INRAE Orléans - US 1106, Unité INFOSOL, Orléans, France
| | - Abel Henriot
- Division Laboratoires, BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Laurence Amalric
- Division Laboratoires, BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Fabrice Guérif
- Service de Médecine et Biologie de la Reproduction, CHRU de Tours, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, University of Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, University of Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Bloch D, Diel P, Epe B, Hellwig M, Lampen A, Mally A, Marko D, Villar Fernández MA, Guth S, Roth A, Marchan R, Ghallab A, Cadenas C, Nell P, Vartak N, van Thriel C, Luch A, Schmeisser S, Herzler M, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Marx-Stoelting P, Tralau T, Hengstler JG. Basic concepts of mixture toxicity and relevance for risk evaluation and regulation. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3005-3017. [PMID: 37615677 PMCID: PMC10504116 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to multiple substances is a challenge for risk evaluation. Currently, there is an ongoing debate if generic "mixture assessment/allocation factors" (MAF) should be introduced to increase public health protection. Here, we explore concepts of mixture toxicity and the potential influence of mixture regulation concepts for human health protection. Based on this analysis, we provide recommendations for research and risk assessment. One of the concepts of mixture toxicity is additivity. Substances may act additively by affecting the same molecular mechanism within a common target cell, for example, dioxin-like substances. In a second concept, an "enhancer substance" may act by increasing the target site concentration and aggravating the adverse effect of a "driver substance". For both concepts, adequate risk management of individual substances can reliably prevent adverse effects to humans. Furthermore, we discuss the hypothesis that the large number of substances to which humans are exposed at very low and individually safe doses may interact to cause adverse effects. This commentary identifies knowledge gaps, such as the lack of a comprehensive overview of substances regulated under different silos, including food, environmentally and occupationally relevant substances, the absence of reliable human exposure data and the missing accessibility of ratios of current human exposure to threshold values, which are considered safe for individual substances. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and most susceptible target cells is required. We conclude that, currently, there is no scientific evidence supporting the need for a generic MAF. Rather, we recommend taking more specific measures, which focus on compounds with relatively small ratios between human exposure and doses, at which adverse effects can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bloch
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Special Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Risk Assessment Strategies, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - María A Villar Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Angelika Roth
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick Nell
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nachiket Vartak
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmeisser
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Herzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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3
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Ben Saad H, Frikha D, Bouallegue A, Badraoui R, Mellouli M, Kallel H, Pujo JM, Ben Amara I. Mitigation of Hepatic Impairment with Polysaccharides from Red Alga Albidum corallinum Supplementation through Promoting the Lipid Profile and Liver Homeostasis in Tebuconazole-Exposed Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1305. [PMID: 37765113 PMCID: PMC10537785 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides from seaweed are highly active natural substances with valuable applications. In the present paper, attempts have been made to discuss the physicochemical and structural features of polysaccharides isolated from red marine alga Alsidium corallinum (ACPs) and their protective effect in hepatic impairments induced by tebuconazole (TEB) in male adult rats. Structural features were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier-transformed infrared, and solid-state 1H and 13C-Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. ACPs are found to be hetero-sulfated-anionic polysaccharides that contain carbohydrates, sulfate groups, and uronic acids. In vitro biological activities suggested the effective antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities of ACPs. For antioxidant testing in vivo, the biochemical analysis and plasma profiles displayed that oral administration of ACPs could mitigate blood lipid indicators, including total cholesterol, triglyceride, low and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and bilirubin. Liver function indexes involving alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase showed that ACPs possessed prominent antioxidant activities. Additionally, the intervention of ACPs potentially inhibited lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, key enzymes of lipid metabolism (<0.001), and improved antioxidant status (<0.05). Histomorphological observation confirmed that ACPs intervention could partially repair liver injuries caused by TEB. The computational results showed that A. corallinum monosaccharides bound 1JIJ, 1HD2, and 1WL4 receptors with acceptable affinities, which, together with deep embedding and molecular interactions, support the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hypolipidemic outlined effects in the in vitro and in vivo findings. Given their prominent antioxidant effects, ACPs are promising candidates for liver diseases and must be considered in pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Ben Saad
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Donyez Frikha
- Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Environment, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Amir Bouallegue
- Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroressources, National School of Engineering of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Badraoui
- Laboratory of General Biology, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 45851, Saudi Arabia
- Section of Histology-Cytology, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
| | - Manel Mellouli
- Anatomopathology Laboratory, University of Sfax, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Kallel
- Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne 97300, French Guiana
- Tropical Biome and Immunopathology, Inserm U 1019, University of Guyane, Cayenne 97346, French Guiana
| | - Jean Marc Pujo
- Emergency Department, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne 97300, French Guiana
| | - Ibtissem Ben Amara
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
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Hrynko I, Kaczyński P, Wołejko E, Łozowicka B. Impact of technological processes on tebuconazole reduction in selected cereal species and the primary cereal product, and dietary exposure assessment. Food Chem 2023; 422:136249. [PMID: 37137237 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of cereals with tebuconazole (TEB) can affect the dietary risk assessment. This study investigates, for the first time, how mechanical, thermal, physical-chemical, and biochemical processes affect the TEB level in wheat, rye, and barley. The biochemical process of malting was the most effective for tebuconazole reduction (by 86%) in cereals. Thermal processes were also effective, i.e., boiling (70%) and baking (55%). These processes considerably decreased the concentration of tebuconazole, and Procesing Factors (PFs) were from 0.10 to 0.18 (malting), 0.56 to 0.89 (boiling), and 0.44 to 0.45 (baking), respectively. The concentration of TEB was not reduced after the application of mechanical processing. The risk was estimated in dietary exposure assessment on the basis of the highest reported levels of tebuconazole residues bread. At a high level of rye bread consumption, the potential exposure to tebuconazole reached only 3.5% and 2.7% in children and adults, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Hrynko
