Intraoperative Near-infrared Imaging Can Identify Neoplasms and Aid in Real-time Margin Assessment During Pancreatic Resection

Indocyanine green: The guide to safer and more effective surgery

In this editorial we comment on the article by Kalayarasan and co-workers published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. The authors present an interesting review on the use of indocyanine green fluorescence in different aspects of abdominal surgery. They also highlight future perspectives of the use of indocyanine green in mini-invasive surgery. Indocyanine green, used for fluorescence imaging, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and is safe for use in humans. It can be administered intravenously or intra-arterially. Since its advent, there have been several advancements in the applications of indocyanine green, especially in the surgical field, such as intraoperative mapping and biopsy of sentinel lymph node, measurement of hepatic function prior to resection, in neurosurgical cases to detect vascular anomalies, in cardiovascular cases for patency and assessment of vascular abnormalities, in predicting healing following amputations, in helping visualization of hepatobiliary anatomy and blood vessels, in reconstructive surgery, to assess flap viability and for the evaluation of tissue perfusion following major trauma and burns. For these reasons, the intraoperative use of indocyanine green has become common in a variety of surgical specialties and transplant surgery. Colorectal surgery has just lately begun to adopt this technique, particularly for perfusion visualization to prevent anastomotic leakage. The regular use of indocyanine green coupled with fluorescence angiography has recently been proposed as a feasible tool to help improve patient outcomes. Using the best available data, it has been shown that routine use of indocyanine green in colorectal surgery reduces the rates of anastomotic leak. The use of indocyanine green is proven to be safe, feasible, and effective in both elective and emergency scenarios. However, additional robust evidence from larger-scale, high-quality studies is essential before incorporating indocyanine green guided surgery into standard practice.

JS-K Combined with a Melanin-Based Theranostic Agent: A Novel Sequential Delivery Strategy to Enhance the Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a 5 year survival rate less than 12%. This malignancy is closely related to the unique tumor microenvironment (TME), which is characterized by a hypovascular and hyperdense extracellular matrix, making it difficult for drugs to permeate the tumor center. Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, which has high sensitivity and resolution, may improve the survival rate of PDAC patients. In this study, we first used JS-K (O2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) 1-[(4-ethoxycarbonyl) piperazine-1-yl] diazene-1-ium-1,2-diolate) to specifically dilate blood vessels within the TME of PDAC patients and subsequently injected IR820-PEG-MNPs (IPM NPs) to diagnose and treat orthotopic PDAC. We found that JS-K promoted the accumulation of IPM NPs in orthotopic Pan02 tumor-bearing mice and was able to increase the tumor signal-to-background ratio (SBR) in the orthotopic PDAC area by 41.5%. In addition, surgical navigation in orthotopic Pan02 tumor-bearing mice and complete tumor resection based on fluorescence imaging were achieved with a detection sensitivity of 81.0%. Moreover, we verified the feasibility of the combination of laparoscopy and photothermal ablation (PTA) for the treatment of PDAC. Finally, we demonstrated that IPM NPs had greater affinity for human PDAC tissues than for normal pancreatic tissues ex vivo, preliminarily highlighting the potential for clinical translation of these NPs. In conclusion, we developed and validated a novel sequential delivery strategy that promotes the accumulation of nanoagents in the tumor area and can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of PDAC.

Children's Oncology Group's 2023 blueprint for research: Surgery

Surgery plays a crucial role in the treatment of children with solid malignancies. A well-conducted operation is often essential for cure. Collaboration with the primary care team is important for determining if and when surgery should be performed, and if performed, an operation must be done in accordance with well-established standards. The long-term consequences of surgery also need to be considered. Indications and objectives for a procedure vary. Providing education and developing and analyzing new research protocols that include aims relevant to surgery are key objectives of the Surgery Discipline of the Children's Oncology Group. The critical evaluation of emerging technologies to ensure safe, effective procedures is another key objective. Through research, education, and advancing technologies, the role of the pediatric surgeon in the multidisciplinary care of children with solid malignancies will continue to evolve.

Near-infrared (NIR) imaging with indocyanine green (ICG) may assist in intraoperative decision making and improving surgical margin in bone and soft tissue tumor surgery

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Negative surgical margins are significant in improving patient outcomes. However, surgeons can only rely on visual and tactile information to identify tumor margins intraoperatively. We hypothesized that intraoperative fluorescence imaging with indocyanine green (ICG) could serve as an assistive technology to evaluate surgical margins and guide surgery in bone and soft tissue tumor surgery.

METHODS

Seventy patients with bone and soft tissue tumors were enrolled in this prospective, non-randomized, single-arm feasibility study. All patients received intravenous indocyanine green (0.5 mg/kg) before surgery. Near-infrared (NIR) imaging was performed on in situ tumors, wounds, and ex vivo specimens.

RESULTS

60/70 tumors were fluorescent at NIR imaging. The final surgical margins were positive in 2/55 cases, including 1/40 of the sarcomas. Surgical decisions were changed in 19 cases by NIR imaging, and in 7/19 cases final pathology demonstrated margins were improved. Fluorescence analysis showed that the tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) of primary malignant tumors was higher than that of benign, borderline, metastatic, and tumors ≥5 cm in size had higher TBR than those <5 cm.

CONCLUSIONS

ICG fluorescence imaging may be a beneficial technique to assist in surgical decision making and improving surgical margins in bone and soft tissue tumor surgery.

Intraoperative Imaging in Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery

Hepatopancreatobiliary surgery belongs to one of the most complex fields of general surgery. An intricate and vital anatomy is accompanied by difficult distinctions of tumors from fibrosis and inflammation; the identification of precise tumor margins; or small, even disappearing, lesions on currently available imaging. The routine implementation of ultrasound use shifted the possibilities in the operating room, yet more precision is necessary to achieve negative resection margins. Modalities utilizing fluorescent-compatible dyes have proven their role in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, although this is not yet a routine practice, as there are many limitations. Modalities, such as photoacoustic imaging or 3D holograms, are emerging but are mostly limited to preclinical settings. There is a need to identify and develop an ideal contrast agent capable of differentiating between malignant and benign tissue and to report on the prognostic benefits of implemented intraoperative imaging in order to navigate clinical translation. This review focuses on existing and developing imaging modalities for intraoperative use, tailored to the needs of hepatopancreatobiliary cancers. We will also cover the application of these imaging techniques to theranostics to achieve combined diagnostic and therapeutic potential.

Early results of minimally invasive fluorescent guided pediatric oncology surgery with delivery of indocyanine green during induction of anesthesia

BACKGROUND

Indocyanine green (ICG) fluoresces in the near infra-red (NIR) spectrum. It is widely used in adult oncological surgery for identification of tumor margins and lymph node sampling. However, deliver of ICG in almost all studies is 24 h or more prior to surgery. This is the first study in children to assess its feasibility in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for oncological disease following ICG injection during induction of anesthesia.

METHODS

This was an open label, prospective, single center, feasibility study recruiting consecutive patients eligible for MIS tumor resection or metastectomy. ICG was injected intravenously at induction of anesthesia. Patient demographics, intraoperative appearances, post-operative histopathology, and surgeon Likert ratings were collected.

