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Chen SH, Lin YW, Tseng WL, Lin WT, Lin SC, Hsueh YY. Ultrahigh frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for neuropathic pain alleviation and neuromodulation. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00336. [PMID: 38368171 PMCID: PMC10943071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A challenging complication in patients with peripheral compressive neuropathy is neuropathic pain. Excessive neuroinflammation at the injury site worsens neuropathic pain and impairs function. Currently, non-invasive modulation techniques like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) have shown therapeutic promise with positive results. However, the underlying regulatory molecular mechanism for pain relief remains complex and unexplored. This study aimed to validate the therapeutic effect of ultrahigh frequency (UHF)-TENS in chronic constriction injury of the rat sciatic nerve. Alleviation of mechanical allodynia was achieved through the application of UHF-TENS, lasting for 3 days after one session of therapy and 4 days after two sessions, without causing additional damage to the myelinated axon structure. The entire tissue collection schedule was divided into four time points: nerve exposure surgery, 7 days after nerve ligation, and 1 and 5 days after one session of UHF therapy. Significant reductions in pain-related neuropeptides, MEK, c-Myc, c-FOS, COX2, and substance P, were observed in the injured DRG neurons after UHF therapy. RNA sequencing of differential gene expression in sensory neurons revealed significant downregulation in Cables, Pik3r1, Vps4b, Tlr7, and Ezh2 after UHF therapy, while upregulation was observed in Nfkbie and Cln3. UHF-TENS effectively and safely relieved neuropathic pain without causing further nerve damage. The decreased production of pain-related neuropeptides within the DRG provided the therapeutic benefit. Possible molecular mechanisms behind UHF-TENS may result from the modulation of the NF-κB complex, toll-like receptor-7, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways. These results suggest the neuromodulatory effects of UHF-TENS in rat sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury, including alleviation of neuropathic pain, amelioration of pain-related neuropeptides, and regulation of neuroinflammatory gene expression. In combination with the regulation of related neuroinflammatory genes, UHF-TENS could become a new modality for enhancing the treatment of neuropathic pain in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Han Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Cell Therapy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Lin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ling Tseng
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tso Lin
- Gimer Medical Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Che Lin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yu Hsueh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Cell Therapy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Wang C, Chen R, Zhu X, Zhang X, Lian N. Long noncoding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 facilitates neuropathic pain in spinal nerve injury by promoting SCN9A expression via CDK9. Hum Cell 2024; 37:451-464. [PMID: 38167752 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-01019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the functions and mechanisms of long noncoding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (SNHG5) in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain (NP). An NP rat model was established using the CCI method and the NP severity was evaluated by paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL). The expression of SNHG5, CDK9, and SCN9A was quantified in rat dorsal root ganglion, in addition to the detections of apoptosis, pathological changes, neuron number, and the co-localization of Nav1.7 and cleaved caspase-3 with NeuN. In ND7/23 cells, the apoptosis and lactate dehydrogenase concentration were assessed, as well as the relationship between SNHG5, CDK9, and SCN9A. In the dorsal root ganglion of CCI-treated rats, SNHG5 and SCN9A were upregulated and downregulation of SNHG5 suppressed SCN9A expression, increased the PWT and PWL, blocked neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, and alleviated NP. Mechanistically, SNHG5 recruited CDK9 to enhance SCN9A-encoded Nav1.7 expression and promoted peripheral neuronal apoptosis and injury. In addition, SCN9A overexpression nullified the alleviative effects of SNHG5 deficiency on NP and neuron loss in CCI rats. In conclusion, SNHG5 promotes SCN9A-encoded Nav1.7 expression by recruiting CDK9, thereby facilitating neuron loss and NP after spinal nerve injury, which may offer a promising target for the management of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rongsheng Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xitian Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Nancheng Lian