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wołejko
- Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Wiejska 45, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland
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5
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Karaca M, Willenbockel CT, Tralau T, Bloch D, Marx-Stoelting P. Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic mixture effects of plant protection products: A case study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 141:105400. [PMID: 37116736 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Authorisation of ready to use plant protection products (PPPs) usually relies on the testing of acute and local toxicity only. This is in stark contrast to the situation for active substances where the mandatory data set comprises a most comprehensive set of studies. While the combination of certain active ingredients and co-formulants may nevertheless result in increased toxicity of the final product such combinations have never been evaluated systematically for complex and long-term toxicological endpoints. We therefore investigated the effect of three frequently used co-formulants on the toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic of the representative active substance combination of tebuconazol (Teb) and prothioconazol (Pro) or of cypermethrin (Cpm) and piperonyl butoxide (Pip), respectively. With all four active substances being potential liver steatogens, cytotoxicity and triglyceride accumulation in HepaRG were used as primary endpoints. Concomitantly transcriptomics and biochemical studies were applied to interrogate for effects on gene expression or inhibition of CYP3A4 as key enzyme for functionalization. Some of the tested combinations clearly showed more than additive effects, partly due to CYP3A4 enzyme inhibition. Other effects comprised the modulation of the expression and activity of steatosis-related nuclear key receptors. Altogether, the findings highlight the need for a more systematic consideration of toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic mixture effects during assessment of PPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawien Karaca
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany; Technical University of Berlin, Institute for Chemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Tobias Willenbockel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Bloch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany; Technical University of Berlin, Institute for Chemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Serra L, Bourdon G, Estienne A, Fréville M, Ramé C, Chevaleyre C, Didier P, Chahnamian M, Ganier P, Pinault F, Froment P, Dupont J. Triazole pesticides exposure impaired steroidogenesis associated to an increase in AHR and CAR expression in testis and altered sperm parameters in chicken. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:409-427. [PMID: 37025555 PMCID: PMC10070196 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since several decades, we observe the decline of various bird populations that could be partly linked to the agricultural intensification and the use of large amount of pesticides. Even if triazoles compounds are the most widely used fungicides, their effects on the reproductive parameters in birds are not clearly known. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effects of 8 triazoles compounds alone (propiconazole (PP, from 0 to 10 µM), prothioconazole (PT), epoxiconazole (Epox), tetraconazole (TT), tebuconazole (TB), difenoconazole (Dif), cyproconazole (Cypro), metconazole (MC) (from 0 to 1 mM)) on the male chicken reproductive functions by using testis explants, primary Sertoli cells and sperm samples. In testis, all triazoles at the higher concentrations for 48 h inhibited lactate and testosterone secretion mostly in association with reduced expression of HSD3B and/or STAR mRNA levels. These data were also associated with increased expression of the nuclear receptors Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) and Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) mRNA levels in testis and for all triazoles except for PP a reduction in Sertoli cell viability. When focusing on the sperm parameters, we demonstrated that most of the triazoles (MC, Epox, Dif, TB, TT and Cypro) at 0.1 or 1 mM for either 2, 12 or 24 min of exposure decreased sperm motility and velocity and increased the percentage of spermatozoa abnormal morphology. At the opposite, PP increased sperm motility in a dose dependent manner after 2 min of exposure whereas no significant effect was observed in response to PT whatever the dose and the time of exposure. Moreover, these effects were associated with an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species in spermatozoa. Taken together, most of the triazoles compounds impair testis steroidogenesis and semen parameters potentially through an increase in AHR and CAR expression and in oxidative stress, respectively. Data Availability Statement All the data will be available.
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Knebel C, Süssmuth RD, Hammer HS, Braeuning A, Marx-Stoelting P. New Approach Methods for Hazard Identification: A Case Study with Azole Fungicides Affecting Molecular Targets Associated with the Adverse Outcome Pathway for Cholestasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203293. [PMID: 36291160 PMCID: PMC9600068 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Triazole fungicides such as propiconazole (Pi) or tebuconazole (Te) show hepatotoxicity in vivo, e.g., hypertrophy and vacuolization of liver cells following interaction with nuclear receptors such as PXR (pregnane-X-receptor) and CAR (constitutive androstane receptor). Accordingly, azoles affect gene expression associated with these adverse outcomes in vivo but also in human liver cells in vitro. Additionally, genes indicative of liver cholestasis are affected in vivo and in vitro. We therefore analyzed the capability of Pi and Te to cause cholestasis in an adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-driven approach in hepatic cells of human origin in vitro, considering also previous in vivo studies. Bile salt export pump (BSEP) activity assays confirmed that both azoles are weak inhibitors of BSEP. They alternate the expression of various cholestasis-associated target genes and proteins as well as the mitochondrial membrane function. Published in vivo data, however, demonstrate that neither Pi nor Te cause cholestasis in rodent bioassays. This discrepancy can be explained by the in vivo concentrations of both azoles being well below their EC50 for BSEP inhibition. From a regulatory perspective, this illustrates that toxicogenomics and human in vitro models are valuable tools to detect the potential of a substance to cause a specific type of toxicity. To come to a sound regulatory conclusion on the in vivo relevance of such a finding, results will have to be considered in a broader context also including toxicokinetics in a weight-of-evidence approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Knebel
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Street 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen S. Hammer
- Signatope GmbH, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Street 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (P.M.-S.); Tel.: +49-(0)30-18412-25100 (A.B.); Fax: +49-(0)30-18412-63758 (A.B.)
