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Al-Shuaibi BK, Kazerooni EA, Hussain S, Velazhahan R, Al-Sadi AM. Plant-Disease-Suppressive and Growth-Promoting Activities of Endophytic and Rhizobacterial Isolates Associated with Citrullus colocynthis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1275. [PMID: 38003740 PMCID: PMC10674396 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the antagonistic potential of endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial isolates obtained from Citrullus colocynthis in suppressing Fusarium solani and Pythium aphanidermatum and promoting the growth of cucumber. Molecular identification of bacterial strains associated with C. colocynthis confirmed that these strains belong to the Achromobacter, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Sphingobacterium, Bacillus, Sinorhizobium, Staphylococcus, Cupriavidus, and Exiguobacterium genera. A dual culture assay showed that nine of the bacterial strains exhibited antifungal activity, four of which were effective against both pathogens. Strains B27 (Pantoea dispersa) and B28 (Exiguobacterium indicum) caused the highest percentage of inhibition towards F. solani (48.5% and 48.1%, respectively). P. aphanidermatum growth was impeded by the B21 (Bacillus cereus, 44.7%) and B28 (Exiguobacterium indicum, 51.1%) strains. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the strains caused abnormality in phytopathogens' mycelia. All of the selected bacterial strains showed good IAA production (>500 ppm). A paper towel experiment demonstrated that these strains improved the seed germination, root/shoot growth, and vigor index of cucumber seedlings. Our findings suggest that the bacterial strains from C. colocynthis are suppressive to F. solani and P. aphanidermatum and can promote cucumber growth. This appears to be the first study to report the efficacy of these bacterial strains from C. colocynthis against F. solani and P. aphanidermatum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman; (B.K.A.-S.); (E.A.K.); (S.H.)
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Wang S, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Tian Q, Zeng D, Xu M, Wang Y, Dong S, Ma Z, Wang Y, Zheng X, Ye W. Fusarium-produced vitamin B 6 promotes the evasion of soybean resistance by Phytophthora sojae. J Integr Plant Biol 2023; 65:2204-2217. [PMID: 37171031 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be infected by multiple pathogens concurrently in natural systems. However, pathogen-pathogen interactions have rarely been studied. In addition to the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, fungi such as Fusarium spp. also cause soybean root rot. In a 3-year field investigation, we discovered that P. sojae and Fusarium spp. frequently coexisted in diseased soybean roots. Out of 336 P. sojae-soybean-Fusarium combinations, more than 80% aggravated disease. Different Fusarium species all enhanced P. sojae infection when co-inoculated on soybean. Treatment with Fusarium secreted non-proteinaceous metabolites had an effect equal to the direct pathogen co-inoculation. By screening a Fusarium graminearum mutant library, we identified Fusarium promoting factor of Phytophthora sojae infection 1 (Fpp1), encoding a zinc alcohol dehydrogenase. Fpp1 is functionally conserved in Fusarium and contributes to metabolite-mediated infection promotion, in which vitamin B6 (VB6) produced by Fusarium is key. Transcriptional and functional analyses revealed that Fpp1 regulates two VB6 metabolism genes, and VB6 suppresses expression of soybean disease resistance-related genes. These results reveal that co-infection with Fusarium promotes loss of P. sojae resistance in soybean, information that will inform the sustainable use of disease-resistant crop varieties and provide new strategies to control soybean root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dandan Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Li T, Liu R, Liu Z, Chang J, Li J. Effects of Intermittent Temperature and Humidity Regulation on Tomato Gray Mold. Plant Dis 2023; 107:2335-2345. [PMID: 36627805 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-22-2339-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and humidity play an important role in plant-pathogen interactions. However, regulating the temperature and humidity specifically to inhibit the development of plant diseases remains unclear. In this study, we explored the influence of intermittent temperature and humidity variation on tomato gray mold. Intermittent regulation of temperature and humidity (increasing temperature with decreasing humidity for different periods within 24 h) inhibited the disease severity of plants and the infection process of Botrytis cinerea. The 4-h treatment (increasing temperature accompanied by decreasing humidity for 4 h and recovering for 4 h, and so on) effectively inhibited the development of tomato gray mold, reduced the biomass of B. cinerea, delayed the differentiation time of mycelia, and inhibited the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in tomato leaves at the later stage of infection. The increased expressions of heat-shock protein (HSP) genes HSP20, HSP70, HSP90, BAG6, and BAG7 in tomato were mainly caused by environmental changes and environment-plant-pathogen interactions, and the increased expression of the latter was greater than that of the former in the 2-h (increasing temperature accompanied by decreasing humidity for 2 h and recovering for 2 h, and so on) and 4-h treatments. Pathogen infection induced the expression of defense-related genes in tomato, and the increase in the expressions of FLS2, FEI1, PI2, Pti5, and WRKY75 induced by B. cinerea in the 4-h treatment was greater than that under unregulated temperature and humidity conditions. In general, intermittent temperature and humidity variation can effectively inhibit the development of tomato gray mold, and the 4-h treatment had the best inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ruyi Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiayue Chang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianming Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
