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Zha R, Lei B, Ma J, Zhang Z, Pan Y, Wang B, Qi N. Improving the Cβ stereoselectivity of L-threonine aldolase for the preparation of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine, a powerful anti-Parkinson's disease drug. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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2
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Lee SH, Yeom SJ, Kim SE, Oh DK. Development of aldolase-based catalysts for the synthesis of organic chemicals. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:306-319. [PMID: 34462144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aldol chemicals are synthesized by condensation reactions between the carbon units of ketones and aldehydes using aldolases. The efficient synthesis of diverse organic chemicals requires intrinsic modification of aldolases via engineering and design, as well as extrinsic modification through immobilization or combination with other catalysts. This review describes the development of aldolases, including their engineering and design, and the selection of desired aldolases using high-throughput screening, to enhance their catalytic properties and perform novel reactions. Aldolase-containing catalysts, which catalyze the aldol reaction combined with other enzymatic and/or chemical reactions, can efficiently synthesize diverse complex organic chemicals using inexpensive and simple materials as substrates. We also discuss the current challenges and emerging solutions for aldolase-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hwa Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Park SH, Seo H, Seok J, Kim H, Kwon KK, Yeom SJ, Lee SG, Kim KJ. Cβ-Selective Aldol Addition of d-Threonine Aldolase by Spatial Constraint of Aldehyde Binding. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Park
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Seo
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Seok
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Haseong Kim
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kil Koang Kwon
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Goo Lee
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Wang L, Xu L, Su B, Lin W, Xu X, Lin J. Improving the C β Stereoselectivity of l-Threonine Aldolase for the Synthesis of l-threo-4-Methylsulfonylphenylserine by Modulating the Substrate-Binding Pocket To Control the Orientation of the Substrate Entrance. Chemistry 2021; 27:9654-9660. [PMID: 33843095 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
l-Threonine aldolase from Actinocorallia herbida (AhLTA) is an ideal catalyst for producing l-threo-4-methylsulfonylphenylserine [(2S,3R)-1 b], a key chiral precursor for florfenicol and thiamphenicol. The moderate Cβ stereoselectivity is the main obstacle to the industrial application of AhLTA. To address this issue, a combinatorial active-site saturation test (CAST) together with sequence conservatism analysis was applied to engineer the AhLTA toward improved Cβ stereoselectivity. The optical mutant Y314R could asymmetrically synthesize l-threo-4-methylsulfonylphenylserine with 81 % diastereomeric excess (de), which is 23 % higher than wild-type AhLTA. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations revealed that the mechanism for the improvement in Cβ stereoselectivity of Y314R is due to the acylamino group of residues Arg314 controlling the orientation of substrate 4-methylsulfonyl benzaldehyde (1 a) in the active pocket by directed interaction with the methylsulfonyl group; this leads to asymmetric synthesis of l-threo-4-methylsulfonylphenylserine. The success in this study demonstrates that direct control of substrates in an active pocket is an attract strategy to address the Cβ stereoselectivity problem of LTA and contribute to the industrial application of LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lian Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bingmei Su
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinqi Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Juan Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China.,College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, P. R. China
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Zheng W, Yu H, Fang S, Chen K, Wang Z, Cheng X, Xu G, Yang L, Wu J. Directed Evolution of l-Threonine Aldolase for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of β-Hydroxy-α-amino Acids. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zheng
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Sai Fang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kaitong Chen
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Huadong Medicine Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310011, China
| | - Xiuli Cheng
- Huadong Medicine Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310011, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
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Abstract
