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Agbemabiese CA, Philip AA, Patton JT. Recovery of Recombinant Rotaviruses by Reverse Genetics. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2733:249-263. [PMID: 38064037 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3533-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the primary cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children throughout the world. To combat rotavirus illness, several live oral vaccines have been developed, or are under development, that are formulated from attenuated human or human-animal reassortant strains of rotavirus. While the effectiveness of these vaccines is generally high in developed countries, the same vaccines are significantly less effective in many developing countries, where the need for rotavirus vaccines is greatest. Recently, reverse genetics systems have been developed that allow modification of the segmented double-stranded (ds)RNA genome of rotavirus, including reprogramming the genome to allow expression of additional proteins that may stimulate expanded neutralizing antibody responses in vaccinated children. The use of reverse genetics systems may not only lead to the development of more potent classes of vaccines but can be used to better explore the intricacies of rotavirus molecular biology and pathogenesis. In this article, we share protocols that can be used to generate recombinant rotaviruses, including modified strains that express foreign proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A Agbemabiese
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Asha A Philip
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- CSL Seqirus, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - John T Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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Philip AA, Hu S, Dai J, Patton JT. Recombinant rotavirus expressing the glycosylated S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001899. [PMID: 37830788 PMCID: PMC10721933 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse genetic systems have been used to introduce heterologous sequences into the rotavirus segmented double-stranded (ds)RNA genome, enabling the generation of recombinant viruses that express foreign proteins and possibly serve as vaccine vectors. Notably, insertion of SARS-CoV-2 sequences into the segment seven (NSP3) RNA of simian SA11 rotavirus was previously shown to result in the production of recombinant viruses that efficiently expressed the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S1 region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. However, efforts to generate a similar recombinant (r) SA11 virus that efficiently expressed full-length S1 were less successful. In this study, we describe modifications to the S1-coding cassette inserted in the segment seven RNA that allowed recovery of second-generation rSA11 viruses that efficiently expressed the ~120-kDa S1 protein. The ~120-kDa S1 products were shown to be glycosylated, based on treatment with endoglycosidase H, which reduced the protein to a size of ~80 kDa. Co-pulldown assays demonstrated that the ~120-kDa S1 proteins had affinity for the human ACE2 receptor. Although all the second-generation rSA11 viruses expressed glycosylated S1 with affinity for the ACE receptor, only the S1 product of one virus (rSA11/S1f) was appropriately recognized by anti-S1 antibodies, suggesting the rSA11/S1f virus expressed an authentic form of S1. Compared to the other second-generation rSA11 viruses, the design of the rSA11/S1f was unique, encoding an S1 product that did not include an N-terminal FLAG tag. Probably due to the impact of FLAG tags upstream of the S1 signal peptides, the S1 products of the other viruses (rSA11/3fS1 and rSA11/3fS1-His) may have undergone defective glycosylation, impeding antibody binding. In summary, these results indicate that recombinant rotaviruses can serve as expression vectors of foreign glycosylated proteins, raising the possibility of generating rotavirus-based vaccines that can induce protective immune responses against enteric and mucosal viruses with glycosylated capsid components, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha A. Philip
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Present address: CSL Seqirus, 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02452, USA
| | - Sannoong Hu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jin Dai
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Wei J, Radcliffe S, Pirrone A, Lu M, Li Y, Cassaday J, Newhard W, Heidecker GJ, Rose II WA, He X, Freed D, Citron M, Espeseth A, Wang D. A Novel Rotavirus Reverse Genetics Platform Supports Flexible Insertion of Exogenous Genes and Enables Rapid Development of a High-Throughput Neutralization Assay. Viruses 2023; 15:2034. [PMID: 37896813 PMCID: PMC10611407 DOI: 10.3390/v15102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of rotavirus vaccines, rotaviruses remain one of the leading causes of diarrheal diseases, resulting in significant childhood morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The reverse genetics system enables the manipulation of the rotavirus genome and opens the possibility of using rotavirus as an expression vector for heterologous proteins, such as vaccine antigens and therapeutic payloads. Here, we demonstrate that three positions in rotavirus genome-the C terminus of NSP1, NSP3 and NSP5-can tolerate the insertion of reporter genes. By using rotavirus expressing GFP, we develop a high-throughput neutralization assay and reveal the pre-existing immunity against rotavirus in humans and other animal species. Our work shows the plasticity of the rotavirus genome and establishes a high-throughput assay for interrogating humoral immune responses, benefiting the design of next-generation rotavirus vaccines and the development of rotavirus-based expression platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Scott Radcliffe
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (S.R.); (W.A.R.II)
| | - Amanda Pirrone
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Meiqing Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Jason Cassaday
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - William Newhard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Gwendolyn J. Heidecker
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - William A. Rose II
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (S.R.); (W.A.R.II)
| | - Xi He
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Daniel Freed
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Michael Citron
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Amy Espeseth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Dai Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
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