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Gupta R, Leibman-Markus M, Weiss D, Spiegelman Z, Bar M. Tobamovirus infection aggravates gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea by manipulating the salicylic acid pathway in tomato. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1196456. [PMID: 37377809 PMCID: PMC10291333 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1196456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is the causative agent of gray mold disease, and infects more than 1400 plant species, including important crop plants. In tomato, B. cinerea causes severe damage in greenhouses and post-harvest storage and transport. Plant viruses of the Tobamovirus genus cause significant damage to various crop species. In recent years, the tobamovirus tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) has significantly affected the global tomato industry. Most studies of plant-microbe interactions focus on the interaction between the plant host and a single pathogen, however, in agricultural or natural environments, plants are routinely exposed to multiple pathogens. Here, we examined how preceding tobamovirus infection affects the response of tomato to subsequent infection by B. cinerea. We found that infection with the tobamoviruses tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) or ToBRFV resulted in increased susceptibility to B. cinerea. Analysis of the immune response of tobamovirus-infected plants revealed hyper-accumulation of endogenous salicylic acid (SA), upregulation of SA-responsive transcripts, and activation of SA-mediated immunity. Deficiency in SA biosynthesis decreased tobamovirus-mediated susceptibility to B. cinerea, while exogenous application of SA enhanced B. cinerea symptoms. These results suggest that tobamovirus-mediated accumulation of SA increases the plants' susceptibility to B. cinerea, and provide evidence for a new risk caused by tobamovirus infection in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maya Bar
- *Correspondence: Ziv Spiegelman, ; Maya Bar,
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Philosoph AM, Dombrovsky A, Luria N, Sela N, Elad Y, Frenkel O. Rapid defense mechanism suppression during viral- oomycete disease complex formation. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1124911. [PMID: 37360707 PMCID: PMC10288809 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1124911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Combined infection of the host plant with pathogens involving different parasitic lifestyles may result in synergistic effects that intensify disease symptoms. Understanding the molecular dynamics during concurrent infection provides essential insight into the host response. The transcriptomic pattern of cucumber plants infected with a necrotrophic pathogen, Pythium spinosum, and a biotrophic pathogen, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) was studied at different time points, under regimes of single and co-infection. Analysis of CGMMV infection alone revealed a mild influence on host gene expression at the stem base, while the infection by P. spinosum is associated with drastic changes in gene expression. Comparing P. spinosum as a single infecting pathogen with a later co-infection by CGMMV revealed a rapid host response as early as 24 hours post-CGMMV inoculation with a sharp downregulation of genes related to the host defense mechanism against the necrotrophic pathogen. Suppression of the defense mechanism of co-infected plants was followed by severe stress, including 30% plants mortality and an increase of the P. spinosum hyphae. The first evidence of defense recovery against the necrotrophic pathogen only occurred 13 days post-viral infection. These results support the hypothesis that the viral infection of the Pythium pre-infected plants subverted the host defense system and changed the equilibrium obtained with P. spinosum. It also implies a time window in which the plants are most susceptible to P. spinosum after CGMMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit M. Philosoph
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Levi Eshkol School of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aviv Dombrovsky
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Neta Luria