RESULTS

Fourteen patients were included. Five had lung metastases (Wilms, Osteosarcoma (2), Hodgkin's, melanoma) and 9 had other tumors (neuroblastoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, ganglioneuroma, phaeochromocytoma, adrenal tumor). Lung metastases were easily identifiable, and all had negative margins. Tumors containing viable disease fluoresced and were completely resected, whilst benign and heavily treated tumors were afluorescent. There were no adverse events relating to ICG or issues with background fluorescence.

CONCLUSION

Based on this small sample, injection of ICG during induction of anesthesia is safe and effective in showing tumor margins in patients who have had little or no neoadjuvant chemotherapy as well as in metastectomy in Wilms and osteosarcoma. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Acidic tumor microenvironment-activatable fluorescent diagnostic probe for the rapid identification and resection of human tumors via spraying

A fluorescent diagnostic probe for real-time intraoperative image-guided tumor resection can significantly improve the efficiency and quality of oncological therapy, but their development is challenging. Herein, a novel fluorescent diagnostic probe called HLTC based on β-carboline was designed and synthesized. HLTC was found to show a ∼10-fold enhancement of fluorescence quantum field with pH from 7.4 to 4.0, indicating its imaging potential in acid environment which is a typical hallmark of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Following fluorescence microscopy imaging showed HLTC could emit specific signals in cancer cells and sections, by both one-photon excitation and two-photon excitation. Importantly, HLTC enabled the precise and rapid delineation of both transplanted tumor and clinical tumor tissues within several minutes of simple topical spray. The tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) was up to 10.2 ± 1.0 at clinical liver cancer tissues and 9.9 ± 0.3 at clinical colon cancer tissues, allowing precise tumor margin identification and the effective guidance of surgical tumor resection. Furthermore, CCK8 assay, pharmacokinetic evaluation, blood analysis and H&E staining were performed, which verified high biocompatibility and biosafety of HLTC at working concentration. These results reveal the exciting potential of this small-molecule fluorescent diagnostic probe for real-time fluorescence-based navigation during surgical tumor resection.

GAP-43 targeted indocyanine green-loaded near-infrared fluorescent probe for real-time mapping of perineural invasion lesions in pancreatic cancer in vivo

OBJECTIVE

Perineural invasion (PNI) is associated with local recurrence, distant metastasis, and a poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. However, rare attempt was made to identified the PNI intraoperative. To facilitate precise R0 excision of the tumor, we planned to develop a fluorescent probe for intraoperative imaging of the PNI using GAP-43 as the target and indocyanine green (ICG) as the carrier.

METHODS

The probe was created by binding peptide antibody and ICG. Its targeting was tested in vitro and in vivo using a co-culture model of PC12 and tumor cells to create an in vitro neural invasion model and a mouse sciatic nerve invasion model. The small animal imaging system and surgical navigation system confirmed the probe's potential clinical applicability. The sciatic nerve damage model was created to confirm the probe's targeting.

RESULTS

We used the pancreatic cancer samples and the public database to confirm that GAP-43 was preferentially overexpressed in pancreatic cancer, particularly in PNI. PC12 cells showed high GAP-43RA-PEG-ICG probe-specific absorption after being co-cultured with tumor cells in vitro. In the sciatic nerve invasion experiment, animals in probe group displayed a significantly stronger fluorescence signal at the PNI compared to ICG-NP and the contralateral normal nerves groups. Although only 60 % of mice appeared to have R0 resections by the naked eye, small animal imaging systems and surgical fluorescence navigation systems could remove the tumor with R0 precision. The injury model used in the probe imaging experimental trials demonstrated that the probe was specifically targeted to the injured nerve, regardless of whether the injury was infiltrated by a tumor or physical.

CONCLUSION

We developed the GAP-43Ra-ICG-PEG, an active-targeting near-infrared fluorescent (NIF) probe, that specifically binds to GAP-43-positive neural cells in an in vitro model of PNI. The probe efficiently visualized PNI lesions in pancreatic cancer in preclinical models, opening up new possibilities for NIRF-guided pancreatic surgery, particularly for PNI patients.

Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging to localize insulinoma and provide three-dimensional demarcation for laparoscopic enucleation: a retrospective single-arm cohort study

BACKGROUND

Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging is a new technology that can improve the real-time location of tumor edges and small nodules during surgery. However, no study has investigated its application in laparoscopic insulinoma enucleation. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of this method for intraoperative localization of insulinomas and margin assessment during laparoscopic insulinoma enucleation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eight patients who underwent laparoscopic insulinoma enucleation from October 2016 to June 2022 were enrolled. Two methods of ICG administration, ICG dynamic perfusion and three-dimensional (3D) demarcation staining, were utilized in the laparoscopic insulinoma enucleation. Tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) and histopathologic analysis were used to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of these novel navigation methods in laparoscopic insulinoma enucleation.

RESULTS

All eight enrolled patients underwent both ICG dynamic perfusion and 3D demarcation staining. ICG dynamic perfusion images were available for six of them, among which five tumors could be recognized by TBR (largest TBR in each case 4.42±2.76), while the other could be distinguished by the disordered blood vessels in the tumor area. Seven out of eight specimens had successful 3D demarcation staining (TBR 7.62±2.62). All wound bed margins had negative frozen sections and final histopathologic diagnoses.

CONCLUSIONS

ICG dynamic perfusion may be helpful in observing the abnormal vascular perfusion of tumors, providing similar functionality to intraoperative real-time angiography. ICG injection under the tumor pseudocapsule may be a useful method for acquiring real-time, 3D demarcation for the resection of insulinoma.

European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) consensus on Indocyanine Green (ICG) fluorescence-guided surgery

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the use of Indocyanine Green (ICG) fluorescence-guided surgery during open and laparoscopic procedures has exponentially expanded across various clinical settings. The European Association of Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) initiated a consensus development conference on this topic with the aim of creating evidence-based statements and recommendations for the surgical community.

METHODS

An expert panel of surgeons has been selected and invited to participate to this project. Systematic reviews of the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane libraries were performed to identify evidence on potential benefits of ICG fluorescence-guided surgery on clinical practice and patient outcomes. Statements and recommendations were prepared and unanimously agreed by the panel; they were then submitted to all EAES members through a two-rounds online survey and results presented at the EAES annual congress, Barcelona, November 2021.

RESULTS

A total of 18,273 abstracts were screened with 117 articles included. 22 statements and 16 recommendations were generated and approved. In some areas, such as the use of ICG fluorescence-guided surgery during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the perfusion assessment in colorectal surgery and the search for the sentinel lymph nodes in gynaecological malignancies, the large number of evidences in literature has allowed us to strongly recommend the use of ICG for a better anatomical definition and a reduction in post-operative complications.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, from the systematic literature review performed by the experts panel and the survey extended to all EAES members, ICG fluorescence-guided surgery could be considered a safe and effective technology. Future robust clinical research is required to specifically validate multiple organ-specific applications and the potential benefits of this technique on clinical outcomes.

Tumor lesion detection in patients with cervical cancer by indocyanine green near-infrared imaging

PURPOSE

To investigate the feasibility and accuracy of near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging for detecting the extent of tumor invasion in cervical cancer using indocyanine green (ICG).

