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Ukita K, Izumikawa K, Ishihama S, Nishiyama M, Sakakihara I, Wato M, Takaguchi K. A case of eosinophilic cholangitis without bile duct stenosis diagnosed by bile duct biopsy. DEN Open 2022; 2:e108. [PMID: 35873523 PMCID: PMC9302296 DOI: 10.1002/deo2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic cholangitis (EC) is a rare benign disease that is often misdiagnosed as a malignancy due to the development of biliary stricture. This disease is generally diagnosed by liver biopsy or surgery. Herein, we report a case of EC diagnosed in an 86-year-old Japanese woman, who presented with fever, elevated eosinophil count, and elevated liver enzyme level, based on intraductal ultrasound evaluation showing bile duct wall thickening and bile duct biopsy of the same site. We diagnosed this case as EC based on the triad of wall thickening of the biliary system, histopathological findings of eosinophilic infiltration of the biliary tract, and reversibility of biliary abnormalities without treatment. Bile duct biopsy during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is rarely used to confirm the diagnosis of EC without bile duct stenosis. For EC and cholecystitis associated with eosinophilia, bile duct biopsy under ERCP, which is less invasive, should be considered. This patient was older than the previously reported patients, and the value of a minimally invasive diagnosis was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ukita
- Postgraduate Clinical Training CenterKagawa Prefectural Central HospitalKagawaJapan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of General MedicineKagawa Prefectural Central HospitalKagawaJapan
- Department of GastroenterologyKagawa Prefectural Central HospitalKagawaJapan
| | - Sawako Ishihama
- Postgraduate Clinical Training CenterKagawa Prefectural Central HospitalKagawaJapan
| | - Masashi Nishiyama
- Postgraduate Clinical Training CenterKagawa Prefectural Central HospitalKagawaJapan
| | - Ichiro Sakakihara
- Department of GastroenterologyKagawa Prefectural Central HospitalKagawaJapan
| | - Masaki Wato
- Department of GastroenterologyKagawa Prefectural Central HospitalKagawaJapan
| | - Koichi Takaguchi
- Department of General MedicineKagawa Prefectural Central HospitalKagawaJapan
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Seo N, Kim SY, Lee SS, Byun JH, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Lee MG. Sclerosing Cholangitis: Clinicopathologic Features, Imaging Spectrum, and Systemic Approach to Differential Diagnosis. Korean J Radiol 2016; 17:25-38. [PMID: 26798213 PMCID: PMC4720808 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2016.17.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerosing cholangitis is a spectrum of chronic progressive cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and stricture of the bile ducts, which can be classified as primary and secondary sclerosing cholangitis. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic progressive liver disease of unknown cause. On the other hand, secondary sclerosing cholangitis has identifiable causes that include immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing disease, recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, ischemic cholangitis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related cholangitis, and eosinophilic cholangitis. In this review, we suggest a systemic approach to the differential diagnosis of sclerosing cholangitis based on the clinical and laboratory findings, as well as the typical imaging features on computed tomography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with MR cholangiography. Familiarity with various etiologies of sclerosing cholangitis and awareness of their typical clinical and imaging findings are essential for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieun Seo
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Seung Soo Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Byun
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Hyoung Jung Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Moon-Gyu Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
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Hokuto D, Yamato I, Nomi T, Yasuda S, Obara S, Yamada T, Chihiro K, Nakajima Y. Eosinophilic cholangitis coexisted with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: Report of a case. Hepatol Res 2015; 45:595-600. [PMID: 24976135 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic cholangitis is a rare disease of which only 31 cases have been reported. Eosinophilic infiltration causes stricture of the bile duct diffusely or locally, and the imaging of eosinophilic cholangitis resembles primary sclerosing cholangitis or cancer of the bile tract. For eosinophilic cholangitis, treatment with steroid is effective and the prognosis is good. Therefore, its accurate diagnosis is very important. Here, we describe a patient with eosinophilic cholangitis who was also diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). He was treated for ITP using prednisolone, the unexpected sudden interruption of which caused severe deterioration of eosinophilic cholangitis and acute cholecystitis. Cholecystectomy and choledochojejunostomy were performed, and the addition of treatment by prednisolone resulted in a good clinical course. This is the first report on eosinophilic cholangitis coexisting with ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hokuto
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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Morgan-Rowe LM, Pericleous M, Luong TV, Dooley JS, Burroughs AK. Hepatobiliary disease associated with hypereosinophilia: a report of two patients and a review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:3689-94. [PMID: 21647653 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Nashed C, Sakpal SV, Shusharina V, Chamberlain RS. Eosinophilic cholangitis and cholangiopathy: a sheep in wolves clothing. HPB Surg. 2010;2010:906496. [PMID: 21076681 PMCID: PMC2976516 DOI: 10.1155/2010/906496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background. Eosinophilic cholangitis (EC) is a rare benign disorder of the biliary tract which can cause biliary obstruction. Similar to other disease processes involving the bile ducts, this disorder can pose a difficult diagnostic challenge as it can mimic cholangiocarcinoma.