- Department of Spinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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Tiwari MN, Hall BE, Terse A, Amin N, Chung MK, Kulkarni AB. ACTIVATION OF CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 5 BROADENS ACTION POTENTIALS IN HUMAN SENSORY NEURONS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.31.543017. [PMID: 37398398 PMCID: PMC10312556 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.543017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is one of the most devastating and unpleasant conditions, associated with many pathological conditions. Tissue or nerve injuries induce comprehensive neurobiological plasticity in nociceptive neurons, which leads to chronic pain. Recent studies suggest that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) in primary afferents is a key neuronal kinase that modulates nociception through phosphorylation-dependent manner under pathological conditions. However, the impact of the CDK5 on nociceptor activity especially in human sensory neurons are not known. To determine the CDK5-mediated regulation of human dorsal root ganglia (hDRG) neuronal properties, we have performed the whole-cell patch clamp recordings in neurons dissociated from hDRG. CDK5 activation induced by overexpression of p35 depolarized the resting membrane potential and reduced the rheobase currents as compared to the uninfected neurons. CDK5 activation evidently changed the shape of the action potential (AP) by increasing AP rise time, AP fall time, and AP half width. The application of a prostaglandin E2 (PG) and bradykinin (BK) cocktail in uninfected hDRG neurons induced the depolarization of RMP and the reduction of rheobase currents along with increased AP rise time. However, PG and BK applications failed to induce any further significant changes in addition to the aforementioned changes of the membrane properties and AP parameters in the p35-overexpressing group. We conclude that CDK5 activation through the overexpression of p35 in dissociated hDRG neurons broadens AP in hDRG neurons and that CDK5 may play important roles in the modulation of AP properties in human primary afferents under pathological conditions, contributing to chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manindra Nath Tiwari
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Bradford E. Hall
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | - Anita Terse
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | - Niranjana Amin
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Ashok B. Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
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Tilley DM, Vallejo R, Vetri F, Platt DC, Cedeño DL. Regulation of Expression of Extracellular Matrix Proteins by Differential Target Multiplexed Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) and Traditional Low-Rate SCS in a Rat Nerve Injury Model. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040537. [PMID: 37106738 PMCID: PMC10135794 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
There is limited research on the association between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and chronic neuropathic pain. The objective of this study was twofold. Firstly, we aimed to assess changes in expression levels and the phosphorylation of ECM-related proteins due to the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain. Secondly, two modalities of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) were compared for their ability to reverse the changes induced by the pain model back toward normal, non-injury levels. We identified 186 proteins as ECM-related and as having significant changes in protein expression among at least one of the four experimental groups. Of the two SCS treatments, the differential target multiplexed programming (DTMP) approach reversed expression levels of 83% of proteins affected by the pain model back to levels seen in uninjured animals, whereas a low-rate (LR-SCS) approach reversed 67%. There were 93 ECM-related proteins identified in the phosphoproteomic dataset, having a combined 883 phosphorylated isoforms. DTMP back-regulated 76% of phosphoproteins affected by the pain model back toward levels found in uninjured animals, whereas LR-SCS back-regulated 58%. This study expands our knowledge of ECM-related proteins responding to a neuropathic pain model as well as providing a better perspective on the mechanism of action of SCS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Tilley
- Research and Development, SGX Medical, Bloomington, IL 61704, USA
| | - Ricardo Vallejo
- Research and Development, SGX Medical, Bloomington, IL 61704, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL 61701, USA
| | - Francesco Vetri
- Pain Management, National Spine and Pain Centers, Bloomington, IL 61704, USA
| | - David C. Platt
- Research and Development, SGX Medical, Bloomington, IL 61704, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL 61701, USA
| | - David L. Cedeño
- Research and Development, SGX Medical, Bloomington, IL 61704, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL 61701, USA
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Tao FF, Wang ZY, Wang Y, Lv QR, Cai PP, Min HW, Ge JW, Yin CY, Cheng R. Inhibition of hippocampal cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity ameliorates learning and memory dysfunction in a mouse model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023. [PMID: 36964998 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Oxygen therapy plays a vital role in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which is the independent risk factor for neurodevelopment deficits in premature infants. However, the effect of hippocampal cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) on BPD-associated neurodevelopment deficits is not fully understood. METHODS Mice were placed in a hyperoxia chamber from postnatal Day 1 to Day 7. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to evaluate the lung histomorphological characteristics. Learning and memory functions of mice were detected by Morris water maze. TUNEL staining was applied to measure the number of apoptotic cells. The expression of CDK5, apoptosis-related protein, and neuroplasticity-related proteins were analyzed by Western blot. Golgi staining was used to assess the structure of dendritic spines. RESULTS Hyperoxia-induced BPD mice showed a long-term learning and memory dysfunction, more severe neuronal apoptosis, and a decline of synaptic plasticity. Inhibition of CDK5 overactivation ameliorated cognitive deficits, neuronal apoptosis, and synaptic plasticity disorders in BPD mice. CONCLUSIONS This study first found a vital role of CDK5 in BPD-associated neurodevelopmental disorders. Inhibition of CDK5 overexpression could effectively improve cognitive dysfunctions in BPD mice, which indicated that hippocampal CDK5 may be a new target for prevention and treatment in learning and memory dysfunction of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fei Tao
- Department of Neonatal Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Yu Wang
- Department of Neonatal Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neonatal Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian-Ru Lv
- Department of Neonatal Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng-Peng Cai
- Department of Neonatal Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Jian-Wei Ge
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Yu Yin
- Department of Neonatal Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Neonatal Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang N, Li Y, Feng Z. Inhibition effect of choline and parecoxib sodium on chronic constriction nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats. BMC Anesthesiol 2023; 23:22. [PMID: 36639747 PMCID: PMC9837992 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-022-01913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The simultaneous use of drugs with different mechanisms of analgesic action is a strategy for achieving effective pain control while minimizing dose-related side effects. Choline was described to potentiate the analgesic action of parecoxib sodium at small doses in several inflammatory pain models. However, these findings are still very limited, and more associated data are required to confirm the effectiveness of the combined choline and parecoxib sodium therapy against inflammatory pain. METHODS Adult rats were randomly divided into 9 groups (N = 6/group). The sham surgery group received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of saline. Rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve received saline, choline (cho, 6, 12 and 24 mg/kg), parecoxib sodium (pare, 3, 6, and 12 mg/kg), or a combination of choline 6 mg/kg and parecoxib sodium 3 mg/kg. Mechanical and heat pain thresholds were measured at 30 min after drug treatment at Days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 after CCI. Another 30 rats were divided into 5 groups (N = 6/group): the sham, CCI + saline, CCI + cho-6 mg/kg, CCI + pare-3 mg/kg, and CCI + cho-6 mg/kg + pare-3 mg/kg groups. After repeated drug treatment for 7 days, five rats were randomly selected from each group, and the lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) (L4-6) were harvested for western blot analysis. RESULTS Choline significantly attenuated mechanical and heat hypersensitivity in CCI rats at 12 and 24 mg/kg doses (P < 0.05) but was not effective at the 6 mg/kg dose. Parecoxib sodium exerted significant pain inhibitory effects at the 6 and 12 mg/kg doses (P < 0.05) but not at the 3 mg/kg dose. Combining a low dose of choline (6 mg/kg) and parecoxib sodium (3 mg/kg) produced significant pain inhibition in CCI rats and reduced the expression of high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) and nuclear factor-kappa Bp65 (NF-κBp65) in L4-6 DRGs. CONCLUSION 1. In a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain (CCI), at a certain dose, choline or parecoxib sodium can alleviate mechanical pain and thermal hyperalgesia caused by CCI. 2. The combination of choline and parecoxib sodium in nonanalgesic doses can effectively relieve neuropathic pain, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1)/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- grid.459327.eAnesthesiology Department, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, 100123 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Zeguo Feng
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Pain Medicine, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
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Tiwari MN, Hall BE, Ton AT, Ghetti R, Terse A, Amin N, Chung MK, Kulkarni AB. Activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 broadens action potentials in human sensory neurons. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231218353. [PMID: 37982142 PMCID: PMC10687939 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231218353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is one of the most devastating and unpleasant conditions, associated with many pathological states. Tissue or nerve injuries induce extensive neurobiological plasticity in nociceptive neurons, which leads to chronic pain. Recent studies suggest that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) in primary afferents is a key neuronal kinase that modulates nociception through phosphorylation under pathological conditions. However, the impact of the CDK5 on nociceptor activity especially in human sensory neurons is not known. To determine the CDK5-mediated regulation of human dorsal root ganglia (hDRG) neuronal properties, we have performed the whole-cell patch clamp recordings in neurons dissociated from hDRG. CDK5 activation induced by overexpression of p35 depolarized the resting membrane potential (RMP) and reduced the rheobase currents as compared to the control neurons. CDK5 activation changed the shape of the action potential (AP) by increasing AP -rise time, -fall time, and -half width. The application of a prostaglandin E2 (PG) and bradykinin (BK) cocktail in control hDRG neurons induced the depolarization of RMP and the reduction of rheobase currents along with increased AP rise time. However, PG and BK applications failed to induce any significant changes in the p35-overexpressing group. We conclude that, in dissociated hDRGs neurons, CDK5 activation through the overexpression of p35 broadens the AP and that CDK5 may play important roles in the modulation of AP properties in human primary afferents under the condition in which CDK5 is upregulated, contributing to chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manindra Nath Tiwari
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bradford E Hall
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Re Ghetti
- AnaBios, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Anita Terse
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Niranjana Amin
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ashok B Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Ao C, Li C, Chen J, Tan J, Zeng L. The role of Cdk5 in neurological disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:951202. [PMID: 35966199 PMCID: PMC9368323 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.951202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a group of disorders with motor, sensory or cognitive damage, caused by dysfunction of the central or peripheral nervous system. Cyclin-dependent kinases 5 (Cdk5) is of vital significance for the development of the nervous system, including the migration and differentiation of neurons, the formation of synapses, and axon regeneration. However, when the nervous system is subject to pathological stimulation, aberrant activation of Cdk5 will induce abnormal phosphorylation of a variety of substrates, resulting in a cascade signaling pathway, and thus lead to pathological changes. Cdk5 is intimately related to the pathological mechanism of a variety of neurological disorders, such as A-β protein formation in Alzheimer’s disease, mitochondrial fragmentation in cerebral ischemia, and apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease. It is worth noting that Cdk5 inhibitors have been reported to have neuroprotective effects by inhibiting related pathological processes. Therefore, in this review, we will briefly introduce the physiological and pathological mechanisms of Cdk5 in the nervous system, focusing on the recent advances of Cdk5 in neurological disorders and the prospect of targeted Cdk5 for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuncao Ao
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinlun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Model for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liuwang Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Liuwang Zeng
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CDK5 Mediates Proinflammatory Effects of Microglia through Activated DRP1 Phosphorylation in Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1919064. [PMID: 35795154 PMCID: PMC9252704 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1919064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) is a key kinase involved in brain development and function and recently found to be involved in neuronal and astroglial apoptosis, neural stem/progenitor cell stemness, mitochondrial fission, and synaptic transmission. But the specific mechanism of CDK5-mediated anti-inflammatory remains unclear in ICH. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of CDK5 in mediating microglia activity through activated DRP1 phosphorylation in a rat ICH model. Methods We measured behavioral change after ICH; detected the expression of CDK5 in the rat brain using immunohistochemistry; and measured the protein levels of CDK5, p35, p25, p-histone H1, and p-DRP1 using Western blot analysis. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis indicated interaction of CDK5 and DRP1. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, and IL-6 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results After ICH, CDK5 protein level and kinase activity increased. Western blot data showed that CDK5 expression increased from 6 h and peaked at 2 d after ICH (p < 0.05), and the expression of p35 was lowest at 12 h, while the expression of p25 peaked at 2 d after ICH. Besides, p-DRP1 expression change follows with CDK5 kinase activity change. Coimmunoprecipitation showed that interaction between CDK5 and DRP1 certainly exists in microglia. Then, knockdown CDK5 or p35 expression by siRNA reduced the expression level of p-DRP1. ELISA data showed that the protein levels of proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, were decreased by knockdown of CDK5. Conclusion CDK5 may regulate DRP1 by direct phosphorylation in microglia and further induce microglia secreting proinflammation factor.