METHODS

We enrolled 51 patients who were diagnosed with cervical cancer with FIGO stage IB1-IIA2 disease. Patients were administered indocyanine green (ICG) at a dose of 5 mg/kg 24 h prior to surgery. A customized near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging system was used to identify the extent of tumor invasion when radical hysterectomy specimens were harvested. The relationship between tumor fluorescence intensity and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed.

RESULTS

Of the 51 enrolled patients, 3 patients did not have residual tumors after cervical conization, and tumor lesions were identified by NIRF imaging in all the remaining 48 patients. The results of NIRF imaging were in agreement with the postoperative pathological findings in 95.8% of the patients with stromal invasion, 100% of those with surgical margin invasion, 100% of those with parametrial tumor involvement, and 100% of patients with uterine corpus invasion. The mean signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of the cervical tumors was 2.91 ± 1.64, and the SBR was independent of clinicopathological characteristics. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that ICG fluorescence was present in the tumor nests.

CONCLUSIONS

NIRF imaging enables objective, accurate, and safe identification of tumor invasion during cervical cancer surgery.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04224467.

In Vivo Evaluation of a Gallium-68-Labeled Tumor-Tracking Cyanine Dye for Positron Emission Tomography/Near-Infrared Fluorescence Carcinoma Imaging, Image-Guided Surgery, and Photothermal Therapy

Positron emission tomography (PET)/near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dual-modal imaging presents an enticing prospect for tumor diagnosis and surgical navigation. In this study, we developed a novel probe IR808-DOTA for tumor-targeted PET/NIRF imaging, image-guided surgery, and photothermal therapy. This construct had better water solubility and pharmacokinetics than IR808 and had similar photophysical properties, tumor targeting ability, and photothermal anticancer effect to IR808. By a simple labeling process, IR808-DOTA was labeled with gallium-68 and applied as a PET probe for tumor imaging in MCF-7 tumor xenografted mice. IR808-DOTA itself acted as an NIRF imaging agent in the following surgery for intraoperative navigation to aid surgeons in the delineation of tumor margins and visualizing sentinel lymph nodes to facilitate a more thorough tumor resection. Irradiation by laser, IR808-DOTA could prominently inhibit tumor growth in MCF-7 subcutaneous tumor model mice by directly ablating tumor cells, inhibiting tumor proliferation, and promoting tumor cell apoptosis. In summary, ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-IR808 could enable a convenient and user-friendly workflow for tumor imaging and guided surgery, and therefore, it may have great prospects for clinical translation as a PET/NIRF dual-modal probe.

Evaluation of OTL38-Generated Tumor-to-Background Ratio in Intraoperative Molecular Imaging-Guided Lung Cancer Resections

INTRODUCTION

Cancer surgery has multiple challenges including localizing small lesions, ensuring negative margins, and identifying synchronous cancers. One of the tools proposed to address these issues is intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI). An important consideration in IMI is the quantification of the tumor fluorescence during the procedure and using that data to add clinical value. Currently, the most commonly cited measure of quantification is the tumor-to-background ratio (TBR). Our goal was to evaluate the clinical value of TBR measured with OTL38 NIR tracer during a lung cancer resection.

METHODS

Intraoperative data was retrospectively reviewed from a prospectively collected 5-year database. Between 2015 and 2020, 279 patients were included in the study. For standardization, all patients underwent infusion of the same targeted molecular optical contrast agent (OTL38) for lung cancer resections; then, the mean fluorescence intensity of the tumors and background tissues were calculated. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the TBR calculation, the results were correlated with patient, biologic, tumor, and technological factors.

RESULTS

For pulmonary surgery, patient factors such as gender, age, smoking history, and time from infusion of OTL38 to surgery did not have any statistical significance in predicting the TBR during surgery. In addition, TBR measurements did not correlate with location of the tumor in the lung (p = 0.123). There was no statistical correlation of preoperative positron emission tomography measurements (standardized uptake value) with intraoperative TBR. However, there was statistically significant negative correlation of in situ TBR measurement and the distance of the lesion from the surface of the organ (p < 0.001). Adenocarcinoma spectrum lesions overall had statistically significant correlation with in situ fluorescence compared to other NSCLC malignancies (p < 0.01) but TBR measurements could not identify histopathologic subtype on univariate analysis (p = 0.089). There was a tendency for in situ fluorescence for moderately and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma spectrum lesions, but this was not statistically significant. When comparing the in situ TBR of benign to malignant nodules in the lung, there was no statistically significant association (p = 0.145). In subset analysis, adenocarcinoma spectrum lesions tend to fluoresce at brighter with OTL38 compared to other histologic subtypes.

CONCLUSION

In our various iterations, the results of our retrospective analysis did not show that TBR measurements during OTL38-guided surgery provide clinically useful information about the nature of the nodule or cancer. The true value of IMI is in the ability for the surgeon to use the fluorescence to guide the surgeon to the tumor and margins, but that sophisticated quantification of the amount of fluorescence may not have clinical utility.

ICG-Dimeric Her2-Specific Affibody Conjugates for Tumor Imaging and Photothermal Therapy for Her2-Positive Tumors

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) is abundantly expressed in various solid tumors. The Her2-specific Affibody (Z_Her2:2891) has been clinically tested in patients with Her2-positive breast cancer and is regarded as an ideal drug carrier for tumor diagnosis and targeted treatment. Indocyanine green (ICG) can be used as a photosensitizer for photothermal therapy (PTT), in addition to fluorescent dyes for tumor imaging. In this study, a dimeric Her2-specific Affibody (Z_Her2) based on Z_Her2:2891 was prepared using the E. coli expression system and then coupled to ICG through an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester reactive group to construct a novel bifunctional protein drug (named ICG-Z_Her2) for tumor diagnosis and PTT. In vitro, ICG-Z_Her2-mediated PTT selectively and efficiently killed Her2-positive BT-474 and SKOV-3 tumor cells rather than Her2-negative HeLa tumor cells. In vivo, ICG-Z_Her2 specifically accumulated in Her2-positive SKOV-3 tumor grafts rather than Her2-negative HeLa tumor grafts; high-contrast tumor optical images were obtained. However, Her2-negative HeLa tumor grafts were not detected. More importantly, ICG-Z_Her2-mediated PTT exhibited a significantly enhanced antitumor effect in mice bearing SKOV-3 tumor grafts owing to the good photothermal properties of ICG-Z_Her2. Of note, ICG-Z_Her2 did not exhibit acute toxicity in mice during short-term treatment. Overall, our findings indicate that ICG-Z_Her2 is a promising bifunctional drug for Her2-positive tumor diagnosis and PTT.

A c-MET-Targeted Topical Fluorescent Probe cMBP-ICG Improves Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Detection in Humans

INTRODUCTION

The postoperative survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) relies on precise detection and complete resection of original tumors. The mucosal extension of the tumor is evaluated visually during surgery, but small and flat foci are difficult to detect. Real-time fluorescence imaging may improve detection of tumor margins.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the current study, a peptide-based near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence dye, c-MET-binding peptide-indocyanine green (cMBP-ICG), which specifically targets tumor via c-MET binding, was synthetized. A prospective pilot clinical trial then was conducted with oral SCC patients and intraoperatively to assess the feasibility of cMBP-ICG used to detect tumors margins. Fluorescence was histologically correlated to determine sensitivity and specificity.