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Street 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (P.M.-S.); Tel.: +49-(0)30-18412-25100 (A.B.); Fax: +49-(0)30-18412-63758 (A.B.)
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Wuerger LT, Hammer HS, Hofmann U, Kudiabor F, Sieg H, Braeuning A. Okadaic acid influences xenobiotic metabolism in HepaRG cells. EXCLI J 2022; 21:1053-1065. [PMID: 36172076 PMCID: PMC9489895 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is an algae-produced lipophilic marine biotoxin that accumulates in the fatty tissue of filter-feeding shellfish. Ingestion of contaminated shellfish leads to the diarrheic shellfish poisoning syndrome. Furthermore, several other effects of OA like genotoxicity, liver toxicity and tumor-promoting properties have been observed, probably linked to the phosphatase-inhibiting properties of the toxin. It has been shown that at high doses OA can disrupt the physical barrier of the intestinal epithelium. As the intestine and the liver do not only constitute a physical, but also a metabolic barrier against xenobiotic exposure, we here investigated the impact of OA on the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and transporter proteins in human HepaRG cells liver cells in vitro at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The interplay of OA with known CYP inducers was also studied. Data show that the expression of various xenobiotic-metabolizing CYPs was downregulated after exposure to OA. Moreover, OA was able to counteract the activation of CYPs by their inducers. A number of transporters were also mainly downregulated. Overall, we demonstrate that OA has a significant effect on xenobiotic metabolism barrier in liver cells, highlighting the possibility for interactions of OA exposure with the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie T.D. Wuerger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen S. Hammer
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felicia Kudiabor
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Sieg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Holger Sieg, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany, E-mail:
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Jacobs MN, Kubickova B, Boshoff E. Candidate Proficiency Test Chemicals to Address Industrial Chemical Applicability Domains for in vitro Human Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Induction. Front Toxicol 2022; 4:880818. [PMID: 35795225 PMCID: PMC9252529 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.880818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a key role in the metabolism of both xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals, and the activity of some CYP isoforms are susceptible to induction and/or inhibition by certain chemicals. As CYP induction/inhibition can bring about significant alterations in the level of in vivo exposure to CYP substrates and metabolites, CYP induction/inhibition data is needed for regulatory chemical toxicity hazard assessment. On the basis of available human in vivo pharmaceutical data, a draft Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guideline (TG) for an in vitro CYP HepaRG test method that is capable of detecting the induction of four human CYPs (CYP1A1/1A2, 2B6, and 3A4), has been developed and validated for a set of pharmaceutical proficiency chemicals. However to support TG adoption, further validation data was requested to demonstrate the ability of the test method to also accurately detect CYP induction mediated by industrial and pesticidal chemicals, together with an indication on regulatory uses of the test method. As part of "GOLIATH", a European Union Horizon-2020 funded research project on metabolic disrupting chemical testing approaches, work is underway to generate supplemental validated data for an additional set of chemicals with sufficient diversity to allow for the approval of the guideline. Here we report on the process of proficiency chemical selection based on a targeted literature review, the selection criteria and considerations required for acceptance of proficiency chemical selection for OECD TG development (i.e. structural diversity, range of activity, relevant chemical sectors, global restrictions etc). The following 13 proposed proficiency chemicals were reviewed and selected as a suitable set for use in the additional validation experiments: tebuconazole, benfuracarb, atrazine, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, perfluorooctanoic acid, bisphenol A, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, benzo-[a]-pyrene, fludioxonil, malathion, triclosan, and caffeine. Illustrations of applications of the test method in relation to endocrine disruption and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Naomi Jacobs
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Department of Toxicology, Public Health England (PHE), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Kubickova
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Department of Toxicology, Public Health England (PHE), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Boshoff
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Department of Toxicology, Public Health England (PHE), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, United Kingdom
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10
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Barrón Cuenca J, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Ünlü Endirlik B, Tirado N, Dreij K. In vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of single and combined pesticides used by Bolivian farmers. Environ Mol Mutagen 2022; 63:4-17. [PMID: 34881454 DOI: 10.1002/em.22468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that farmers in Bolivia are exposed to many pesticides, some at elevated levels, and that this was associated with increased risk of genetic damage. To improve the understanding of possible mixture effects, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of pesticides were studied in vitro using human liver HepG2 cells. The studied pesticides were 2,4-D, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, glyphosate, methamidophos, paraquat, profenofos, and tebuconazole. Three mixtures (U1, U2, and U3) were based on profiles of urinary pesticide metabolites and one mixture on the most frequently used pesticides (S1). The results showed that paraquat and methamidophos were the most cytotoxic pesticides (EC50 ≤0.3 mM). Paraquat, chlorpyrifos, tebuconazole, and the U1, U2, and U3 mixtures, which contained a large proportion of either chlorpyrifos or tebuconazole, significantly increased intracellular ROS levels. Most pesticides activated DNA damage signaling through proteins Chk1 and H2AX. Strongest responses were elicited by paraquat, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and the S1 mixture, which contained 25% paraquat. Comet assay revealed significant increases of DNA damage in response to paraquat, cypermethrin, and U2 and S1 mixtures, which contained high levels of cypermethrin and paraquat, respectively. In summary, we showed that the tested pesticides, alone or in mixtures, in general induced oxidative stress and that most pesticides, and especially paraquat and cypermethrin, were genotoxic in HepG2 cells. We could also show that mixtures dominated by these two pesticides displayed a marked genotoxic potency, which agreed with our previous population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Barrón Cuenca
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genetic Institute, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Burcu Ünlü Endirlik
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Noemi Tirado
