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Kundu A, McCoy L, Azim N, Nguyen H, Didier CM, Ausaf T, Sharma AD, Curley JL, Moore MJ, Rajaraman S. Fabrication and Characterization of 3D Printed, 3D Microelectrode Arrays for Interfacing with a Peripheral Nerve-on-a-Chip. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:3018-3029. [PMID: 34275292 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a nontraditional fabrication technique for the realization of three-dimensional (3D) microelectrode arrays (MEAs) capable of interfacing with 3D cellular networks in vitro. The technology uses cost-effective makerspace microfabrication techniques to fabricate the 3D MEAs with 3D printed base structures with the metallization of the microtowers and conductive traces being performed by stencil mask evaporation techniques. A biocompatible lamination layer insulates the traces for realization of 3D microtower MEAs (250 μm base diameter, 400 μm height). The process has additionally been extended to realize smaller electrodes (30 μm × 30 μm) at a height of 400 μm atop the 3D microtower using laser micromachining of an additional silicon dioxide (SiO2) insulation layer. A 3D microengineered, nerve-on-a-chip in vitro model for recording and stimulating electrical activity of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells has further been integrated with the 3D MEA. We have characterized the 3D electrodes for electrical, chemical, electrochemical, biological, and chip hydration stability performance metrics. A decrease in impedance from 1.8 kΩ to 670 Ω for the microtower electrodes and 55 to 39 kΩ for the 30 μm × 30 μm microelectrodes can be observed for an electrophysiologically relevant frequency of 1 kHz upon platinum electroless plating. Biocompatibility assays on the components of the system resulted in a large range (∼3%-70% live cells), depending on the components. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the resin material start to reveal possible compositional clues for the resin, and the hydration stability is demonstrated in in-vitro-like conditions for 30 days. The fabricated 3D MEAs are rapidly produced with minimal usage of a cleanroom and are fully functional for electrical interrogation of the 3D organ-on-a-chip models for high-throughput of pharmaceutical screening and toxicity testing of compounds in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avra Kundu
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Laurie McCoy
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Nilab Azim
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Charles M Didier
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Tariq Ausaf
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Anup D Sharma
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - J Lowry Curley
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Michael J Moore
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States.,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
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Cheng MY, Damalerio RB, Chen W, Rajkumar R, Dawe GS. Ultracompact Multielectrode Array for Neurological Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19102286. [PMID: 31108970 PMCID: PMC6567369 DOI: 10.3390/s19102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Patients with paralysis, spinal cord injury, or amputated limbs could benefit from using brain–machine interface technology for communication and neurorehabilitation. In this study, a 32-channel three-dimensional (3D) multielectrode probe array was developed for the neural interface system of a brain–machine interface to monitor neural activity. A novel microassembly technique involving lead transfer was used to prevent misalignment in the bonding plane during the orthogonal assembly of the 3D multielectrode probe array. Standard microassembly and biopackaging processes were utilized to implement the proposed lead transfer technique. The maximum profile of the integrated 3D neural device was set to 0.50 mm above the pia mater to reduce trauma to brain cells. Benchtop tests characterized the electrical impedance of the neural device. A characterization test revealed that the impedance of the 3D multielectrode probe array was on average approximately 0.55 MΩ at a frequency of 1 KHz. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity tests verified the biocompatibility of the device. Subsequently, 3D multielectrode probe arrays were implanted in rats and exhibited the capability to record local field potentials and spike signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| | - Ramona B Damalerio
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| | - Weiguo Chen
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| | - Ramamoorthy Rajkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Gavin S Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
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Prodanov D, Delbeke J. Mechanical and Biological Interactions of Implants with the Brain and Their Impact on Implant Design. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:11. [PMID: 26903786 PMCID: PMC4746296 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural prostheses have already a long history and yet the cochlear implant remains the only success story about a longterm sensory function restoration. On the other hand, neural implants for deep brain stimulation are gaining acceptance for variety of disorders including Parkinsons disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is anticipated that the progress in the field has been hampered by a combination of technological and biological factors, such as the limited understanding of the longterm behavior of implants, unreliability of devices, biocompatibility of the implants among others. While the field's understanding of the cell biology of interactions at the biotic-abiotic interface has improved, relatively little attention has been paid on the mechanical factors (stress, strain), and hence on the geometry that can modulate it. This focused review summarizes the recent progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of mechanical interaction between the implants and the brain. The review gives an overview of the factors by which the implants interact acutely and chronically with the tissue: blood-brain barrier (BBB) breach, vascular damage, micromotions, diffusion etc. We propose some design constraints to be considered in future studies. Aspects of the chronic cell-implant interaction will be discussed in view of the chronic local inflammation and the ways of modulating it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimiter Prodanov
- Department of Environment, Health and Safety, ImecLeuven, Belgium
- Neuroscience Research FlandersLeuven, Belgium
| | - Jean Delbeke
- LCEN3, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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Torfs T, Aarts AAA, Erismis MA, Aslam J, Yazicioglu RF, Seidl K, Herwik S, Ulbert I, Dombovari B, Fiath R, Kerekes BP, Puers R, Paul O, Ruther P, Van Hoof C, Neves HP. Two-dimensional multi-channel neural probes with electronic depth control. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2011; 5:403-412. [PMID: 23852173 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2011.2162840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents multi-electrode arrays for in vivo neural recording applications incorporating the principle of electronic depth control (EDC), i.e., the electronic selection of recording sites along slender probe shafts independently for multiple channels. Two-dimensional (2D) arrays were realized using a commercial 0.5- μm complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process for the EDC circuits combined with post-CMOS micromachining to pattern the comb-like probes and the corresponding electrode metallization. A dedicated CMOS integrated front-end circuit was developed for pre-amplification and multiplexing of the neural signals recorded using these probes.
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Langhals NB, Kipke DR. Validation of a novel three-dimensional electrode array within auditory cortex. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2010; 2009:2066-9. [PMID: 19964572 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5333958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional electrode arrays have a variety of potential applications in the fields of both intracortical mapping as well as basic research studies designed to characterize and understand the physiology of the brain. While higher channels counts are desired in brain-machine interface applications, the ability to analyze synchronous data from multiple cortical locations, including various depths is pivotal to fully mapping the underlying neurophysiology of sensory cortices. Within this study, we present a proof of concept validation of a 3D probe technology consisting of 16 silicon shanks in a 4x4 grid arrangement with four electrode sites per shank. This 3D array has been implanted in a rat primary auditory cortex and electrophysiological data are presented showing the utility of electrode sites spanning multilateral cortical space as well as cortical depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Langhals
- University of Michigan Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
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