RESULTS

The immunohistochemistry (IHC) results demonstrated increased c-Met expression in oral SCC compared with normal mucosa. Tumor-to-background ratios ranged from 2.71 ± 0.7 to 3.11 ± 1.2 in different concentration groups. From 10 patients with oral SCC, 60 specimens were collected from tumor margins. The sensitivity and specificity of discriminative value derived from cMBP-ICG application in humans were respectively 100% and 75%.

CONCLUSIONS

Topical application of cMBP-ICG is feasible and safe for optimizing intraoperative visualization and tumor margin detection in oral SCC patients, which could clinically increase the probability of complete resections and improve oncologic outcomes.

Application of near-infrared fluorescence imaging in the accurate assessment of surgical margins during breast-conserving surgery

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of near-infrared fluorescence imaging technology for assessing margins during breast-conserving surgery for breast cancer.

Methods

Forty-three breast cancer patients who received surgical treatment at Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College were selected. Before the operation, the patients were administered with an indocyanine green injection of 0.5 mg/kg intravenously 2 h before operation. During and after the operation, all patients underwent surgical margin monitoring with the near-infrared fluorescence imaging system for fluorescence imaging and acquisition of images and quantitative fluorescence intensity. During the operation, the patients’ tissue specimens were collected on the upper, lower, inner, outer, apical, and basal sides of the fluorescence boundary of the isolated lesions for pathological examination.

Results

Fluorescence was detected in the primary tumor in all patients. The average fluorescence intensities of tumor tissue, peritumoral tissue, and normal tissue were 219.41 ± 32.81, 143.35 ± 17.37, and 105.77 ± 17.79 arbitrary units, respectively (P < 0.05, t test). The signal-to-background ratio of tumor to peritumor tissue and normal tissue was 1.54 ± 0.20 and 2.14 ± 0.60, respectively (P < 0.05, t test). Abnormal indocyanine green fluorescence was detected in 11.6% patients (5/43), including 3 patients with residual infiltrating carcinoma and 2 patients with adenosis with ductal dilatation.

Conclusion

This study confirms the high sensitivity and specificity of near-infrared fluorescence imaging technology for breast-conserving surgery margin assessment. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging technology can be used as an intraoperative diagnosis and treatment tool to accurately determine the surgical margin and is of important guiding value in breast-conserving surgery for breast cancer.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-022-02827-4.

Systematic review, meta-analysis and single-centre experience of the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative near-infrared indocyanine green-fluorescence in detecting pancreatic tumours

BACKGROUND

During pancreatic resections assessing tumour boundaries and identifying the ideal resection margins can be challenging due to the associated pancreatic gland inflammation and texture. This is particularly true in the context of minimally invasive surgery, where there is a very limited or absent tactile feedback. Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging can assist surgeons by simply providing valuable real-time intraoperative information at low cost with minimal side effects. This meta-analysis summarises the available evidence on the use of near-infrared fluorescence imaging with ICG for the intraoperative visualization of pancreatic tumours (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021247203).

METHODS

MEDLINE, Embase, and Web Of Science electronic databases were searched to identify manuscripts where ICG was intravenously administered prior to or during pancreatic surgery and reporting the prevalence of pancreatic lesions visualised through fluorescence imaging.

RESULTS

Six studies with 7 series' reporting data on 64 pancreatic lesions were included in the analysis. MINOR scores ranged from 6 to 10, with a median of 8. The most frequent indications were pancreatic adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumours. In most cases (67.2%) ICG was administered during surgery. ICG fluorescence identified 48/64 lesions (75%) with 81.3% accuracy, 0.788 (95%CI 0.361-0.961) sensitivity, 1 (95%CI 0.072-1) specificity and positive predictive value of 0.982 (95%CI 0.532-1). In line with the literature, ICG fluorescence identified 5/6 (83.3%) of pancreatic lesions during robotic pancreatic resections performed at our Institution.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis is the first summarising the results of ICG immunofluorescence in detecting pancreatic tumours during surgery, showing good accuracy. Additional research is needed to define optimal ICG administration strategies and fluorescence intensity cut-offs.

Indocyanine green real-time-guided laparoscopic duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection

Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) is very complicated due to its difficulty to find the lower common bile duct (CBD), and to preserve the blood supply of the duodenum and CBD. Recently, indocyanine green (ICG) has been widely applied for navigation during biliary system and liver surgery. However, the application of ICG-guided laparoscopic DPPHR has not been established. Herein, we report an intraoperative angiography technique using ICG fluorescence imaging to visualise blood flow, tissue perfusion, CBD navigation and bile leakage assessment.

Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence guide for the use and indications in general surgery: recommendations based on the descriptive review of the literature and the analysis of experience

Indocyanine Green is a fluorescent substance visible in near-infrared light. It is useful for the identification of anatomical structures (biliary tract, ureters, parathyroid, thoracic duct), the tissues vascularization (anastomosis in colorectal, esophageal, gastric, bariatric surgery, for plasties and flaps in abdominal wall surgery, liver resection, in strangulated hernias and in intestinal ischemia), for tumor identification (liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, implants of peritoneal carcinomatosis, retroperitoneal tumors and lymphomas) and sentinel node identification and lymphatic mapping in malignant tumors (stomach, breast, colon, rectum, esophagus and skin cancer). The evidence is very encouraging, although standardization of its use and randomized studies with higher number of patients are required to obtain definitive conclusions on its use in general surgery. The aim of this literature review is to provide a guide for the use of ICG fluorescence in general surgery procedures.

Mouthwash as a non-invasive method of indocyanine green delivery for near-infrared fluorescence dental imaging

SIGNIFICANCE

X-ray imaging serves as the mainstream imaging in dentistry, but it involves risk of ionizing radiation.

AIM

This study presents the feasibility of indocyanine green-assisted near-infrared fluorescence (ICG-NIRF) dental imaging with 785-nm NIR laser in the first (ICG-NIRF-I: 700 to 1000 nm) and second (ICG-NIRF-II: 1000 to 1700 nm) NIR wavelengths.

APPROACH

Sprague Dawley rats with different postnatal days were used as animal models. ICG, as a fluorescence agent, was delivered to dental structures by subcutaneous injection (SC) and oral administration (OA).

RESULTS

For SC method, erupted and unerupted molars could be observed from ICG-NIRF images at a short imaging time (<1  min). ICG-NIRF-II could achieve a better image contrast in unerupted molars at 24 h after ICG injection. The OA could serve as a non-invasive method for ICG delivery; it could also cause the glow-in-dark effect in unerupted molars. For erupted molars, OA can be considered as mouthwash and exhibits outstanding performance for delivery of ICG dye; erupted molar structures could be observed at a short imaging time (<1  min) and low ICG dose (0.05  mg  /  kg).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, ICG-NIRF with mouthwash could perform in-vivo dental imaging in two NIR wavelengths at a short time and low ICG dose.

Impact of Intraoperative Molecular Imaging after Fluorescent-Guided Pulmonary Metastasectomy for Sarcoma

BACKGROUND

Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) has been shown to improve lesion detection during pulmonary sarcomatous metastasectomy. Our goal in this study was to evaluate whether data garnered from IMI-guided resection of pulmonary sarcoma metastasis translate to improved patient outcomes.