- Genetic Institute, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Kwon HC, Kim DH, Jeong CH, Kim YJ, Han JH, Lim SJ, Shin DM, Kim DW, Han SG. Tebuconazole Fungicide Induces Lipid Accumulation and Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells. Foods 2021; 10:2242. [PMID: 34681291 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tebuconazole (TEB), a triazole fungicide, is frequently applied to agriculture for the increase of food production. Although TEB causes liver toxicity, its effects on cellular lipid accumulation are rarely investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to study the effects of TEB on lipid metabolism and accumulation in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were exposed to 0–320 µM TEB for 1–24 h. TEB (20–80 µM, 24 h)-treated cells showed lipid accumulation. Further, TEB (20–80 µM, 1–12 h) increased the nuclear translocation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and the expression of lipid uptake and oxidation-related markers such as cluster of differentiation 36, fatty acid transport protein (FATP) 2, FATP5, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1. Oxidative stress levels in TEB-treated cells (20–80 µM, 24 h) were higher, compared to those in the control. TEB (20–80 µM, 24 h) also induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and lower levels of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in the cells. Thus, TEB can induce lipid accumulation by altering the expression of lipid-metabolizing molecules and can therefore impair lipid metabolism. Our data suggest that human exposure to TEB may be a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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12
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Yu H, Song M, Hu K, Wang Y, Fan R, Yang Z, Glatt H, Braeuning A, Liu Y. Influence of Bisphenol Compounds at Nanomolar Concentrations on Chromosome Damage Induced by Metabolically Activated Carcinogens in HepG2 Cells. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:10001-10011. [PMID: 34241998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol (BP) compounds are endocrine-disrupting organic pollutants. BPs may increase the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts of nuclear receptors (NRs) regulating the expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Their impact on the genotoxicity of metabolically activated carcinogens, however, remains unknown. In this study, effects of the bisphenols A, F, S, and AF on the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), the pregnane X receptor (PXR), the constitutive androstane receptor, and individual xenobiotic-metabolizing CYP enzymes in a human hepatoma (HepG2) cell line were investigated, along with in silico binding studies of BPs to each receptor. The results indicated that each BP at 1 to 100 nM concentrations increased the mRNA transcripts and protein levels of AhR, PXR, CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2E1, and 3A4. The predicted affinities of the BPs for binding AhR were comparable to those of potent agonists. Pretreatment of HepG2 cells with each BP potentiated the induction of micronuclei by benzo[a]pyrene, aflatoxin B1, benzene, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; this effect was abolished/reduced by inhibitors of NRs and/or CYPs. Our study suggests that BPs at human exposure levels may aggravate chromosome damage by several impactful carcinogens in human cells by inducing relevant CYP enzymes, mostly via NR modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Meiqi Song
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Keqi Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yujian Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zongying Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal D-14558, Germany
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin D-10589, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin D-10589, Germany
| | - Yungang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Southern Medical University, 1023 S. Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
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13
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Lichtenstein D, Lasch A, Alarcan J, Mentz A, Kalinowski J, Schmidt FF, Pötz O, Marx-Stoelting P, Braeuning A. An eight-compound mixture but not corresponding concentrations of individual chemicals induces triglyceride accumulation in human liver cells. Toxicology 2021; 459:152857. [PMID: 34273450 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In real life, organisms are exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals at low concentration levels, whereas research on toxicological effects is mostly focused on single compounds at comparably high doses. Mixture effects deviating from the assumption of additivity, especially synergistic effects, are of concern. In an adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-guided manner, we analyzed the accumulation of triglycerides in human HepaRG liver cells by a mixture of eight steatotic chemicals (amiodarone, benzoic acid, cyproconazole, flusilazole, imazalil, prochloraz, propiconazole and tebuconazole), each present below its individual effect concentration at 1-3 μM. Pronounced and significantly enhanced triglyceride accumulation was observed with the mixture, and similar effects were seen at the level of pregnane-X-receptor activation, a molecular initiating event leading to hepatic steatosis. Transcript pattern analysis indicated subtle pro-steatotic changes at low compound concentrations, which did not exert measurable effects on cellular triglycerides. Mathematical modeling of mixture effects indicated potentially more than additive behavior using a model for compounds with similar modes of action. The present data underline the usefulness of AOP-guided in vitro testing for the identification of mixture effects and highlight the need for further research on chemical mixtures and harmonization of data interpretation of mixture effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Lichtenstein
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Lasch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jimmy Alarcan
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Almut Mentz
- University of Bielefeld, CeBiTec, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- University of Bielefeld, CeBiTec, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Felix F Schmidt
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany; Signatope GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Pötz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany; Signatope GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Kwon HC, Sohn H, Kim DH, Shin DM, Jeong CH, Chang YH, Yune JH, Kim YJ, Kim DW, Kim SH, Han SG. In Vitro and In Vivo Study on the Toxic Effects of Propiconazole Fungicide in the Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:7399-7408. [PMID: 34170130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Propiconazole (PCZ) is a hepatotoxic triazole fungicide. There are insufficient data on how PCZ induces liver fibrosis in humans. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PCZ on liver fibrosis and its underlying mechanisms. HepG2 cells and Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to PCZ at doses of 0-160 μM (3-72 h) and 0.5-50 mg/kg body weight/day (28 days), respectively. PCZ-treated cells activated intracellular oxidative stress via cytochrome P450 and had higher mRNA levels of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) than the control. PCZ treatment in cells induced a morphological transition with E-cadherin decrease and vimentin and Snail increase via the oxidative stress and TGF-β/Smad pathways. PCZ administration in rats induced liver fibrosis through pathological changes, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and collagen deposition. Thus, our data suggest that exposure of PCZ to humans may be a risk factor for the functional integrity of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Cheol Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Sohn