Most of biochemical and mutagenesis studies performed with L-threonine aldolases were done with respect to natural activity, the cleavage of L-threonine and sometimes L-β-phenylserine. However, the properties of variants and the impact of mutations on the product synthesis are more interesting from an applications point of view. Here we performed site-directed mutagenesis of active site residues of L-threonine aldolase from Aeromonas jandaei to analyze their impact on the retro-aldol activity and on the aldol synthesis of L-β-phenylserine and L-α-alkyl-β-phenylserines. Consequently, reduced retro-aldol activity upon mutation of catalytically important residues led to increased conversions and diastereoselectivities in the synthetic direction. Thus, L-β-phenylserine can be produced with conversions up to 60% and d.e.‘s up to 80% (syn) under kinetic control. Furthermorem, the donor specificity of L-threonine aldolase was increased upon mutation of active site residues, which enlarged the pocket size for an efficient binding and stabilization of donor molecules in the active site. This study broadens the knowledge about L-threonine aldolase catalyzed reactions and improves the synthetic protocols for the biocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of unnatural amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Fesko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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Chen Q, Chen X, Feng J, Wu Q, Zhu D, Ma Y. Improving and Inverting Cβ-Stereoselectivity of Threonine Aldolase via Substrate-Binding-Guided Mutagenesis and a Stepwise Visual Screening. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qijia Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xi Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
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Liang J, Han Q, Tan Y, Ding H, Li J. Current Advances on Structure-Function Relationships of Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate-Dependent Enzymes. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:4. [PMID: 30891451 PMCID: PMC6411801 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) functions as a coenzyme in many enzymatic processes, including decarboxylation, deamination, transamination, racemization, and others. Enzymes, requiring PLP, are commonly termed PLP-dependent enzymes, and they are widely involved in crucial cellular metabolic pathways in most of (if not all) living organisms. The chemical mechanisms for PLP-mediated reactions have been well elaborated and accepted with an emphasis on the pure chemical steps, but how the chemical steps are processed by enzymes, especially by functions of active site residues, are not fully elucidated. Furthermore, the specific mechanism of an enzyme in relation to the one for a similar class of enzymes seems scarcely described or discussed. This discussion aims to link the specific mechanism described for the individual enzyme to the same types of enzymes from different species with aminotransferases, decarboxylases, racemase, aldolase, cystathionine β-synthase, aromatic phenylacetaldehyde synthase, et al. as models. The structural factors that contribute to the reaction mechanisms, particularly active site residues critical for dictating the reaction specificity, are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yang Tan
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haizhen Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Rocha JF, Pina AF, Sousa SF, Cerqueira NMFSA. PLP-dependent enzymes as important biocatalysts for the pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries: a structural and mechanistic perspective. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01210a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PLP-dependent enzymes described on this review are attractive targets for enzyme engineering towards their application in an industrial biotechnology framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana F. Rocha
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE
- BioSIM
- Departamento de Biomedicina
- Faculdade de Medicina
- Universidade do Porto
| | - André F. Pina
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE
- BioSIM
- Departamento de Biomedicina
- Faculdade de Medicina
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Sérgio F. Sousa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE
- BioSIM
- Departamento de Biomedicina
- Faculdade de Medicina
- Universidade do Porto
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Blesl J, Trobe M, Anderl F, Breinbauer R, Strohmeier GA, Fesko K. Application of Threonine Aldolases for the Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Quaternary α-Amino Acids. ChemCatChem 2018; 10:3453-3458. [PMID: 31057675 PMCID: PMC6485451 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of diverse β-hydroxy-α,α-dialkyl-α-amino acids with perfect stereoselectivity for the α-quaternary center through the action of l- and d-specific threonine aldolases. A wide variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes were accepted by the enzymes and conversions up to >80 % were obtained. In the case of d-selective threonine aldolase from Pseudomonas sp., generally higher diastereoselectivities were observed. The applicability of the protocol was demonstrated by performing enzymatic reactions on preparative scale. Using the d-threonine aldolase from Pseudomonas sp., (2R,3S)-2-amino-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid was generated in preparative amounts in one step with a diastereomeric ratio >100 favoring the syn-product. A Birch-type reduction enabled the reductive removal of the β-hydroxy group from (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid to generate enantiopure l-α-methyl-phenylalanine via a two-step chemo-enzymatic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blesl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Melanie Trobe