STUDY DESIGN

Fifty-two of 65 consecutive patients with a previous history of sarcomas found to have pulmonary nodules during screening were enrolled in a nonrandomized clinical trial. Patients underwent TumorGlow the day before surgery. Data on patient demographics, tumor biologic characteristics, preoperative assessment, and survival were included in the study analysis and compared with institutional historical data of patients who underwent metastasectomy without IMI. p values < 0.05 were considered significant.

RESULTS

IMI detected 42 additional lesions in 31 patients (59%) compared with the non-IMI cohort where 25% percent of patients had additional lesions detected using tactile and visual feedback only (p < 0.05). Median progression-free survival (PFS) for patients with IMI-guided pulmonary sarcoma metastasectomy was 36 months vs 28.6 months in the historical cohort (p < 0.05). IMI-guided pulmonary sarcoma metastasectomy had recurrence in the lung with a median time of 18 months compared with non-IMI group at 13 months (p < 0.05). Patients with synchronous lesions in the IMI group underwent systemic therapy at a statistically higher rate and tended to undergo routine screening at shorter interval.

CONCLUSIONS

IMI identifies a subset of sarcoma patients during pulmonary metastasectomy who have aggressive disease and informs the medical oncologist to pursue more aggressive systemic therapy. In this setting, IMI can serve both as a diagnostic and prognostic tool without conferring additional risk to the patient.

Pathologic correlation with near infrared-indocyanine green guided surgery for pediatric liver cancer

PURPOSE

Hepatoblastoma (HB) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are the most common primary malignant tumors of childhood. Intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) administration with near-infrared imaging (NIR) has emerged as a surgical technology that can be used to assist with localization of pulmonary metastases secondary to HB; however, there has been limited application as an adjunct for resection of the primary liver tumor and assessment of extrahepatic disease.

METHODS

We present 14 patients treated for HB, HCC, and malignant rhabdoid tumor at our institution with the use of intraoperative NIR-ICG guidance. All patients were treated with 0.2-0.75 mg/kg IV ICG, 48-96 h prior to surgery. Intraoperative NIR-ICG guided imaging was performed with several commercial devices.

RESULTS

Intraoperative NIR-ICG guidance allowed pulmonary metastasectomy in five patients using thoracoscopy or thoracotomy allowing for visualization of multiple nodules not seen on preoperative imaging most of which were positive for malignancy. NIR-ICG guidance allowed for assessment of extrahepatic extension in three patients; an HCC patient with extrahepatic lymph node extension of disease, an HB patient with extrapulmonary thoracic recurrence in the diaphragm and chest wall, and a patient with tumor rupture at diagnosis with peritoneal nodules at the time of surgery. This technique was used to guide partial hepatectomy in 11 patients for which the technique enabled successful identification of tumor and tumor margins. Three patients had nonspecific staining of the liver secondary to decreased timing from ICG injection to surgery or biliary obstruction. NIR-ICG enabled resection of satellite HB lesions in three multifocal patients and confirmed a benign satellite lesion in two additional patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Intraoperative use of NIR-ICG imaging during partial hepatectomy enabled enhanced identification and guidance for surgical resection of extrahepatic disease and multifocal liver tumors for the treatment of children with primary liver cancer.

Intraoperative reperfusion assessment of human pancreas allografts using hyperspectral imaging (HSI)

Background

The most common causes of early graft loss in pancreas transplantation are insufficient blood supply and leakage of the intestinal anastomosis. Therefore, it is critical to monitor graft perfusion and oxygenation during the early post-transplant period. The goal of our pilot study was to evaluate the utility of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in monitoring the microcirculation of the graft and adequate perfusion of the intestinal anastomosis during pancreatic allotransplantation.

Methods

We imaged pancreatic grafts and intestinal anastomosis in real-time in three consecutive, simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantations using the TIVITA^® HSI system. Further, the intraoperative oxygen saturation (StO₂), tissue perfusion (near-infrared perfusion index, NIR), organ hemoglobin index (OHI), and tissue water index (TWI) were measured 15 minutes after reperfusion by HSI.

Results

All pancreas grafts showed a high and homogeneous StO₂ (92.6%±10.45%). Intraoperative HSI analysis of the intestinal anastomosis displayed significant differences of StO₂ (graft duodenum 67.46%±5.60% vs. recipient jejunum: 75.93%±4.71%, P<0.001) and TWI {graft duodenum: 0.63±0.09 [I (Index)] vs. recipient jejunum: 0.72±0.09 [I], P<0.001}. NIR and OHI did not display remarkable differences {NIR duodenum: 0.68±0.06 [I] vs. NIR jejunum: 0.69±0.04 [I], P=0.747; OHI duodenum: 0.70±0.12 [I] vs. OHI jejunum: 0.68±0.13 [I], P=0.449}. All 3 patients had an uneventful postoperative course with one displaying a Banff 1a rejection which was responsive to steroid treatment.

Conclusions

Our study shows that contact-free HSI has potential utility as a novel tool for real-time monitoring of human pancreatic grafts after reperfusion, which could improve the outcome of pancreas transplantation. Further investigations are required to determine the predictive value of intraoperative HSI imaging.

Fluorescence Molecular Targeting of Colon Cancer to Visualize the Invisible

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cause of cancer and cancer-related death. Surgery is the only curative modality. Fluorescence-enhanced visualization of CRC with targeted fluorescent probes that can delineate boundaries and target tumor-specific biomarkers can increase rates of curative resection. Approaches to enhancing visualization of the tumor-to-normal tissue interface are active areas of investigation. Nonspecific dyes are the most-used approach, but tumor-specific targeting agents are progressing in clinical trials. The present narrative review describes the principles of fluorescence targeting of CRC for diagnosis and fluorescence-guided surgery with molecular biomarkers for preclinical or clinical evaluation.

Proof of concept for the sapphire scalpel combining tissue dissection and optical diagnosis

OBJECTIVES

The development of compact diagnostic probes and instruments with an ability to direct access to organs and tissues and integration of these instruments into surgical workflows is an important task of modern physics and medicine. The need for such tools is essential for surgical oncology, where intraoperative visualization and demarcation of tumor margins define further prognosis and survival of patients. In this paper, the possible solution for this intraoperative imaging problem is proposed and its feasibility to detect tumorous tissue is studied experimentally.

METHODS

For this aim, the sapphire scalpel was developed and fabricated using the edge-defined film-fed growth technique aided by mechanical grinding, polishing, and chemical sharpening of the cutting edge. It possesses optical transparency, mechanical strength, chemical inertness, and thermal resistance alongside the presence of the as-grown hollow capillary channels in its volume for accommodating optical fibers. The rounding of the cutting edge exceeds the same for metal scalpels and can be as small as 110 nm. Thanks to these features, sapphire scalpel combines tissue dissection with light delivering and optical diagnosis. The feasibility for the tumor margin detection was studied, including both gelatin-based tissue phantoms and ex vivo freshly excised specimens of the basal cell carcinoma from humans and the glioma model 101.8 from rats. These tumors are commonly diagnosed either non-invasively or intraoperatively using different modalities of fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging, which makes them ideal candidates for our feasibility test. For this purpose, fiber-based spectroscopic measurements of the backscattered laser radiation and the fluorescence signals were carried out in the visible range.