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hee Jeong
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - You Hyun Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeok Yune
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea Ji Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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15
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Wu S, Ji X, Wang J, Wu H, Han J, Zhang H, Xu J, Qian M. Fungicide bromuconazole has the potential to induce hepatotoxicity at the physiological, metabolomic and transcriptomic levels in rats. Environ Pollut 2021; 280:116940. [PMID: 33789219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bromuconazole (BROMU), a representative triazole fungicide, has been widely used in agriculture for its low cost and highly efficiency against various fungi. BROMU residue was often detected in the environment and food chain, even though there is indication of health risk to animals, and in humans. However, the data related to the toxicity of BROMU in animals remains unclear, and the mechanism is still not fully elucidated. Here, male adult rats were exposed to 0, 13.8, 32.8 and 65.6 mg/kg/d of BROMU for 10 days by oral gavage. It was observed that short time BROMU exposure not only caused liver histological damage, including vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes with pyknotic nuclei, but also changed the levels of some hepatic physiological parameters, including aspartate transaminase (AST), triglyceride (TG), pyruvate and total cholesterol (TC), indicating that BROMU causes hepatotoxicity in rats. In addition, according to the transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis, a total of 58 metabolites and 259 genes significantly changed in the high-dose BROMU treated group. Although several different pathways are involved, lipid metabolism- and bile acids metabolism-related pathways were highlighted in both metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis. More importantly, further validation had proven that BROMU could not only interact with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), but also significantly decrease its protein and gene expression in the liver, supporting that BROMU decreased the TG synthesis via inhibiting the PPAR-γ pathway. These results clearly showed that BROMU exposure could result in hepatotoxicity at metabolomic and transcriptomic level in rats. These observations could provide some important steps toward understanding the mechanism underlying BROMU-induced mammalian toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchun Wu
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China; College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ji
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Huizhen Wu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jianzhong Han
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Mingrong Qian
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China.
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16
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Hammer H, Schmidt F, Marx-Stoelting P, Pötz O, Braeuning A. Cross-species analysis of hepatic cytochrome P450 and transport protein expression. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:117-133. [PMID: 33150952 PMCID: PMC7811513 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most drugs and xenobiotics are metabolized in the liver. Amongst others, different cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyze the metabolic conversion of foreign compounds, and various transport proteins are engaged in the excretion of metabolites from the hepatocytes. Inter-species and inter-individual differences in the hepatic levels and activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters result from genetic as well as from environmental factors, and play a decisive role in determining the pharmacokinetic properties of a compound in a given test system. To allow for a meaningful comparison of results from metabolism studies, it is, therefore, of utmost importance to know about the specific metabolic properties of the test systems, especially about the levels of metabolic enzymes such as the CYPs. Using a targeted proteomics approach, we, therefore, compared the hepatic levels of important CYP enzymes and transporters in different experimental systems in vivo and in vitro, namely Wistar rats, C57/Bl6 mice, mice humanized for the two xeno-sensing receptors PXR (pregnane-X-receptor) and CAR (constitutive androstane receptor), mice with human hepatocyte-repopulated livers, human HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells, primary human hepatocytes, and human liver biopsies. In addition, the effects of xenobiotic inducers of drug metabolism on CYP enzymes and transporters were analyzed in selected systems. This study for the first time presents a comprehensive overview of similarities and differences in important drug metabolism-related proteins among the different experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hammer
- Signatope, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Signatope, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Pötz
- Signatope, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Goedtke L, Sprenger H, Hofmann U, Schmidt FF, Hammer HS, Zanger UM, Poetz O, Seidel A, Braeuning A, Hessel-Pras S. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Activate the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor to Regulate Xenobiotic Metabolism in Human Liver Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010372. [PMID: 33396476 PMCID: PMC7796163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants produced by incomplete combustion of organic matter. They induce their own metabolism by upregulating xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 1A1 (CYP1A1) by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). However, previous studies showed that individual PAHs may also interact with the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Here, we studied ten PAHs, different in carcinogenicity classification, for their potential to activate AHR- and CAR-dependent luciferase reporter genes in human liver cells. The majority of investigated PAHs activated AHR, while non-carcinogenic PAHs tended to activate CAR. We further characterized gene expression, protein abundancies and activities of the AHR targets CYP1A1 and 1A2, and the CAR target CYP2B6 in human HepaRG hepatoma cells. Enzyme induction patterns strongly resembled the profiles obtained at the receptor level, with AHR-activating PAHs inducing CYP1A1/1A2 and CAR-activating PAHs inducing CYP2B6. In summary, this study provides evidence that beside well-known activation of AHR, some PAHs also activate CAR, followed by subsequent expression of respective target genes. Furthermore, we found that an increased PAH ring number is associated with AHR activation as well as the induction of DNA double-strand breaks, whereas smaller PAHs activated CAR but showed no DNA-damaging potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Goedtke
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (L.G.); (H.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Heike Sprenger
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (L.G.); (H.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (U.H.); (U.M.Z.)
| | - Felix F. Schmidt
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; (F.F.S.); (H.S.H.); (O.P.)