Methods. A systematic search of the scientific literature was carried out using PubMed to access all publications related to EC. Search keywords that were utilized included “eosinophilic cholangitis,” “etiology,” “treatment,” and “obstructive jaundice.” Results. Twenty-three cases of EC have been reported. Nineteen patients (82.6%) who presented with EC remain disease-free; 15 of these 19 patients (78.9%) with followup time remain disease-free at a mean of 9.7 months (range, 2–24 months).
Conclusion. EC is a rare form of biliary obstruction which can masquerade as a malignancy. Unlike cholangiocarcinoma, EC occurs more commonly in younger patients and in men. Most patients will require surgical treatment.
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Sommer CM, Schwarzwaelder CB, Ramsauer S, Stampfl U, Stiller W, Nickel F, Omri W, Kenngott HG, Gehrig T, Meinzer HP, Kauczor HU, Radeleff BA. Intravenous 64-multi-detector row CT-cholangiography of porcine livers: a feasibility study with definition of the temporal window for optimal bile duct delineation. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2010; 17:666-72. [PMID: 20703845 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-010-0263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE To assess the feasibility of intravenous 64-multi-detector row computed tomography (CT)-cholangiography of porcine livers with definition of the temporal window for optimal bile duct delineation. METHODS Six healthy Landrace pigs, each weighing 28.97 +/- 2.99 kg, underwent 64-multi-detector row CT-cholangiography. Each pig was infused with 50 ml of meglumine iotroxate continuously over a period of 20 min and, starting with the initiation of the infusion, 18 consecutive CT scans of the abdomen at 2-min intervals were acquired. All series were evaluated for bile duct visualization scores and maximum bile duct diameters as primary study goals and bile duct attenuation and liver enhancement as secondary study goals. RESULTS Of the 16 analyzed biliary tract segments, maximum bile duct visualization scores ranged between 4.00 +/- 0.00 and 2.83 +/- 1.47. Time to maximum bile duct visualization scores ranged between 10 and 34 min. Average bile duct visualization scores for the 10- to 34-min interval ranged between 3.99 +/- 0.05 and 2.78 +/- 0.10. Maximum bile duct diameters ranged between 6.47 +/- 1.05 and 2.65 +/- 2.23 mm. Time to maximum bile duct diameters ranged between 24 and 34 min. Average bile duct diameters for the 10- to 34-min interval ranged between 6.00 +/- 0.38 and 2.40 +/- 0.13 mm. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous 64-multi-detector row CT-cholangiography of non-diseased porcine liver is feasible, with the best bile duct delineation acquired between 10 and 34 min after initiation of the contrast agent infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof M Sommer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Miura F, Asano T, Amano H, Yoshida M, Toyota N, Wada K, Kato K, Takada T, Fukushima J, Kondo F, Takikawa H. Resected case of eosinophilic cholangiopathy presenting with secondary sclerosing cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1394-7. [PMID: 19294772 PMCID: PMC2658845 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic cholangiopathy is a rare condition characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the biliary tract and causes sclerosing cholangitis. We report a patient with secondary sclerosing cholangitis with eosinophilic cholecystitis. A 46-year-old Japanese man was admitted to our hospital with jaundice. Computed tomography revealed dilatation of both the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, diffuse thickening of the wall of the extrahepatic bile duct, and thickening of the gallbladder wall. Under the diagnosis of lower bile duct carcinoma, he underwent pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy and liver biopsy. On histopathological examination, conspicuous fibrosis was seen in the lower bile duct wall. In the gallbladder wall, marked eosinophilic infiltration was seen. Liver biopsy revealed mild portal fibrosis. He was diagnosed as definite eosinophilic cholecystitis with sclerosing cholangitis with unknown etiology. The possible etiology of sclerosing cholangitis was consequent fibrosis from previous eosinophilic infiltration in the bile duct. The clinicopathological findings of our case and a literature review indicated that eosinophilic cholangiopathy could cause a condition mimicking primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Bile duct wall thickening in patients with eosinophilic cholangitis might be due to fibrosis of the bile duct wall. Eosinophilic cholangiopathy might be confused as PSC with eosinophilia.
