1
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Kucherik A, Osipov A, Samyshkin V, Hartmann RR, Povolotskiy AV, Portnoi ME. Polarization-Sensitive Photoluminescence from Aligned Carbon Chains Terminated by Gold Clusters. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:056902. [PMID: 38364118 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.056902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
We synthesize a thin film composed of long carbyne chains terminated by gold clusters and study its optical properties. The presence of gold particles stabilizes longer chains and leads to their alignment. We show that the gold clusters also act as a source of electron doping, thus, changing the intensity of photoluminescence from quadratic dependence on the pumping intensity without gold to linear with gold. We also observe that the excitation of the film at the gold plasmon frequency causes the blue shift of photoluminescence and estimate, on the basis of this effect, the minimum length of the carbyne chains. The high degree of alignment of the gold-terminated carbyne chains results in strongly anisotropic light absorption characterized by a distinctive cosine dependence on the angle between the carbyne molecule and polarization plane of the excitation. This paves the way for a new class of ultimately thin polarization sensitive emitters to be used in future integrated quantum photonics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kucherik
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Stoletov Vladimir State University, 600000 Gor'kii street, Vladimir, Russia
| | - A Osipov
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Stoletov Vladimir State University, 600000 Gor'kii street, Vladimir, Russia
| | - V Samyshkin
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Stoletov Vladimir State University, 600000 Gor'kii street, Vladimir, Russia
| | - R R Hartmann
- Physics Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines
| | - A V Povolotskiy
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 Ulianovskaya street, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M E Portnoi
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
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2
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Doumani J, Lou M, Dewey O, Hong N, Fan J, Baydin A, Zahn K, Yomogida Y, Yanagi K, Pasquali M, Saito R, Kono J, Gao W. Engineering chirality at wafer scale with ordered carbon nanotube architectures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7380. [PMID: 37968325 PMCID: PMC10651894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Creating artificial matter with controllable chirality in a simple and scalable manner brings new opportunities to diverse areas. Here we show two such methods based on controlled vacuum filtration - twist stacking and mechanical rotation - for fabricating wafer-scale chiral architectures of ordered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with tunable and large circular dichroism (CD). By controlling the stacking angle and handedness in the twist-stacking approach, we maximize the CD response and achieve a high deep-ultraviolet ellipticity of 40 ± 1 mdeg nm-1. Our theoretical simulations using the transfer matrix method reproduce the experimentally observed CD spectra and further predict that an optimized film of twist-stacked CNTs can exhibit an ellipticity as high as 150 mdeg nm-1, corresponding to a g factor of 0.22. Furthermore, the mechanical rotation method not only accelerates the fabrication of twisted structures but also produces both chiralities simultaneously in a single sample, in a single run, and in a controllable manner. The created wafer-scale objects represent an alternative type of synthetic chiral matter consisting of ordered quantum wires whose macroscopic properties are governed by nanoscopic electronic signatures and can be used to explore chiral phenomena and develop chiral photonic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Doumani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Minhan Lou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Oliver Dewey
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nina Hong
- J.A. Woollam Co., Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jichao Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrey Baydin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keshav Zahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yohei Yomogida
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Riichiro Saito
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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3
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Wild A, Mariani E, Portnoi ME. Optical valley separation in two-dimensional semimetals with tilted Dirac cones. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19211. [PMID: 37932388 PMCID: PMC10628198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Quasiparticles emerging in crystalline materials can possess a binary flavor known as the valley quantum number which can be used as a basis to encode information in an emerging class of valleytronic devices. Here we show that two-dimensional semimetals with tilted Dirac cones in the electronic band structure exhibit spatial separation of carriers belonging to different valleys under illumination. In stark contrast to gapped Dirac materials this optovalleytronic phenomenon occurs in systems with intact inversion and time-reversal symmetry that host gapless Dirac cones in the band structure, thereby retaining the exceptional graphene-like transport properties. We thus demonstrate that optical valley separation is possible at arbitrarily low photon frequencies including the deep infrared and terahertz regimes with full gate tunability via Pauli blocking. As a specific example of our theory, we predict tunable valley separation in the proposed two-dimensional tilted Dirac cone semimetal 8-Pmmn borophene for incident infrared photons at room temperature. This work highlights the potential of two-dimensional tilted Dirac cone materials as a platform for tunable broadband optovalleytronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wild
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, United Kingdom.
| | - Eros Mariani
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - M E Portnoi
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, United Kingdom.