| | - Helen S. Hammer
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; (F.F.S.); (H.S.H.); (O.P.)
| | - Ulrich M. Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (U.H.); (U.M.Z.)
| | - Oliver Poetz
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; (F.F.S.); (H.S.H.); (O.P.)
| | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer Foundation, Lurup 4, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany;
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (L.G.); (H.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (L.G.); (H.S.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18412-25203
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18
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Lichtenstein D, Mentz A, Schmidt FF, Luckert C, Buhrke T, Marx-stoelting P, Kalinowski J, Albaum SP, Joos TO, Poetz O, Braeuning A. Transcript and protein marker patterns for the identification of steatotic compounds in human HepaRG cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Küblbeck J, Niskanen J, Honkakoski P. Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor CAR. Cells 2020; 9:E2306. [PMID: 33076503 PMCID: PMC7602645 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; NR1I3) has emerged as a master activator of drug- and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and transporters that govern the clearance of both exogenous and endogenous small molecules. Recent studies indicate that CAR participates, together with other nuclear receptors (NRs) and transcription factors, in regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatocyte communication, proliferation and toxicity, and liver tumor development in rodents. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) constitute a wide range of persistent organic compounds that have been associated with aberrations of hormone-dependent physiological processes. Their adverse health effects include metabolic alterations such as diabetes, obesity, and fatty liver disease in animal models and humans exposed to EDCs. As numerous xenobiotics can activate CAR, its role in EDC-elicited adverse metabolic effects has gained much interest. Here, we review the key features and mechanisms of CAR as a xenobiotic-sensing receptor, species differences and selectivity of CAR ligands, contribution of CAR to regulation hepatic metabolism, and evidence for CAR-dependent EDC action therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Küblbeck
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Jonna Niskanen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7569, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7569, USA
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20
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Voss L, Yilmaz K, Burkard L, Vidmar J, Stock V, Hoffmann U, Pötz O, Hammer HS, Peiser M, Braeuning A, Löschner K, Böhmert L, Sieg H. Impact of iron oxide nanoparticles on xenobiotic metabolism in HepaRG cells. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:4023-4035. [PMID: 32914219 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles are used in various industrial fields, as a tool in biomedicine as well as in food colorants, and can therefore reach human metabolism via oral uptake or injection. However, their effects on the human body, especially the liver as one of the first target organs is still under elucidation. Here, we studied the influence of different representative iron oxide materials on xenobiotic metabolism of HepaRG cells. These included four iron oxide nanoparticles, one commercially available yellow food pigment (E172), and non-particulate ionic control FeSO4. The nanoparticles had different chemical and crystalline structures and differed in size and shape and were used at a concentration of 50 µg Fe/mL. We found that various CYP enzymes were downregulated by some but not all iron oxide nanoparticles, with the Fe3O4-particle, both γ-Fe2O3-particles, and FeSO4 exhibiting the strongest effects, the yellow food pigment E172 showing a minor effect and an α-Fe2O3 nanoparticle leading to almost no inhibition of phase I machinery. The downregulation was seen at the mRNA, protein expression, and activity levels. Thereby, no dependency on the size or chemical structure was found. This underlines the difficulty of the grouping of nanomaterials regarding their physiological impact, suggesting that every iron oxide nanoparticle species needs to be evaluated in a case-by-case approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Voss
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kiymet Yilmaz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lea Burkard
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janja Vidmar
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valerie Stock
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Hoffmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Pötz
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Peiser
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Löschner
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Linda Böhmert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Holger Sieg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Marx-Stoelting P, Knebel C, Braeuning A. The Connection of Azole Fungicides with Xeno-Sensing Nuclear Receptors, Drug Metabolism and Hepatotoxicity. Cells 2020; 9:E1192. [PMID: 32403288 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Azole fungicides, especially triazole compounds, are widely used in agriculture and as pharmaceuticals. For a considerable number of agricultural azole fungicides, the liver has been identified as the main target organ of toxicity. A number of previous studies points towards an important role of nuclear receptors such as the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), the pregnane-X-receptor (PXR), or the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), within the molecular pathways leading to hepatotoxicity of these compounds. Nuclear receptor-mediated hepatic effects may comprise rather adaptive changes such as the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes, to hepatocellular hypertrophy, histopathologically detectable fatty acid changes, proliferation of hepatocytes, and the promotion of liver tumors. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the current knowledge of the interaction of major agricultural azole-class fungicides with the three nuclear receptors CAR, PXR, and AHR in vivo and in vitro. Nuclear receptor activation profiles of the azoles are presented and related to histopathological findings from classic toxicity studies. Important issues such as species differences and multi-receptor agonism and the consequences for data interpretation and risk assessment are discussed.