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Matsumoto N, Yokoyama K, Nakai K, Yamamoto T, Otani T, Ogawa M, Tanaka N, Iwasaki A, Arakawa Y, Sugitani M. A case of eosinophilic cholangitis: Imaging findings of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, cholangioscopy, and intraductal ultrasonography. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:1995-7. [PMID: 17461504 PMCID: PMC4146980 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i13.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A 38-year-old woman was referred to our institution due to epigastralgia. She presented with obstructive jaundice and eosinophilia. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed diffuse narrowing from the distal common bile duct to the bifurcation of the hepatic ducts. An endoscopic plastic biliary stent was inserted; the specimen obtained from the common bile duct wall revealed dense infiltration by eosinophils. Treatment was started with prednisolone 60 mg daily. The patient’s biliary stenosis and eosinophilia gradually improved. Eosinophilic infiltration in the lungs or stomach is relatively common, but it is rare in the common bile duct. Most of the reported cases of eosinophilic cholangitis presented with eosinophilia; our patient’s eosinophil count was over 1000/mm3. Since our patient had allergies to pollen and house dust, a relationship between the allergies and the eosinophilic cholangitis was suspected, but no cause was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital, 1-8-13, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8309, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Sasahira N, Kawabe T, Nakamura A, Shimura K, Shimura H, Itobayashi E, Asada M, Shiratori Y, Omata M. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver and peripheral eosinophilia in autoimmune pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:922-5. [PMID: 15682495 PMCID: PMC4250611 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i6.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the liver is a rare benign lesion, the etiology of which remains obscure. It is not associated with any particular diseases apart from phlebitis and Crohn’s disease.
METHODS: A middle-aged male with hepatic IPT and peripheral eosinophilia associated with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) was selected for this study and review of literature.
RESULTS: A 59-year-old male was admitted with obstructive jaundice, marked eosinophilia (1343/mm3) and hypergammaglobulinemia (4145 mg/dL). Imaging techniques revealed dilatation of the intrahepatic bile duct, stenosis of the common bile duct with diffuse wall thickening, gallbladder wall thickening, irregular narrowing of the pancreatic duct, and swelling of the pancreatic parenchyma. Multiple liver masses were also demonstrated and diagnosed as IPT by biopsy specimens. Six months later, the abnormal features of the biliary tree remarkably improved by the oral administration of prednisolone, and the liver masses disappeared. The swelling of the pancreatic head also improved. The peripheral eosinophil count normalized. IPT associated with AIP, as we know, has not been reported in the literature. The clinical features of the present case mimicked those of pancreatic cancer with liver metastasis. This case deserves to be documented to prevent misdiagnosis of similar cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sasahira
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot O'Toole
- Fédération médico-chirurgicale d'hépato-gastroentérologie, Service de Gastroentérologie, Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Clichy, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Nicolas Vauthey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Box 444, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Jimenez-Saenz M, Villar-Rodriguez JL, Torres Y, Carmona I, Salas-Herrero E, Gonzalez-Vilches J, Herrerias-Gutierrez JM. Biliary tract disease: a rare manifestation of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Dig Dis Sci 2003. [PMID: 12757181 DOI: 10.1023/a: 1022521707420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is a rare inflammatory disease characterized by diffuse or scattered eosinophilic infiltration of the digestive tract and usually by peripheral blood eosinophilia. The most common presenting symptoms of EGE are abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, but clinical features depend on which layers or location of gastrointestinal tract are involved. Treatment with corticosteroids results in clinical and histological remission in most patients and surgery can be avoided if a correct diagnosis is made. Previous history of allergy is a key to diagnosing EGE, but peripheral eosinophilia may be absent in some patients under concomitant treatment with corticosteroids. Radiological and endoscopic findings are also nonspecific and diagnosis must always be histologically confirmed. The gastrointestinal involvement is patchy in distribution, so more than one panendoscopic examination is often necessary to establish the diagnosis, and surgical or CT-guided full-thickness biopsy is needed in patients with muscular or serosal involvement. It emphasises the importance of a high index of clinical suspicion, which mainly depends on knowledge of natural history of the disease. We report here a case of EGE associated with transmural eosinophilic cholecystocholangitis, in a patient who presented with dyspeptic symptoms and recurrent cholestasis responsive to corticoesteroids. To our knowledge, this patient represents the second case, in the English literature, in which corticoid-responsive cholangitis was associated to histologically proven eosinophilic cholecystitis and gastrointestinal involvement, suggesting that EGE must always be considered in the differential diagnosis of biliary tract disease in patients with eosinophilia and/or atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jimenez-Saenz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Hospital Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