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4
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Zhu Y, Chen Z, Chen H, Fu X, Awuye DE, Yin X, Zhao Y. Breaking the Barrier: Strategies for Mitigating Shuttle Effect in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Using Advanced Separators. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3955. [PMID: 37836004 PMCID: PMC10575298 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered one of the most promising energy storage systems due to their high theoretical capacity, high theoretical capacity density, and low cost. However, challenges such as poor conductivity of sulfur (S) elements in active materials, the "shuttle effect" caused by lithium polysulfide, and the growth of lithium dendrites impede the commercial development of Li-S batteries. As a crucial component of the battery, the separator plays a vital role in mitigating the shuttle effect caused by polysulfide. Traditional polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyimide separators are constrained by their inherent limitations, rendering them unsuitable for direct application in lithium-sulfur batteries. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel separators. This review summarizes the applications of different separator preparation methods and separator modification methods in lithium-sulfur batteries and analyzes their electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbao Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhou Chen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Zhongneng Polysilicon Technology Development Co., Ltd., Xuzhou 221000, China; (H.C.); (X.F.)
| | - Xuguang Fu
- Jiangsu Zhongneng Polysilicon Technology Development Co., Ltd., Xuzhou 221000, China; (H.C.); (X.F.)
| | - Desire Emefa Awuye
- Department of Minerals and Materials Engineering, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa 03123, Ghana;
| | - Xichen Yin
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yixuan Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
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5
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Wais M, Bagsican FRG, Komatsu N, Gao W, Serita K, Murakami H, Held K, Kawayama I, Kono J, Battiato M, Tonouchi M. Transition from Diffusive to Superdiffusive Transport in Carbon Nanotube Networks via Nematic Order Control. Nano Lett 2023; 23:4448-4455. [PMID: 37164003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The one-dimensional confinement of quasiparticles in individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) leads to extremely anisotropic electronic and optical properties. In a macroscopic ensemble of randomly oriented CNTs, this anisotropy disappears together with other properties that make them attractive for certain device applications. The question however remains if not only anisotropy but also other types of behaviors are suppressed by disorder. Here, we compare the dynamics of quasiparticles under strong electric fields in aligned and random CNT networks using a combination of terahertz emission and photocurrent experiments and out-of-equilibrium numerical simulations. We find that the degree of alignment strongly influences the excited quasiparticles' dynamics, rerouting the thermalization pathways. This is, in particular, evidenced in the high-energy, high-momentum electronic population (probed through the formation of low energy excitons via exciton impact ionization) and the transport regime evolving from diffusive to superdiffusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wais
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Solid State Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Natsumi Komatsu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kazunori Serita
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hironaru Murakami
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Karsten Held
- Institute for Solid State Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwao Kawayama
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Marco Battiato
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Masayoshi Tonouchi
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Rust C, Shapturenka P, Spari M, Jin Q, Li H, Bacher A, Guttmann M, Zheng M, Adel T, Walker ARH, Fagan JA, Flavel BS. The Impact of Carbon Nanotube Length and Diameter on their Global Alignment by Dead-End Filtration. Small 2023; 19:e2206774. [PMID: 36549899 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dead-end filtration has proven to effectively prepare macroscopically (3.8 cm2 ) aligned thin films from solutionbased single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). However, to make this technique broadly applicable, the role of SWCNT length and diameter must be understood. To date, most groups report the alignment of unsorted, large diameter (≈1.4 nm) SWCNTs, but systematic studies on their small diameter are rare (≈0.78 nm). In this work, films with an area of A = 3.81 cm2 and a thickness of ≈40 nm are prepared from length-sorted fractions comprising of small and large diameter SWCNTs, respectively. The alignment is characterized by cross-polarized microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, absorption and Raman spectroscopy. For the longest fractions (Lavg = 952 nm ± 431 nm, Δ = 1.58 and Lavg = 667 nm ± 246 nm, Δ = 1.55), the 2D order parameter, S2D, values of ≈0.6 and ≈0.76 are reported for the small and large diameter SWCNTs over an area of A = 625 µm2 , respectively. A comparison of Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO) theory calculations with the aligned domain size is then used to propose a law identifying the required length of a carbon nanotube with a given diameter and zeta potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rust
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Pavel Shapturenka
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Manuel Spari
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Qihao Jin
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bacher
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Guttmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Tehseen Adel
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Angela R Hight Walker
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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7
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Kharlamova MV, Paukov M, Burdanova MG. Nanotube Functionalization: Investigation, Methods and Demonstrated Applications. Materials 2022; 15:5386. [PMID: 35955321 PMCID: PMC9369776 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review presents an update on nanotube functionalization, including an investigation of their methods and applications. The review starts with the discussion of microscopy and spectroscopy investigations of functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The results of transmission electron microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and resistivity measurements are summarized. The update on the methods of the functionalization of CNTs, such as covalent and non-covalent modification or the substitution of carbon atoms, is presented. The demonstrated applications of functionalized CNTs in nanoelectronics, composites, electrochemical energy storage, electrode materials, sensors and biomedicine are discussed.