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Cho A, Hall BE, Limaye AS, Wang S, Chung MK, Kulkarni AB. Nociceptive signaling through transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 is regulated by Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5-mediated phosphorylation of T407 in vivo. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221111473. [PMID: 35726573 PMCID: PMC9251968 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a key neuronal kinase whose activity can modulate thermo-, mechano-, and chemo-nociception. Cdk5 can modulate nociceptor firing by phosphorylating pain transducing ion channels like the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a thermoreceptor that is activated by noxious heat, acidity, and capsaicin. TRPV1 is phosphorylated by Cdk5 at threonine-407 (T407), which then inhibits Ca2+ dependent desensitization. To explore the in vivo implications of Cdk5-mediated TRPV1 phosphorylation on pain perception, we engineered a phospho-null mouse where we replaced T407 with alanine (T407A). The T407A point mutation did not affect the expression of TRPV1 in nociceptors of the dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia (TG). However, behavioral tests showed that the TRPV1T407A knock-in mice have reduced aversion to oral capsaicin along with a trend towards decreased facial displays of pain after a subcutaneous injection of capsaicin into the vibrissal pad. In addition, the TRPV1T407A mice display basal thermal hypoalgesia with increased paw withdrawal latency while tested on a hot plate. These results indicate that phosphorylation of TRPV1 by Cdk5 can have important consequences on pain perception, as loss of the Cdk5 phosphorylation site reduced capsaicin- and heat-evoked pain behaviors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cho
- Gene Transfer Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bradford E Hall
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Advait S Limaye
- Gene Transfer Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashok B Kulkarni
- Gene Transfer Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Terse A, Amin N, Hall B, Bhaskar M, Binukumar B, Utreras E, Pareek TK, Pant H, Kulkarni AB. Protocols for Characterization of Cdk5 Kinase Activity. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e276. [PMID: 34679246 PMCID: PMC8555461 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are generally known to be involved in controlling the cell cycle, but Cdk5 is a unique member of this protein family for being most active in post-mitotic neurons. Cdk5 is developmentally important in regulating neuronal migration, neurite outgrowth, and axon guidance. Cdk5 is enriched in synaptic membranes and is known to modulate synaptic activity. Postnatally, Cdk5 can also affect neuronal processes such as dopaminergic signaling and pain sensitivity. Dysregulated Cdk5, in contrast, has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Despite primarily being implicated in neuronal development and activity, Cdk5 has lately been linked to non-neuronal functions including cancer cell growth, immune responses, and diabetes. Since Cdk5 activity is tightly regulated, a method for measuring its kinase activity is needed to fully understand the precise role of Cdk5 in developmental and disease processes. This article includes methods for detecting Cdk5 kinase activity in cultured cells or tissues, identifying new substrates, and screening for new kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, since Cdk5 shares homology and substrate specificity with Cdk1 and Cdk2, the Cdk5 kinase assay can be used, with modification, to measure the activity of other Cdks as well. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Basic Protocol 1: Measuring Cdk5 activity from protein lysates Support Protocol 1: Immunoprecipitation of Cdk5 using Dynabeads Alternate Protocol: Non-radioactive protocols to measure Cdk5 kinase activity Support Protocol 2: Western blot analysis for the detection of Cdk5, p35, and p39 Support Protocol 3: Immunodetection analysis for Cdk5, p35, and p39 Support Protocol 4: Genetically engineered mice (+ and - controls) Basic Protocol 2: Identifying new Cdk5 substrates and kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Terse
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Niranjana Amin
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bradford Hall
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manju Bhaskar
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B.K Binukumar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Elias Utreras
- Department of Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Harish Pant
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashok B. Kulkarni
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Gomez K, Vargas-Parada A, Duran P, Sandoval A, Delgado-Lezama R, Khanna R, Felix R. L5-6 Spinal Nerve Ligation-induced Neuropathy Changes the Location and Function of Ca 2+ Channels and Cdk5 and Affects the Compound Action Potential in Adjacent Intact L4 Afferent Fibers. Neuroscience 2021; 471:20-31. [PMID: 34303780 PMCID: PMC8384716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) channels regulate multiple cell processes, including neurotransmitter release, and have been associated with several pathological conditions, such as neuropathic pain. Cdk5, a neuron-specific kinase, may phosphorylate CaV channels, altering their functional expression. During peripheral nerve injury, upregulation of CaV channels and Cdk5 in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the spinal cord, has been correlated with allodynia. We recently reported an increase in the amplitude of the C component of the compound action potential (cAP) of afferent fibers in animals with allodynia induced by L5-6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL), recorded in the corresponding dorsal roots. This was related to an increase in T-type (CaV3.2) channels generated by Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation. Here, we show that CaV channel functional expression is also altered in the L4 adjacent intact afferent fibers in rats with allodynia induced by L5-6 SNL. Western blot analysis showed that both Cdk5 and CaV3.2 total levels are not increased in the DRG L3-4, but their subcellular distribution changes by concentrating on the neuronal soma. Likewise, the Cdk5 inhibitor olomoucine affected the rapid and the slow C components of the cAP recorded in the dorsal roots. Patch-clamp recordings revealed an increase in T- and N-type currents recorded in the soma of acute isolated L3-4 sensory neurons after L5-6 SNL, which was prevented by olomoucine. These findings suggest changes in CaV channels location and function in L3-4 afferent fibers associated with Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation after L5-6 SNL, which may contribute to nerve injury-induced allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Gomez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Vargas-Parada
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paz Duran
- Department of Cell Biology, Cinvestav, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sandoval
- School of Medicine FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Delgado-Lezama
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ricardo Felix
- Department of Cell Biology, Cinvestav, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Giraud F, Pereira E, Anizon F, Moreau P. Recent Advances in Pain Management: Relevant Protein Kinases and Their Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092696. [PMID: 34064521 PMCID: PMC8124620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to underline the protein kinases that have been established, either in fundamental approach or clinical trials, as potential biological targets in pain management. Protein kinases are presented according to their group in the human kinome: TK (Trk, RET, EGFR, JAK, VEGFR, SFK, BCR-Abl), CMGC (p38 MAPK, MEK, ERK, JNK, ASK1, CDK, CLK2, DYRK1A, GSK3, CK2), AGC (PKA, PKB, PKC, PKMζ, PKG, ROCK), CAMK, CK1 and atypical/other protein kinases (IKK, mTOR). Examples of small molecule inhibitors of these biological targets, demonstrating an analgesic effect, are described. Altogether, this review demonstrates the fundamental role that protein kinase inhibitors could play in the development of new pain treatments.