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Jimenez-Saenz M, Villar-Rodriguez JL, Torres Y, Carmona I, Salas-Herrero E, Gonzalez-Vilches J, Herrerias-Gutierrez JM. Biliary tract disease: a rare manifestation of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48:624-7. [PMID: 12757181 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022521707420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is a rare inflammatory disease characterized by diffuse or scattered eosinophilic infiltration of the digestive tract and usually by peripheral blood eosinophilia. The most common presenting symptoms of EGE are abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, but clinical features depend on which layers or location of gastrointestinal tract are involved. Treatment with corticosteroids results in clinical and histological remission in most patients and surgery can be avoided if a correct diagnosis is made. Previous history of allergy is a key to diagnosing EGE, but peripheral eosinophilia may be absent in some patients under concomitant treatment with corticosteroids. Radiological and endoscopic findings are also nonspecific and diagnosis must always be histologically confirmed. The gastrointestinal involvement is patchy in distribution, so more than one panendoscopic examination is often necessary to establish the diagnosis, and surgical or CT-guided full-thickness biopsy is needed in patients with muscular or serosal involvement. It emphasises the importance of a high index of clinical suspicion, which mainly depends on knowledge of natural history of the disease. We report here a case of EGE associated with transmural eosinophilic cholecystocholangitis, in a patient who presented with dyspeptic symptoms and recurrent cholestasis responsive to corticoesteroids. To our knowledge, this patient represents the second case, in the English literature, in which corticoid-responsive cholangitis was associated to histologically proven eosinophilic cholecystitis and gastrointestinal involvement, suggesting that EGE must always be considered in the differential diagnosis of biliary tract disease in patients with eosinophilia and/or atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jimenez-Saenz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Hospital Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of causes of inflammatory bile duct stricture can masquerade as hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Eosinophilic cholangitis is a further example. CASE OUTLINE A 50-year-old woman with epigastric pain and deranged liver function was found to have a stricture of the common hepatic duct on ERCP with an associated mass on MRl.The lesion was excised with reconstruction of the right and left hepatic ducts, and the patient recovered well. Histopathological examination of the resected gallbladder and bile duct showed diffuse inflammation with a predominant eosinophil infiltrate.The presence of Candida albicans in the bile duct lumen can probably be attributed to the preoperative biliary stent.There was a modest postoperative rise in peripheral eosinophil count. DISCUSSION A literature search reveals only six previous cases of eosinophilic cholangitis, but similar infiltrates have also been seen in occasional cholecystectomy specimens. As the present patient did not have gallstones, the aetiology remains unclear. Peripheral eosinophilia is an unreliable clue to the diagnosis, which is usually likely to escape detection until the biliary stricture has been resected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rodgers
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Abstract
A 22-year-old female presented, in December 1998, with asthenia, itching and hypereosinophilia. In January 1997, due to the same clinical picture, the patient had inappropriately been diagnosed elsewhere to have an "idiopathic eosinophilic syndrome" and complete remission was obtained after short-term steroid treatment. Upon admission, physical examination was negative and blood tests revealed absolute eosinophilia [42%, i.e., 3,800 of 9,600 white blood cells], aspartate aminotransferase 4 x upper limits of normal, alanine aminotransferase 5 x upper limits of normal and alkaline phosphatase 2 x upper limits of normal. Both liver biopsy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography findings were totally consistent with primary sclerosing cholangitis, while all known causes of hypereosinophilia and alteration in liver function tests were carefully excluded. The clinical course was characterized by complete clinical and biochemical normalization in absence of any treatment and further follow-up was completely negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pometta
- Chair of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore University of Milano, Italy
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