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8
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Walker JS, Macdermid ZJ, Fagan JA, Kolmakov A, Biacchi AJ, Searles TA, Walker ARH, Rice WD. Dependence of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Alignment on the Filter Membrane Interface in Slow Vacuum Filtration. Small 2022; 18:e2105619. [PMID: 35064635 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent introduction of slow vacuum filtration (SVF) technology has shown great promise for reproducibly creating high-quality, large-area aligned films of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from solution-based dispersions. Despite clear advantages over other SWCNT alignment techniques, SVF remains in the developmental stages due to a lack of an agreed-upon alignment mechanism, a hurdle which hinders SVF optimization. In this work, the filter membrane surface is modified to show how the resulting SWCNT nematic order can be significantly enhanced. It is observed that directional mechanical grooving on filter membranes does not play a significant role in SWCNT alignment, despite the tendency for nanotubes to follow the groove direction. Chemical treatments to the filter membrane are shown to increase SWCNT alignment by nearly 1/3. These findings suggest that membrane surface structure acts to create a directional flow along the filter membrane surface that can produce global SWCNT alignment during SVF, rather serving as an alignment template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Walker
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Zia J Macdermid
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Andrei Kolmakov
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Adam J Biacchi
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Thomas A Searles
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Howard University, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA
| | - Angela R Hight Walker
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - William D Rice
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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9
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Baydin A, Tay F, Fan J, Manjappa M, Gao W, Kono J. Carbon Nanotube Devices for Quantum Technology. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:1535. [PMID: 35208080 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes, quintessentially one-dimensional quantum objects, possess a variety of electrical, optical, and mechanical properties that are suited for developing devices that operate on quantum mechanical principles. The states of one-dimensional electrons, excitons, and phonons in carbon nanotubes with exceptionally large quantization energies are promising for high-operating-temperature quantum devices. Here, we discuss recent progress in the development of carbon-nanotube-based devices for quantum technology, i.e., quantum mechanical strategies for revolutionizing computation, sensing, and communication. We cover fundamental properties of carbon nanotubes, their growth and purification methods, and methodologies for assembling them into architectures of ordered nanotubes that manifest macroscopic quantum properties. Most importantly, recent developments and proposals for quantum information processing devices based on individual and assembled nanotubes are reviewed.
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10
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Bulmer JS, Kaniyoor A, Elliott JA. A Meta-Analysis of Conductive and Strong Carbon Nanotube Materials. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008432. [PMID: 34278614 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A study of 1304 data points collated over 266 papers statistically evaluates the relationships between carbon nanotube (CNT) material characteristics, including: electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties; ampacity; density; purity; microstructure alignment; molecular dimensions and graphitic perfection; and doping. Compared to conductive polymers and graphitic intercalation compounds, which have exceeded the electrical conductivity of copper, CNT materials are currently one-sixth of copper's conductivity, mechanically on-par with synthetic or carbon fibers, and exceed all the other materials in terms of a multifunctional metric. Doped, aligned few-wall CNTs (FWCNTs) are the most superior CNT category; from this, the acid-spun fiber subset are the most conductive, and the subset of fibers directly spun from floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition are strongest on a weight basis. The thermal conductivity of multiwall CNT material rivals that of FWCNT materials. Ampacity follows a diameter-dependent power-law from nanometer to millimeter scales. Undoped, aligned FWCNT material reaches the intrinsic conductivity of CNT bundles and single-crystal graphite, illustrating an intrinsic limit requiring doping for copper-level conductivities. Comparing an assembly of CNTs (forming mesoscopic bundles, then macroscopic material) to an assembly of graphene (forming single-crystal graphite crystallites, then carbon fiber), the ≈1 µm room-temperature, phonon-limited mean-free-path shared between graphene, metallic CNTs, and activated semiconducting CNTs is highlighted, deemphasizing all metallic helicities for CNT power transmission applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Bulmer
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Adarsh Kaniyoor
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - James A Elliott
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
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11
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Abdulhameed A, Halin IA, Mohtar MN, Hamidon MN. Airflow-assisted dielectrophoresis to reduce the resistance mismatch in carbon nanotube-based temperature sensors. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39311-39318. [PMID: 35492445 PMCID: PMC9044456 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08250g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Airflow-assisted dielectrophoresis (AA-DEP) is a novel dielectrophoresis (DEP) setup used to fabricate sensor devices with minimum resistance variation by assembling and aligning carbon nanotubes (CNTs) across electrode structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Abdulhameed
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Izhal Abdul Halin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nazim Mohtar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia
- Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nizar Hamidon
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia
- Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia
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12
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13
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Bagsican FG, Wais M, Komatsu N, Gao W, Weber LW, Serita K, Murakami H, Held K, Hegmann FA, Tonouchi M, Kono J, Kawayama I, Battiato M. Terahertz Excitonics in Carbon Nanotubes: Exciton Autoionization and Multiplication. Nano Lett 2020; 20:3098-3105. [PMID: 32227963 PMCID: PMC7227006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Excitons play major roles in optical processes in modern semiconductors, such as single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs), transition metal dichalcogenides, and 2D perovskite quantum wells. They possess extremely large binding energies (>100 meV), dominating absorption and emission spectra even at high temperatures. The large binding energies imply that they are stable, that is, hard to ionize, rendering them seemingly unsuited for optoelectronic devices that require mobile charge carriers, especially terahertz emitters and solar cells. Here, we have conducted terahertz emission and photocurrent studies on films of aligned single-chirality semiconducting CNTs and find that excitons autoionize, i.e., spontaneously dissociate into electrons and holes. This process naturally occurs ultrafast (<1 ps) while conserving energy and momentum. The created carriers can then be accelerated to emit a burst of terahertz radiation when a dc bias is applied, with promising efficiency in comparison to standard GaAs-based emitters. Furthermore, at high bias, the accelerated carriers acquire high enough kinetic energy to create secondary excitons through impact exciton generation, again in a fully energy and momentum conserving fashion. This exciton multiplication process leads to a nonlinear photocurrent increase as a function of bias. Our theoretical simulations based on nonequilibrium Boltzmann transport equations, taking into account all possible scattering pathways and a realistic band structure, reproduce all of our experimental data semiquantitatively. These results not only elucidate the momentum-dependent ultrafast dynamics of excitons and carriers in CNTs but also suggest promising routes toward terahertz excitonics despite the orders-of-magnitude mismatch between the exciton binding energies and the terahertz photon energies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Wais
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Division
of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Natsumi Komatsu
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lincoln W. Weber
- Department
of Physics, Southern Illinois University
Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Kazunori Serita
- Institute
of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hironaru Murakami
- Institute
of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Karsten Held
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank A. Hegmann
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Masayoshi Tonouchi
- Institute
of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Institute
of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division
of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Material Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Iwao Kawayama
- Institute
of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate
School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Marco Battiato
- Division
of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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14
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Komatsu N, Nakamura M, Ghosh S, Kim D, Chen H, Katagiri A, Yomogida Y, Gao W, Yanagi K, Kono J. Groove-Assisted Global Spontaneous Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes in Vacuum Filtration. Nano Lett 2020; 20:2332-2338. [PMID: 32092275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), it has long been a challenging goal to create macroscopically ordered assemblies, or crystals, of CNTs that preserve the one-dimensional quantum properties of individual CNTs on a macroscopic scale. Recently, a simple and well-controlled method was reported for producing wafer-scale crystalline films of highly aligned and densely packed CNTs through spontaneous global alignment that occurs during vacuum filtration (Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 633). However, a full understanding of the mechanism of such global alignment has not been achieved. Here, we report results of a series of systematic experiments that demonstrate that the CNT alignment direction can be controlled by the surface morphology of the filter membrane used in the vacuum filtration process. More specifically, we found that the direction of parallel grooves pre-existing on the surface of the filter membrane dictates the direction of the resulting CNT alignment. Furthermore, we intentionally imprinted periodically spaced parallel grooves on a filter membrane using a diffraction grating, which successfully defined the direction of the global alignment of CNTs in a precise and reproducible manner. These results are promising not only for developing novel devices based on macroscopically aligned CNTs but also for understanding the microscopic physical mechanism of the alignment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Komatsu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Motonori Nakamura
- Department of Systems, Control and Information Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Asahikawa College, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 071-8142, Japan
| | - Saunab Ghosh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Daeun Kim
- Department of Electronics for Informatics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0814, Japan
| | - Haoze Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Atsuhiro Katagiri
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yohei Yomogida
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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15