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14
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Gomez K, Ran D, Madura CL, Moutal A, Khanna R. Non-SUMOylated CRMP2 decreases Na V1.7 currents via the endocytic proteins Numb, Nedd4-2 and Eps15. Mol Brain 2021; 14:20. [PMID: 33478555 PMCID: PMC7819318 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels are key players in neuronal excitability and pain signaling. Functional expression of the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 is under the control of SUMOylated collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2). When not SUMOylated, CRMP2 forms a complex with the endocytic proteins Numb, the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15 (Eps15), and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 to promote clathrin-mediated endocytosis of NaV1.7. We recently reported that CRMP2 SUMO-null knock-in (CRMP2K374A/K374A) female mice have reduced NaV1.7 membrane localization and currents in their sensory neurons. Preventing CRMP2 SUMOylation was sufficient to reverse mechanical allodynia in CRMP2K374A/K374A female mice with neuropathic pain. Here we report that inhibiting clathrin assembly in nerve-injured male CRMP2K374A/K374A mice precipitated mechanical allodynia in mice otherwise resistant to developing persistent pain. Furthermore, Numb, Nedd4-2 and Eps15 expression was not modified in basal conditions in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of male and female CRMP2K374A/K374A mice. Finally, silencing these proteins in DRG neurons from female CRMP2K374A/K374A mice, restored the loss of sodium currents. Our study shows that the endocytic complex composed of Numb, Nedd4-2 and Eps15, is necessary for non-SUMOylated CRMP2-mediated internalization of sodium channels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Gomez
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Drive, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Dongzhi Ran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Drive, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Cynthia L Madura
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Drive, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Drive, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Drive, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA. .,Comprehensive Pain and Addiction Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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15
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Zhu X, Yao Y, Guo M, Li J, Yang P, Xu H, Lin D. Sevoflurane increases intracellular calcium to induce mitochondrial injury and neuroapoptosis. Toxicol Lett 2021; 336:11-20. [PMID: 33171207 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sevoflurane is commonly used in clinical anesthesia. However, some reports indicated that Sevoflurane could induce mitochondrial injury and neuroapoptosis. Although the mechanism remains unclear, evidence points to the increase of intracellular calcium after administration of Sevoflurane. Herein, we sought whether the increment of intracellular Ca2+ caused by Sevoflurane administration could induce mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in primary neurons of the hippocampus. Fluo-4-acetoxymethyl ester Ca2+ probe was used for measuring intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. LDH assay, CCK-8 assay, and Western blotting were performed to confirm Sevoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis. ROS, mPTP, and ATP production were assayed to reveal mitochondrial injury. Our results indicated that Sevoflurane increased intracellular Ca2+ and neuronal death. Sevoflurane also elevated ROS and the opening of mPTP, and decreased ATP production in neurons. The expression of cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were also increased. By using calcium channel blocker Nimodipine, the increase of intracellular Ca2+ was attenuated, and the death rate of neurons, the ROS and opening of mPTP, decreased ATP production, the expressions of cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were alleviated. Our study suggested that Sevoflurane could increase intracellular Ca2+ to induce mitochondrial injury and mitochondria-mediated neuroapoptosis in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yiyi Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Mingyan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Pengfeng Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Daowei Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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