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Belladelli F, Boeri L, Fallara G, Pozzi E, Corsini C, Cilio S, Capogrosso P, D'Arma A, Eisenberg ML, Montorsi F, Salonia A. Hyperestrogenism is associated with sexual function impairment in men-findings from a cross-sectional, real-life study. Andrology 2024; 12:179-185. [PMID: 37261881 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperestrogenism is believed to be harmful to male sexuality. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of and the impact of hyperestrogenism on sexual functioning in a cohort of men seeking medical attention for new-onset erectile dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 547 men seeking first medical help for new-onset erectile dysfunction at a single andrology center were analyzed. Patients were assessed with a thorough medical and sexual history. Comorbidities were scored with the Charlson comorbidity index. All patients completed the International index of erectile function; the International index of erectile function-erectile function domain was categorized according to Cappelleri's criteria. Circulating hormones were measured in every patient. Hyperestrogenism was defined as estradiol levels >42.6 pg/mL (Tan et al., 2015). Descriptive statistics and logistic/linear regression models tested the association between hyperestrogenism and International index of erectile function domains score. RESULTS Overall, 96 (17.6%) participants had serum estrogen levels suggestive of hyperestrogenism. Men with hyperestrogenism were older (median [interquartile range]: 46 [35-59] vs. 44 [31-56] years; p < 0.001), had a higher rate of comorbidities (Charlson comorbidity index ≥1: 26.0% vs. 7.4%; p < 0.001), and higher serum total testosterone values (5.4 [5.2-8.0] vs. 4.3 [4.1-5.7] ng/mL; p = 0.01) than those with normal estradiol values. A higher prevalence of severe erectile dysfunction (135 [29.9%] vs. 47 [48.9%] men; p = 0.01) and of hypogonadism (22 [4.8%] vs. 6 [6.3%] men; p = 0.004) were found in men with hyperestrogenism. Serum estradiol levels were positively correlated with total testosterone levels (β = 0.26, p < 0.001) but negatively correlated with International index of erectile function-orgasmic function (β = -0.24, p = 0.002) and International index of erectile function-erectile function scores (β = -0.03, p < 0.001). When International index of erectile function scores was used to stratify erectile dysfunction patients, hyperestrogenism (odds ratio 2.44, p = 0.02) was associated with severe erectile dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS One out of five men seeking first medical help for erectile dysfunction showed elevated serum estradiol values suggestive of hyperestrogenism. Hyperestrogenism was associated with health-significant comorbidities, orgasmic function impairment, and erectile dysfunction severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Belladelli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Boeri
- Department of Urology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fallara
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozzi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Corsini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Cilio
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Urology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Capogrosso
- ASST Sette Laghi-Circolo e Fondazione Macchi Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessia D'Arma
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael L Eisenberg
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Niu C, Santtila P. Effects of physical exercise interventions on ejaculation control. Sex Med Rev 2023; 12:106-113. [PMID: 37786366 DOI: 10.1093/sxmrev/qead042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Premature ejaculation is a prevalent male sexual dysfunction that causes significant distress for men and their partners on a global scale. Despite its widespread impact, effective treatment options without undesirable side effects remain limited. OBJECTIVES The present review aimed to provide an overview of experimental studies that analyzed the effects of physical exercise interventions on premature ejaculation. METHODS The inclusion criteria for the review included: Population: Adult men. Intervention: An intervention designed to increase physical exercise was delivered in the study. Comparison: Before versus after intervention with or without a comparison group receiving a drug treatment or an active or no control intervention. Outcomes: Self-reported or clinician-rated premature ejaculation or its symptoms. Study type: Experimental designs. We conducted the search process in 9 databases: APA PsycNET, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Embase, and CAB Direct. This review included six intervention studies that included 433 participants (307 men with premature ejaculation) ranging from 18 to 50 years of age. All participants had a stable female sexual partner and had not any other physical or mental problems. RESULTS The synthesized results indicated that yoga, running, and high-intensity interval training alleviate premature ejaculation symptoms in men with premature ejaculation after varying intervention duration times. The effectiveness of physical exercise for premature ejaculation symptoms was similar to that of drug treatments. CONCLUSION Physical exercise can be one of the potential treatment modalities for premature ejaculation. The intensity of physical exercise and the effort of participants during exercise are key factors affecting improvements in ejaculation control. A potential limitation was that the review did not include any literature written in non-English languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoyuan Niu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200126, People's Republic of China