RESULTS

Experimental studies show the feasibility of the proposed sapphire scalpel to provide a 2-mm-resolution of the tumor margins' detection, along with an ability to distinguish the tumor invasion region, which results from analysis of the backscattered optical fields and the endogenous or exogenous fluorescence data.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings justified a strong potential of the sapphire scalpel for surgical oncology. However, further research and engineering efforts are required to optimize the sapphire scalpel geometry and the optical diagnosis protocols to meet the requirements of oncosurgery, including diagnosis and resection of neoplasms with different localizations and nosologies.

A novel tool for visualization and detection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. A 'fluorescent' world is calling for exploration?

AIM OF THE STUDY

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) are rare tumours with a propensity to metastasize. Physicians frequently face a huge clinical challenge during the localization of these lesions. The aim of this study is to investigate whether fluorescence-guided localization techniques with indocyanine green (ICG) can be utilized as a detection tool in pNETs, along with any other clinical implications of this technique.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A thorough literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar, under the terms 'ICG OR Indocyanine OR Fluorescence AND Neuroendocrine' until 31 June 2021, regarding the utilization of indocyanine-fluorescence in localization of pancreatic neuroendocrine, was conducted by the authors, and the associated results are presented.

RESULTS

Indocyanine fluorescence imaging may facilitate the efforts of surgeons to identify occult pancreatic neuroendocrine lesions, assisting them in the identification of resection margins and delineation of the surgical anatomy when it is difficult to clarify.

CONCLUSIONS

Indocyanine-fluorescence imaging might play a pivotal role in pancreatic surgery in terms of localization for neuroendocrine tumours. However, further large-scale clinical studies are needed to assess the absolute indications and optimal use of this technique.

A novel ICG-labeled cyclic TMTP1 peptide dimer for sensitive tumor imaging and enhanced photothermal therapy in vivo

TMTP1 is a polypeptide independently screened in our laboratory, which can target tumors in situ and metastases. In previous work, we have successfully developed a near-infrared (NIR) probe TMTP1-PEG4-ICG for tumor imaging. However, the limited ability to target tumor micrometastases hinders its further clinical application. Multimerization of peptides has been extensively demonstrated as an effective strategy to increase receptor binding affinity due to "multivalent effect" or "apparent cooperative affinity". In this study, a novel TMTP1 homodimer-directed NIR probe (TMTP1-PEG4)₂-ICG was successfully constructed and synthesized. The cyclic TMTP1 peptides were bridged by two PEG4 linkers and then labeled with ICG-NHS for tumor imaging and photothermal therapy. In vivo biodistribution were assessed in normal BALB/c mice, and tumor targeting abilities of (TMTP1-PEG4)₂-ICG and its monomer were evaluated and compared in 4T1-bearing subcutaneous tumor and lymph node metastasis model mice. Biodistribution analysis in vivo revealed that (TMTP1-PEG4)₂-ICG was cleared mainly in both liver and kidney dependent way. Comparing with free ICG dye or TMTP1-PEG4-ICG probe, this improved (TMTP1-PEG4)₂-ICG dimer showed more sensitive tumor imaging and could clearly identify tumors at a minimum volume of 10 mm³. Additionally, when compared to its monomer, lymph node (LN) metastases could also be apparently visualized and easily distinguished from normal LN by the novel dimer at 24 h post-injection. The blocking study revealed that the tumor accumulation of this probe was specifically medicated by receptor-ligand interaction. Furthermore, with the increase in stability and tumor targeting ability of ICG in vivo, the probe could also be an attractive photothermal agent to significantly inhibit tumor growth under 808 nm NIR laser irradiation. In conclusion, our work revealed that the novel (TMTP1-PEG4)₂-ICG dimer could be a promising theranostic agent for sensitive tumor imaging and imaging-guided photothermal therapy, indicating its broad prospects for further clinical transformation.

Targeted optical fluorescence imaging: a meta-narrative review and future perspectives

Purpose

The aim of this review is to give an overview of the current status of targeted optical fluorescence imaging in the field of oncology, cardiovascular, infectious and inflammatory diseases to further promote clinical translation.

Methods

A meta-narrative approach was taken to systematically describe the relevant literature. Consecutively, each field was assigned a developmental stage regarding the clinical implementation of optical fluorescence imaging.

Results

Optical fluorescence imaging is leaning towards clinical implementation in gastrointestinal and head and neck cancers, closely followed by pulmonary, neuro, breast and gynaecological oncology. In cardiovascular and infectious disease, optical imaging is in a less advanced/proof of concept stage.

Conclusion

Targeted optical fluorescence imaging is rapidly evolving and expanding into the clinic, especially in the field of oncology. However, the imaging modality still has to overcome some major challenges before it can be part of the standard of care in the clinic, such as the provision of pivotal trial data. Intensive multidisciplinary (pre-)clinical joined forces are essential to overcome the delivery of such compelling phase III registration trial data and subsequent regulatory approval and reimbursement hurdles to advance clinical implementation of targeted optical fluorescence imaging as part of standard practice.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05504-y.

Fluorescence Imaging Using Enzyme-Activatable Probes for Real-Time Identification of Pancreatic Cancer

Introduction

Radical resection is the only curative treatment for pancreatic cancer, which is a life-threatening disease. However, it is often not easy to accurately identify the extent of the tumor before and during surgery. Here we describe the development of a novel method to detect pancreatic tumors using a tumor-specific enzyme-activatable fluorescence probe.

Methods

Tumor and non-tumor lysate or small specimen collected from the resected specimen were selected to serve as the most appropriate fluorescence probe to distinguish cancer tissues from noncancerous tissues. The selected probe was sprayed onto the cut surface of the resected specimen of cancer tissue to acquire a fluorescence image. Next, we evaluated the ability of the probe to detect the tumor and calculated the tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) by comparing the fluorescence image with the pathological extent of the tumor. Finally, we searched for a tumor-specific enzyme that optimally activates the selected probe.

Results

Using a library comprising 309 unique fluorescence probes, we selected GP-HMRG as the most appropriate activatable fluorescence probe. We obtained eight fluorescence images of resected specimens, among which four approximated the pathological findings of the tumor, which achieved the highest TBR. Finally, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-IV) or a DPP-IV-like enzyme was identified as the target enzyme.