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22
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He H, Gao F, Zhang Y, Du P, Feng W, Zheng X. Effect of processing on the reduction of pesticide residues in a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1156-1164. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1748725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hairong He
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengqiang Du
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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23
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent times, herbals or phytomedicines have become very popular due to their global acceptance as a complementary and alternative remedy. While modern drugs are commercially available only after laboratory validations, clinical trials, as well as approval from drug regulatory authorities, majority of the marketed herbal products lack such scientific evidence of efficacy and safety. This results in herb or herb-drug interaction induced unfavorable clinical outcomes without crucial documentation on their temporal relations and concomitant use. METHODS An online literature search for peer-reviewed articles was conducted on the PubMed, Europe PMC, Medline and Google Scholar portals, using the phrases: complementary & alternative medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, herb-drug interaction, mechanisms of herb-drug interaction, herb-induced toxicity, herbal hepatotoxicity and causality, traditional medicine, viral hepatitis, etc. Results The retrieved data showed that globally, patients are attracted to herbal remedies with the misconception that these are completely safe and therefore, use them simultaneously with prescription drugs. Notably, there exists a potential risk of herb-drug interactions leading to some adverse side effects, including hepatotoxicity. The toxicological effect of a drug or herb is due to the inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes (e.g., cytochrome P450), including interactions with certain prescription drugs through various mechanisms. Several cases of hepatotoxicity due to use of herbals in viral hepatitis-related liver diseases have been recently reported. However, limited experimental data and clinical evidence on herbal pharmacokinetics hamper the evaluation and reporting of adverse reactions and the underlying mechanisms. CONCLUSION Herb-drug interaction related morbidity is thus an emerging serious public health issue with broad implications for clinicians, pharmaceutical industries and health authorities. Nonetheless, despite increasing recognition of herb-drug interaction, a standard system for interaction prediction and evaluation is still nonexistent. This review article discusses the herb-drug interactions related hepatotoxicity and underlying mechanisms, including drug metabolizing enzymes and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Rishi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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24
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Fang S, Yu W, Li C, Liu Y, Qiu J, Kong F. Adsorption behavior of three triazole fungicides on polystyrene microplastics. Sci Total Environ 2019; 691:1119-1126. [PMID: 31466193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by microplastics (MPs) and pesticides has become a global challenge, and increasing evidence shows that MPs can adsorb organic pollutants which may affect their distribution and bioavailability. As widely used pesticides, triazole fungicides with potential environmental and human safety risks often coexist with MPs in the environment. Understanding the adsorption behavior is the basis of risk assessment of co-exposure of MPs and triazole fungicides. In this study, the adsorption behavior of three commonly used triazole fungicides on polystyrene (PS) was studied using adsorption test. The influences of PS particle size and environmental factors on adsorption capacity were evaluated, and the adsorption mechanisms were discussed. Results suggested that the adsorption kinetics and isotherm conformed to the Pseudo-second-order and Freundlich model, respectively. The order of adsorption and desorption capacity was hexaconazole (HEX) > myclobutanil (MYC) > triadimenol (TRI), which was positively correlated with LogKow of pesticides. To a certain extent, the decrease in PS particle size and change in solution pH value and increase in salt ion strength all contribute to increasing adsorption capacity. The main mechanisms of adsorption were hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. MPs can adsorb and may become the source and sink of triazole fungicides in aqueous environments. Our results demonstrate that more attention should be given to the combined water pollution risk of MPs and triazoles fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Fang
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Aromatic Plants Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Weisong Yu
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Aromatic Plants Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Chengliang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yuedong Liu
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Aromatic Plants Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Aromatic Plants Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Fanyu Kong
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Aromatic Plants Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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25
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Habibzadeh S, Yazdanbod A, Mohammadshahi J, Maleki N, Ataei S. Hepatotoxicity After Exposure to Tebuconazole: A Case Report and Brief Review. Hepat Mon 2019; 19. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.94548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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26
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Li S, Wu Q, Sun Q, Coffin S, Gui W, Zhu G. Parental exposure to tebuconazole causes thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish and developmental toxicity in offspring. Aquat Toxicol 2019; 211:116-123. [PMID: 30965179 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Azole fungicides are one class of the most extensively applied current-use pesticides. Tebuconazole is a common azole fungicide that has been frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems, thus raising concerns about its ecological safety. However, adverse effects of tebuconazole remain largely unknown, especially with regard to endocrine function in aquatic organisms. In the present study, sexually immature zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations of tebuconazole (0.05, 0.20 and 0.50 mg/L) for 60 days in order to test for transgenerational toxicity on the thyroid endocrine system. Thyroid hormone homeostasis, neuronal, and cardiovascular development were investigated in the F1 generation, which were reared in tebuconazole-free water. In the F0 generation, exposure to 0.20 and 0.50 mg/L tebuconazole reduced both thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) levels in females, while the T3 levels were unchanged in males. Decreased heart rate was found in F1 larvae, as well as diminished T4 levels in F1 eggs/larvae. We also observed significantly increased expression of ugt1ab mRNA in two generations of zebrafish. Moreover, expression of mRNA associated with neuronal development (e.g. α1-tubulin, mbp, gap43) and cardiovascular development (e.g. cacna1ab, tnncal) were significantly downregulated in F1 larvae at 5 and 10 dpf. In addition, tebuconazole was detected in F1 eggs following parental exposure, indicating maternal transfer. This study demonstrated that tebuconazole can be transferred to offspring from exposed parents, causing thyroid endocrine disruption and developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Scott Coffin
- Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Wenjun Gui
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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27