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Felix Anderl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, A-8010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Gernot A. Strohmeier
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, A-8010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Kateryna Fesko
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, A-8010GrazAustria
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Fesko K, Suplatov D, Švedas V. Bioinformatic analysis of the fold type I PLP-dependent enzymes reveals determinants of reaction specificity in l-threonine aldolase from Aeromonas jandaei. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1013-1028. [PMID: 29928580 PMCID: PMC5986058 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of specific amino acid residues in the molecular mechanism of a protein's function is one of the most challenging problems in modern biology. A systematic bioinformatic analysis of protein families and superfamilies can help in the study of structure–function relationships and in the design of improved variants of enzymes/proteins, but represents a methodological challenge. The pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate (PLP)‐dependent enzymes are catalytically diverse and include the aspartate aminotransferase superfamily which implements a common structural framework known as type fold I. In this work, the recently developed bioinformatic online methods Mustguseal and Zebra were used to collect and study a large representative set of the aspartate aminotransferase superfamily with high structural, but low sequence similarity to l‐threonine aldolase from Aeromonas jandaei (LTAaj), in order to identify conserved positions that provide general properties in the superfamily, and to reveal family‐specific positions (FSPs) responsible for functional diversity. The roles of the identified residues in the catalytic mechanism and reaction specificity of LTAaj were then studied by experimental site‐directed mutagenesis and molecular modelling. It was shown that FSPs determine reaction specificity by coordinating the PLP cofactor in the enzyme's active centre, thus influencing its activation and the tautomeric equilibrium of the intermediates, which can be used as hotspots to modulate the protein's functional properties. Mutagenesis at the selected FSPs in LTAaj led to a reduction in a native catalytic activity and increased the rate of promiscuous reactions. The results provide insight into the structural basis of catalytic promiscuity of the PLP‐dependent enzymes and demonstrate the potential of bioinformatic analysis in studying structure–function relationship in protein superfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Fesko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Austria
| | - Dmitry Suplatov
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Russia
| | - Vytas Švedas
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Russia
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Kataoka M, Miyakawa T, Shimizu S, Tanokura M. Enzymes useful for chiral compound synthesis: structural biology, directed evolution, and protein engineering for industrial use. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5747-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fesko K. Threonine aldolases: perspectives in engineering and screening the enzymes with enhanced substrate and stereo specificities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:2579-90. [PMID: 26810201 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Threonine aldolases have emerged as a powerful tool for asymmetric carbon-carbon bond formation. These enzymes catalyse the unnatural aldol condensation of different aldehydes and glycine to produce highly valuable β-hydroxy-α-amino acids with complete stereocontrol at the α-carbon and moderate specificity at the β-carbon. A range of microbial threonine aldolases has been recently recombinantly produced by several groups and their biochemical properties were characterized. Numerous studies have been conducted to improve the reaction protocols to enable higher conversions and investigate the substrate scope of enzymes. However, the application of threonine aldolases in organic synthesis is still limited due to often moderate yields and low diastereoselectivities obtained in the aldol reaction. This review briefly summarizes the screening techniques recently applied to discover novel threonine aldolases as well as enzyme engineering and mutagenesis studies which were accomplished to improve the catalytic activity and substrate specificity. Additionally, the results from new investigations on threonine aldolases including crystal structure determinations and structural-functional characterization are reviewed.
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Fesko K, Strohmeier GA, Breinbauer R. Expanding the threonine aldolase toolbox for the asymmetric synthesis of tertiary α-amino acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9651-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Liu G, Zhang M, Chen X, Zhang W, Ding W, Zhang Q. Evolution of Threonine Aldolases, a Diverse Family Involved in the Second Pathway of Glycine Biosynthesis. J Mol Evol 2015; 80:102-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-015-9667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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