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Omer Frenkel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Li T, Zhou J, Li J. Combined effects of temperature and humidity on the interaction between tomato and Botrytis cinerea revealed by integration of histological characteristics and transcriptome sequencing. Hortic Res 2023; 10:uhac257. [PMID: 36778184 PMCID: PMC9907048 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The environment significantly impacts the interaction between plants and pathogens, thus remarkably affecting crop disease occurrence. However, the detailed combined mechanisms of temperature and humidity influencing this interaction remain unclear. In this study, the interaction between tomato and Botrytis cinerea in various temperature and humidity conditions was analyzed by histological observation and a dual RNA-seq approach. Results showed that low humidity was not favorable for mycelial growth, resulting in infection failure. Both high and low temperatures at high humidity successfully inhibited pathogenic infection and disease incidence in the tomato plants, thus enhancing their resistance to B. cinerea. The high temperature and high humidity (HH) treatment induced the upregulation of light reaction genes, increased the net photosynthetic rate, and expanded the chloroplast morphology of infected tomatoes. The HH treatment also inhibited the expression of cell cycle-related genes of B. cinerea, interfered with conidial germination and mycelial growth, and damaged mycelial cell structure. Low temperature and high humidity (LH) treatment induced the expression of cell wall modification genes and remodeled the cell wall morphology of tomatoes in response to B. cinerea. In addition, the downregulated fungal catabolic genes and the abnormal increase in electron density of mycelial cells under LH treatment subsequently reduced the infection ability of B. cinerea. These results further explain the coupled effects of temperature and humidity on plant defenses and pathogen virulence, and provide a potential means to control gray mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
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Molad O, Smith E, Luria N, Sela N, Lachman O, Bakelman E, Leibman D, Dombrovsky A. New early phenotypic markers for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus disease in cucumbers exposed to fluctuating extreme temperatures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19060. [PMID: 34561518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of early stages of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) disease have been recently focused on plant molecular responses. However, extreme diurnal environmental temperatures, characteristic of global climate changes, could affect plant susceptibility and disease phenotype progression. Our studies of CGMMV disease progression, under simulated extreme temperature waves, have revealed two new disease initiation phenotypes that developed gradually, preceding severe symptom manifestations of post-recovery CGMMV systemic infections. 'Early post-recovery stage' bright yellow islands (BYIs) with defined boundaries amid asymptomatic leaf blades were first emerging followed by 'late post-recovery stage' BYIs with diffused boundaries. A deduced CGMMV disease progression scheme, postulating BYI symptom occurrence time-windows, revealed BYIs in field grown cucumber plants exposed to extreme diurnal temperatures. Profiling ontology of cucumber differentially expressed genes in BYIs vs the associated dark-green surrounding tissues disclosed activation of jasmonic acid (JA) pathway in 'early post-recovery stage' BYIs. JA signaling was inactivated in 'late post-recovery stage' BYIs concomitant with increasing expressions of JA signaling inhibitors and downregulation of JA responsive phenylpropanoid pathway. Our results disclosed a new phenotypic description of CGMMV disease initiation, characteristic of cucumbers grown under extreme environmental temperature fluctuations. The BYI phenotypes could define a time-window for CGMMV disease management applications.
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Toporek SM, Keinath AP. Characterization of Pythium Species Collected from a Multiple Time-Point Sampling of Cucurbits in South Carolina. Plant Dis 2020; 104:2832-2842. [PMID: 32946348 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-20-0728-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Species of Pythium cause root and stem rot in cucurbits, but no formal surveys have been conducted in the United States to identify which species are responsible. The cucurbit hosts bottle gourd, cucumber, Hubbard squash, and watermelon were transplanted in May, July, September, and November into sentinel plots in four and five different fields in 2017 and 2018, respectively, in South Carolina. Eight of the nine fields were replanted in March 2019. Isolates (600) were collected and identified by sequencing DNA of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I region. The four most common species were P. spinosum (45.6% of all isolates), P. myriotylum (20.0%), P. irregulare (15.3%), and P. aphanidermatum (12.8%). P. myriotylum and P. aphanidermatum were predominantly isolated in May, July, and September, whereas P. spinosum and P. irregulare were predominantly isolated in November and March. Isolates of P. ultimum, P. irregulare, and P. spinosum were more virulent than isolates of P. myriotylum and P. aphanidermatum at 25°C. Representative isolates were screened in vitro for sensitivity to three fungicides: mefenoxam, propamocarb, and oxathiapiprolin. All isolates were sensitive to mefenoxam and propamocarb, but these same isolates were insensitive to oxathiapiprolin, except those classified taxonomically in Pythium clade I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Toporek
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Coastal Research and Education Center, Charleston, SC 29414
| | - Anthony P Keinath
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Coastal Research and Education Center, Charleston, SC 29414
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