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Knebel C, Buhrke T, Süssmuth R, Lampen A, Marx-Stoelting P, Braeuning A. Pregnane X receptor mediates steatotic effects of propiconazole and tebuconazole in human liver cell lines. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1311-1322. [PMID: 30989312 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Triazoles are commonly used fungicides which show liver toxicity in rodent studies. While hepatocellular hypertrophy is the most prominent finding, some triazoles have also been reported to cause hepatocellular steatosis. The aim of our study was to elucidate molecular mechanisms of triazole-mediated steatosis. Therefore, we used the two triazoles propiconazole (Pi) and tebuconazole (Te) as test compounds in in vitro assays using the human hepatocarcinoma cell lines HepG2 and HepaRG. Triglyceride accumulation was measured using the Adipored assay and by a gas-chromatographic method. Reporter gene analyses were used to assess the ability of Pi and Te to activate nuclear receptors, which are described as the molecular initiators in the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for liver steatosis. The expression of steatosis-associated genes was investigated by RT-PCR. Mechanistic analyses of triazole-mediated steatosis were performed using HepaRG subclones that are deficient in different nuclear receptors. Pi and Te both interacted with the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). Both compounds induced expression of steatosis-related genes and cellular triglyceride accumulation. The knockout of PXR in HepaRG cells, but not the CAR knockout, abolished triazole-induced triglyceride accumulation, thus underlining the crucial role of PXR in hepatic steatosis resulting from exposure to these fungicides. In conclusion, our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of steatosis induction by triazole fungicides and identify PXR as a critical mediator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Knebel
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Buhrke
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roderich Süssmuth
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Straße des 17.Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Knebel C, Heise T, Zanger UM, Lampen A, Marx-Stoelting P, Braeuning A. The azole fungicide tebuconazole affects human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 expression by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 123:481-91. [PMID: 30458266 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tebuconazole, a member of the triazole group of fungicides, exerts hepatotoxicity in rodent studies. Knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying tebuconazole toxicity is limited. Previous studies suggest that activation of xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors plays a role in triazole fungicide-mediated hepatotoxicity. This study aimed to characterize the ability of tebuconazole to activate gene expression via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Results demonstrate a statistically significant induction of the AHR target genes CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in HepG2 and HepaRG human liver cells in vitro at concentrations corresponding to tebuconazole tissue levels reached under subtoxic conditions in vivo. CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 induction was abolished in the presence of an AHR antagonist or in AHR-knockout HepaRG cells, substantiating the importance of the AHR for the observed effects. Although the results indicate that tebuconazole is a weak inducer of AHR-dependent genes, combined exposure of HepaRG cells to tebuconazole and the previously identified AHR agonist propiconazole showed additive effects on CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 expression. In summary, we demonstrate that AHR-downstream gene expression is affected by tebuconazole in an AHR-dependent manner. Data indicate that dose addition may be assumed for the assessment of AHR-related effects of triazole fungicide mixtures.
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29
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Knebel C, Kebben J, Eberini I, Palazzolo L, Hammer HS, Süssmuth RD, Heise T, Hessel-pras S, Lampen A, Braeuning A, Marx-stoelting P. Propiconazole is an activator of AHR and causes concentration additive effects with an established AHR ligand. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3471-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Braeuning A, Kollotzek F, Zeller E, Knorpp T, Templin MF, Schwarz M. Mouse Hepatomas with Ha-ras and B-raf Mutations Differ in Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling and Response to Constitutive Androstane Receptor Activation. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1462-1465. [PMID: 30115646 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors mediate the hepatic induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes by xenobiotics. Not much is known about enzyme induction in liver tumors. Here, we treated tumor-bearing mice with phenobarbital, an activator of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), to analyze the response of chemically induced Ha-ras- and B-raf-mutated mouse liver adenoma to CAR activation in vivo. Both tumor subpopulations possess almost identical gene expression profiles. CAR target gene induction in the tumors was studied at the mRNA and protein levels, and a reverse-phase protein microarray approach was chosen to characterize important signaling cascades. CAR target gene induction was pronounced in B-raf-mutated but not in Ha-ras-mutated tumors. Phosphoproteomic profiling revealed that phosphorylation-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 was more abundant in Ha-ras-mutated than in B-raf-mutated tumors. ERK activation in tumor tissue was negatively correlated with CAR target induction. ERK activation is known to inhibit CAR-dependent transcription. In summary, profound differences exist between the two closely related tumor subpopulations with respect to the activation of mitogenic signaling cascades, and these dissimilarities might explain the differences in xenobiotic induction of CAR target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.B., F.K., E.Z., M.S.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, Reutlingen, Germany (T.K., M.F.T.); and Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany (A.B.)
| | - Ferdinand Kollotzek
- Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.B., F.K., E.Z., M.S.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, Reutlingen, Germany (T.K., M.F.T.); and Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany (A.B.)
| | - Eva Zeller
- Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.B., F.K., E.Z., M.S.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, Reutlingen, Germany (T.K., M.F.T.); and Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany (A.B.)
| | - Thomas Knorpp
- Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.B., F.K., E.Z., M.S.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, Reutlingen, Germany (T.K., M.F.T.); and Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany (A.B.)
| | - Markus F Templin
- Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.B., F.K., E.Z., M.S.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, Reutlingen, Germany (T.K., M.F.T.); and Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany (A.B.)
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (A.B., F.K., E.Z., M.S.); Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, Reutlingen, Germany (T.K., M.F.T.); and Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany (A.B.)
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31
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Luckert C, Braeuning A, de Sousa G, Durinck S, Katsanou ES, Konstantinidou P, Machera K, Milani ES, Peijnenburg AACM, Rahmani R, Rajkovic A, Rijkers D, Spyropoulou A, Stamou M, Stoopen G, Sturla S, Wollscheid B, Zucchini-Pascal N, Lampen A. Adverse Outcome Pathway-Driven Analysis of Liver Steatosis in Vitro: A Case Study with Cyproconazole. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:784-798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Luckert
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georges de Sousa
- INRA Unit 1331, TOXALIM, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille - BP.93173 F-31027 TOULOUSE cedex 3, France
| | - Sigrid Durinck
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Roger Rahmani
- INRA Unit 1331, TOXALIM, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille - BP.93173 F-31027 TOULOUSE cedex 3, France
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Geert Stoopen
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nathalie Zucchini-Pascal
- INRA Unit 1331, TOXALIM, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille - BP.93173 F-31027 TOULOUSE cedex 3, France
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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