Conclusion

This novel method may enable rapid and real-time visualization of pancreatic cancer through the enzymatic activities of cancer tissues.

c-Met-targeted near-infrared fluorescent probe for real-time depiction and dissection of perineural invasion and lymph node metastasis lesions in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma xenograft models

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a fatal malignant tumour, has a high postoperative recurrence rate, mainly due to the difficulty of discerning occult lesions, including those related to perineural invasion (PNI) and lymph node metastasis (LNM). Cellular mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met), an excellent imaging marker, is aberrantly expressed in the majority of PDACs. Thus, we plan to utilize a c-Met-targeted near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probe for real-time visualization and dissection of PDAC, and corresponding PNI and LNM lesions. Immunohistochemistry showed c-Met expression in PDAC, PNI and LNM reached 94.3% (100/106), 88.3% (53/60), and 71.4% (25/35), respectively, and its expression in PNI and LNM was significantly correlated with that in primary PDAC (r = 0.66, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.44, p < 0.01, respectively). SHRmAb-IR800 was successfully synthesized using an anti-c-Met antibody and a NIRF dye. The in vitro targeting ability of SHRmAb-IR800 was higher in CFPAC1 cells (c-Met positive) than in Miapaca-2 cells (c-Met negative) (p < 0.05). In vivo NIRF imaging of CFPAC1 subcutaneous tumours demonstrated higher accumulation of SHRmAb-IR800 than the control probe (p < 0.05). The signal-to-background ratio (TBR) of an orthotopic PDAC tumour was 3.38 ± 0.46, and imaging with SHRmAb-IR800 facilitated the resection of metastatic lesions with sensitivity and specificity values of 93.3% (56/60) and 87.1% (27/31), respectively. Furthermore, tiny PNI and LNM lesions in xenograft models were detected by NIRF imaging, with TBRs measuring 2.59 ± 0.19 and 2.88 ± 0.72, respectively. Therefore, the clinical translation of this probe might shed new light on NIRF-guided pancreatectomy and improve the surgical prognosis of PDAC patients.

Intraoperative Label-Free Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Imaging for Point-of-Procedure Cancer Diagnostics

Intraoperative imaging in surgical oncology can provide information about the tumor microenvironment as well as information about the tumor margin. Visualizing microstructural features and molecular and functional dynamics may provide important diagnostic and prognostic information, especially when obtained in real-time at the point-of-procedure. A majority of current intraoperative optical techniques are based on the use of the labels, such as fluorescent dyes. However, these exogenous agents disrupt the natural microenvironment, perturb biological processes, and alter the endogenous optical signatures that cells and the microenvironment can provide. Portable nonlinear imaging systems have enabled intraoperative imaging for real-time detection and diagnosis of tissue. We review the development of a label-free multimodal nonlinear optical imaging technique that was adapted into a portable imaging system for intraoperative optical assessment of resected human breast tissue. New developments have applied this technology to assessing needle-biopsy specimens. Needle-biopsy procedures most always precede surgical resection and serve as the first sampling of suspicious masses for diagnosis. We demonstrate the diagnostic feasibility of imaging core needle-biopsy specimens during veterinary cancer surgeries. This intraoperative label-free multimodal nonlinear optical imaging technique can potentially provide a powerful tool to assist in cancer diagnosis at the point-of-procedure.

Intraoperative molecular imaging clinical trials: a review of 2020 conference proceedings

SIGNIFICANCE

Surgery is often paramount in the management of many solid organ malignancies because optimal resection is a major factor in disease-specific survival. Cancer surgery has multiple challenges including localizing small lesions, ensuring negative surgical margins around a tumor, adequately staging patients by discriminating positive lymph nodes, and identifying potential synchronous cancers. Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) is an emerging potential tool proposed to address these issues. IMI is the process of injecting patients with fluorescent-targeted contrast agents that highlight cancer cells prior to surgery. Over the last 5 to 7 years, enormous progress has been achieved in tracer development, near-infrared camera approvals, and clinical trials. Therefore, a second biennial conference was organized at the University of Pennsylvania to gather surgical oncologists, scientists, and experts to discuss new investigative findings in the field. Our review summarizes the discussions from the conference and highlights findings in various clinical and scientific trials.

AIM

Recent advances in IMI were presented, and the importance of each clinical trial for surgical oncology was critically assessed. A major focus was to elaborate on the clinical endpoints that were being utilized in IMI trials to advance the respective surgical subspecialties.

APPROACH

Principal investigators presenting at the Perelman School of Medicine Abramson Cancer Center's second clinical trials update on IMI were selected to discuss their clinical trials and endpoints.

RESULTS

Multiple phase III, II, and I trials were discussed during the conference. Since the approval of 5-ALA for commercial use in neurosurgical malignancies, multiple tracers and devices have been developed to address common challenges faced by cancer surgeons across numerous specialties. Discussants also presented tracers that are being developed for delineation of normal anatomic structures that can serve as an adjunct during surgical procedures.

CONCLUSIONS

IMI is increasingly being recognized as an improvement to standard oncologic surgical resections and will likely advance the art of cancer surgery in the coming years. The endpoints in each individual surgical subspecialty are varied depending on how IMI helps each specialty solve their clinical challenges.

Aptamer-Targeted Calcium Phosphosilicate Nanoparticles for Effective Imaging of Pancreatic and Prostate Cancer

Purpose

Accurate tumor identification and staging can be difficult. Aptamer-targeted indocyanine green (ICG)-nanoparticles can enhance near-infrared fluorescent imaging of pancreatic and prostate tumors and could improve early cancer detection. This project explored whether calcium-phosphosilicate nanoparticles, also known as NanoJackets (NJs), that were bioconjugated with a tumor-specific targeting DNA aptamer could improve the non-invasive detection of pancreatic and prostate tumors.

Methods

Using in vivo near-infrared optical imaging and ex vivo fluorescence analysis, DNA aptamer-targeted ICG-loaded NJs were compared to untargeted NJs for detection of tumors.

Results

Nanoparticles were bioconjugated with the DNA aptamer AP1153, which binds to the CCK-B receptor (CCKBR). Aptamer bioconjugated NJs were not significantly increased in size compared with unconjugated nanoparticles. AP1153-ICG-NJ accumulation in orthotopic pancreatic tumors peaked at 18 h post-injection and the ICG signal was cleared by 36 h with no evidence on uptake by non-tumor tissues. Ex vivo tumor imaging confirmed the aptamer-targeted NJs accumulated to higher levels than untargeted NJs, were not taken up by normal pancreas, exited from the tumor vasculature, and were well-dispersed throughout pancreatic and prostate tumors despite extensive fibrosis. Specificity for AP1153-NJ binding to the CCK-B receptor on pancreatic tumor cells was confirmed by pre-treating tumor-bearing mice with the CCK receptor antagonist proglumide. Proglumide pre-treatment reduced the in vivo tumoral accumulation of AP1153-NJs to levels comparable to that of untargeted NJs.

Conclusion

Through specific interactions with CCK-B receptors, tumor-targeted nanoparticles containing either ICG or rhodamine WT were well distributed throughout the matrix of both pancreatic and prostate tumors. Tumor-targeted NJs carrying various imaging agents can enhance tumor detection.

Unique Benefits of Tumor-Specific Nanobodies for Fluorescence Guided Surgery

Tumor-specific fluorescence labeling is promising for real-time visualization of solid malignancies during surgery. There are a number of technologies to confer tumor-specific fluorescence. Antibodies have traditionally been used due to their versatility in modifications; however, their large size hampers efficient fluorophore delivery. Nanobodies are a novel class of molecules, derived from camelid heavy-chain only antibodies, that have shown promise for tumor-specific fluorescence labeling. Nanobodies are ten times smaller than standard antibodies, while maintaining antigen-binding capacity and have advantageous features, including rapidity of tumor labeling, that are reviewed in the present report. The present report reviews special considerations needed in developing nanobody probes, the status of current literature on the use of nanobody probes in fluorescence guided surgery, and potential challenges to be addressed for clinical translation.