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Walker JS, Fagan JA, Biacchi AJ, Kuehl VA, Searles TA, Hight Walker AR, Rice WD. Global Alignment of Solution-Based Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Films via Machine-Vision Controlled Filtration. Nano Lett 2019; 19:7256-7264. [PMID: 31507183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, substantial progress has been made in the chemical control (chiral enrichment, length sorting, handedness selectivity, and filling substance) of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Recently, it was shown that large, horizontally aligned films can be created out of postprocessed SWCNT solutions. Here, we use machine-vision automation and parallelization to simultaneously produce globally aligned SWCNT films using pressure-driven filtration. Feedback control enables filtration to occur with a constant flow rate that not only improves the nematic ordering of the SWCNT films but also provides the ability to align a wide range of SWCNT types and on a variety of nanoporous membranes using the same filtration parameters. Using polarized optical spectroscopic techniques, we show that under standard implementation, meniscus combing produces a two-dimensional radial SWCNT alignment on one side of the film. After we flatten the meniscus through silanization, spatially resolved nematicity maps on both sides of the SWCNT film reveal global alignment across the entire structure. From experiments changing ionic strength and membrane charging, we provide evidence that the SWCNT alignment mechanism stems from an interplay of intertube interactions and ordered membrane charging. This work opens up the possibility of creating globally aligned SWCNT film structures for a new generation of nanotube electronics and optical control elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Walker
- Department of Physics , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Adam J Biacchi
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Valerie A Kuehl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - Thomas A Searles
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Howard University , Washington , D.C. 20059 , United States
| | - Angela R Hight Walker
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - William D Rice
- Department of Physics , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
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16
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Ichinose Y, Yoshida A, Horiuchi K, Fukuhara K, Komatsu N, Gao W, Yomogida Y, Matsubara M, Yamamoto T, Kono J, Yanagi K. Solving the Thermoelectric Trade-Off Problem with Metallic Carbon Nanotubes. Nano Lett 2019; 19:7370-7376. [PMID: 31498635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductors are generally considered far superior to metals as thermoelectric materials because of their much larger Seebeck coefficients (S). However, a maximum value of S in a semiconductor is normally accompanied by a minuscule electrical conductivity (σ), and hence, the thermoelectric power factor (P = S2σ) remains small. An attempt to increase σ by increasing the Fermi energy (EF), on the other hand, decreases S. This trade-off between S and σ is a well-known dilemma in developing high-performance thermoelectric devices based on semiconductors. Here, we show that the use of metallic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with tunable EF solves this long-standing problem, demonstrating a higher thermoelectric performance than semiconducting CNTs. We studied the EF dependence of S, σ, and P in a series of CNT films with systematically varied metallic CNT contents. In purely metallic CNT films, both S and σ monotonically increased with EF, continuously boosting P while increasing EF. Particularly, in an aligned metallic CNT film, the maximum of P was ∼5 times larger than that in the highest-purity (>99%) single-chirality semiconducting CNT film. We attribute these superior thermoelectric properties of metallic CNTs to the simultaneously enhanced S and σ of one-dimensional conduction electrons near the first van Hove singularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Ichinose
- Department of Physics , Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo 192-0372 , Japan
| | - Akari Yoshida
- Department of Physics , Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo 192-0372 , Japan
| | - Kanako Horiuchi
- Department of Physics , Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo 192-0372 , Japan
| | - Kengo Fukuhara
- Department of Physics , Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo 192-0372 , Japan
| | - Natsumi Komatsu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Yohei Yomogida
- Department of Physics , Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo 192-0372 , Japan
| | - Manaho Matsubara
- Department of Liberal Arts, Faculty of Engineering , Tokyo University of Science , Katsushika , Tokyo 125-8585 , Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Liberal Arts, Faculty of Engineering , Tokyo University of Science , Katsushika , Tokyo 125-8585 , Japan
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department of Physics , Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo 192-0372 , Japan
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17
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Abstract
We show that packed, horizontally aligned films of single-walled carbon nanotubes are hyperbolic metamaterials with ultrasubwavelength unit cells and dynamic tunability. Using Mueller matrix ellipsometry, we characterize the films' optical properties, which are doping level dependent, and find a broadband hyperbolic region tunable in the mid-infrared. To characterize the dispersion of in-plane hyperbolic plasmon modes, we etch the nanotube films into nanoribbons with differing widths and orientations relative to the nanotube axis, and we observe that the hyperbolic modes support strong light localization. An agreement between the experiments and theoretical models using the ellipsometry data indicates that the packed carbon nanotubes support bulk anisotropic responses at the nanoscale. Self-assembled films of carbon nanotubes are well-suited for applications in thermal emission and photodetection, and they serve as model systems for studying light-matter interactions in the deep subwavelength regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Andris Roberts
- Department of Applied Physics , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Shang-Jie Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Po-Hsun Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights , New York 10598 , United States
| | - Stefan Schoeche
- J.A. Woollam Co., Inc. , Lincoln , Nebraska 68508 , United States
| | - Abram L Falk
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights , New York 10598 , United States
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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