Evolving applications of fluorescence guided surgery in pediatric surgical oncology: A practical guide for surgeons

Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) is an increasingly available and popular method of visual field augmentation. The basic premise of FGS entails injection of fluorescent indocyanine green (ICG) and subsequent detection with a near-infrared (NIR) camera. For pediatric surgical oncologists, FGS remains experimental but is a promising modality for identifying tumor margins, locating metastases, performing sentinel lymph node biopsies, protecting peritumoral structures of interest, and facilitating reconstruction. Familiarity with basic ICG pharmacokinetics and NIR detection optics is critical for surgeons wishing to judiciously use FGS, as its success is firmly grounded in a thorough understanding of its capabilities and limitations. In this practical guide, we outline several well-described and innovative FGS applications by disease type, including their methods of administration, modes of detection, and typical ICG dosing paradigms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V.

Laparoscopic advanced intraoperative restaging for radiographic non-metastasis pancreatic cancer: Protocol for a single-center, cross-sectional and follow-up study

BACKGROUND

Although surgical resection holds promise for curing pancreatic cancer, <20% of patients are suitable; however, early postoperative recurrence is common. Currently, radiographic examination is the primary method to determine whether pancreatic cancer has metastasized and to inform clinical staging before surgery. However, the method has a limited detection rate for micro-metastasis within the abdominal cavity; therefore, patients with advanced pancreatic cancer and existing micro-metastasis may receive unnecessary surgical treatment, delaying the timing of adjuvant chemotherapy and resulting in poor prognosis. Laparoscopic staging might be used as a supplement to detect micro-metastasis in patients with pancreatic cancer; however, there is no consistent standard to guide the use of this procedure. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a trial to further explore the consistency and short-term and long-term efficacy of an intraoperative staging strategy for patients with radiographic non-metastasis.

METHODS/DESIGN

This is a single-center cross-sectional and follow-up study. Patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer without metastasis by radiographic examination and histopathological biopsy, who received intraoperative restaging, will be enrolled. The total sample size required for the trial is approximately 125 patients from May 2020 to December 2022. First, radiographic examination staging will be used. Then, laparoscopic exploration will be performed for patients without definite metastatic lesions. Data collection will include preoperative blood examination, radiographic examination, surgical information, and postoperative recovery. The patients will undergo follow-up every 3 months after surgery until death. The primary endpoint is the metastasis-positive rate via laparoscopic exploration. The secondary endpoints are the consistency, sensitivity, and specificity of the intraoperative restaging strategy and radiographic examination, the incidence of postoperative complications within 30 days, the 6-month relapse-free survival rate, and perioperative indicators (total cost, hospital stay, length of surgery, and intraoperative blood loss).

DISCUSSION

We are conducting the trial to explore the metastasis-positive rate of intraoperative restaging strategy for diagnosing pancreatic cancer micro-metastasis. This new intraoperative restaging strategy would help pancreatic cancer patients with potential micro-metastasis avoid receiving unnecessary resection, allow systemic treatment as early as possible, and improve the prognosis of patients.

Has the non-resection rate decreased during the last two decades among patients undergoing surgical exploration for pancreatic adenocarcinoma?

Purpose

To determine if improvement in imaging reduces the non-resection rate (NRR) among patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

Methods

From 2000 to 2019, 751 consecutive patients with PDAC were considered eligible for a intention-to-treat pancreatectomy and entered the operating room. In April 2011, our institution acquired a dual energy spectral computed tomography (CT) scanner and liver diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) was included in the imaging workup. We consequently considered 2 periods of inclusion: period #1 (February 2000–March 2011) and period #2 (April 2011–August 2019).

Results

All patients underwent a preoperative CT scan with a median delay to surgery of 18 days. Liver DW-MRI was performed among 407 patients (54%). Median delay between CT and surgery decreased (21 days to 16 days, P < .01), and liver DW-MRI was significantly most prescribed during period #2 (14% vs 75%, P < .01). According to the intraoperative findings, the overall NRR was 24.5%, and remained stable over the two periods (25% vs 24%, respectively). While vascular invasion, liver metastasis, and carcinomatosis rates remained stable, para-aortic lymph nodes invasion rate (0.4% vs 4.6%; P < 0.001) significantly increased over the 2 periods. The mean size of the bigger extra pancreatic tumor significantly decrease (7.9 mm vs 6.4 mm (P < .01), respectively) when the resection was not done. In multivariate analysis, CA 19–9 < 500 U/mL (P < .01), and liver DW-MRI prescription (P < .01) favoured the resection.

Conclusions

Due to changes in our therapeutic strategies, the NRR did not decrease during two decades despite imaging improvement.

Tumour-specific fluorescence-guided surgery for pancreatic cancer using panitumumab-IRDye800CW: a phase 1 single-centre, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation study

BACKGROUND

Complete surgical resection remains the primary curative option for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, with positive margins in 30-70% of patients. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the use of intraoperative tumour-specific imaging to enhance a surgeon's ability to detect visually occult cancer in real time.

METHODS

In this single-centre, open-label, single-arm study, done in the USA, we enrolled patients who had clinically suspicious or biopsy-confirmed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and were scheduled for curative surgery. Eligible patients were 19 years of age or older with a life expectancy of more than 12 weeks and a Karnofsky performance status of at least 70% or an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group or Zubrod level of one or lower, who were scheduled to undergo curative surgery. Patients were sequentially enrolled into each dosing group and 2-5 days before surgery, patients were intravenously infused with 100 mg of unlabelled panitumumab followed by 25 mg, 50 mg, or 75 mg of the near-infrared fluorescently labelled antibody (panitumumab-IRDye800CW). The primary endpoint was to determine the optimal dose of panitumumab-IRDye800CW in identifying pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas as measured by tumour-to-background ratio in all patients. The tumour-to-background ratio was defined as the fluorescence signal of the tumour divided by the fluorescence signal of the surrounding healthy tissue. The dose-finding part of this study has been completed. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03384238.

FINDINGS

Between April, 2018, and July, 2019, 16 patients were screened for enrolment onto the study. Of the 16 screened patients, two (12%) patients withdrew from the study and three (19%) were not eligible; 11 (69%) patients completed the trial, all of whom were clinically diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The mean tumour-to-background ratio of primary tumours was 3·0 (SD 0·5) in the 25 mg group, 4·0 (SD 0·6) in the 50 mg group, and 3·7 (SD 0·4) in the 75 mg group; the optimal dose was identified as 50 mg. Intraoperatively, near-infrared fluorescence imaging provided enhanced visualisation of the primary tumours, metastatic lymph nodes, and small (<2 mm) peritoneal metastasis. Intravenous administration of panitumumab-IRDye800CW at the doses of 25 mg, 50 mg, and 75 mg did not result in any grade 3 or higher adverse events. There were no serious adverse events attributed to panitumumab-IRDye800CW, although four possibly related adverse events (grade 1 and 2) were reported in four patients.

INTERPRETATION

To our knowledge, this study presents the first clinical use of panitumumab-IRDye800CW for detecting pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and shows that panitumumab-IRDye800CW is safe and feasible to use during pancreatic cancer surgery. Tumour-specific intraoperative imaging might have added value for treatment of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas through improved patient selection and enhanced visualisation of surgical margins, metastatic lymph nodes, and distant metastasis.

FUNDING

National Institutes of Health and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research.