| | - Pekka Santtila
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200126, People's Republic of China
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Luo K, Zhang J. Response to Comment on "Environmental Exposure to 6:2 Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diester and Impaired Testicular Function in Men". Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37285230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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Desai A, Chen R, Cayetano A, Jayasena CN, Minhas S. Understanding and treating ejaculatory dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus. Andrology 2023; 11:379-398. [PMID: 35933708 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a rapidly rising metabolic disorder with important systemic complications. Global figures have demonstrated the prevalence of diabetes mellitus has almost quadrupled from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014, with a current prevalence of over 525 million. Of the male sexual dysfunction resulting from diabetes mellitus, significant focus is afforded to erectile dysfunction. Nevertheless, ejaculatory dysfunction constitutes important sexual sequelae in diabetic men, with up to 35%-50% of men with diabetes mellitus suffering from ejaculatory dysfunction. Despite this, aspects of its pathophysiology and treatment are less well understood than erectile dysfunction. The main disorders of ejaculation include premature ejaculation, delayed ejaculation, anejaculation and retrograde ejaculation. Although ejaculatory dysfunction in diabetes mellitus can have complex multifactorial aetiology, understanding its pathophysiological mechanisms has facilitated the development of therapies in the management of ejaculatory dysfunction. Most of our understanding of its pathophysiology is derived from diabetic animal models; however, observational studies in humans have also provided useful information in elucidating important associative factors potentially contributing to ejaculatory dysfunction in diabetic men. These have provided the potential for more tailored treatment regimens in patients depending on the ejaculatory disorder, other co-existing sequelae of diabetes mellitus, specific metabolic factors as well as the need for fertility treatment. However, evidence for treatment of ejaculatory dysfunction, especially delayed ejaculation and retrograde ejaculation, is based on low-level evidence comprising small sample-size series and retrospective or cross-sectional studies. Whilst promising findings from large randomised controlled trials have provided strong evidence for the licensed treatment of premature ejaculation, similar robust studies are needed to accurately elucidate factors predicting ejaculatory dysfunction in diabetes mellitus, as well as for the development of pharmacotherapies for delayed ejaculation and retrograde ejaculation. Similarly, more contemporary robust data are required for fertility outcomes in these patients, including methods of sperm retrieval and assisted reproductive techniques in retrograde ejaculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Desai
- Department of Andrology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Runzhi Chen
- Department of Andrology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Axel Cayetano
- Department of Andrology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Channa N Jayasena
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Suks Minhas
- Department of Andrology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Ongun S, Sarikaya E, Sarac A, Sel E, Guner O, Demir O, Esen AA, Durmus N. Bilateral orchiectomy deteriorates the structure and function of seminal vesicles in a rat model. Int J Impot Res 2023:10.1038/s41443-023-00662-z. [PMID: 36627510 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-023-00662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of hormone levels on ejaculation are known. In addition to thyroid hormone levels, testosterone levels are also associated with ejaculation, but no consensus has been reached on this issue. Thus, we investigated the effect of decreased testosterone levels due to bilateral orchiectomy on the chemical stimulation-induced ejaculation phases in rats. Twenty-one male Wistar rats were randomized into the orchiectomy, sham, and control groups, with seven rats in each group. Bilateral orchiectomy was performed. The ejaculation parameters were evaluated 5 days after the sham and bilateral orchiectomy operations and the waiting period in the control group. The seminal vesicle (SV) phasic contraction number and increase in basal pressure amplitude were significantly lower in the orchiectomy group (6.9 ± 3.3 and 0.6 ± 0.3 mmHg) than in the sham and control groups (11.2 ± 1.7 and 1.0 ± 0.4 mmHg, and 14.5 ± 6.6 and 1.1 ± 0.2 mmHg, respectively; p = 0.016 and p = 0.03, respectively). The interval between the SV contractions was significantly longer in the orchiectomy group (166.2 ± 104.3 s) than in the sham and control groups (76.0 ± 15.5 s and 63.1 ± 31.1 s, respectively; p = 0.014 (between groups), orchiectomy vs sham p = 0.040 and orchiectomy vs control p = 0.018). The SV weights of the rats were significantly lower in the orchiectomy group (0.14 ± 0.01 g) than in the sham and control groups (0.37 ± 0.05 g and 0.48 ± 0.03 g respectively; p < 0.0001 (between groups), orchiectomy vs sham p < 0.0001 and orchiectomy vs control p < 0.0001). The groups showed no significant differences in ejaculation time, SV basal pressure, SV maximum amplitude, and bulbospongiosus muscle contraction electromyographic activity. Our results partially clarified the relationship between decreased testosterone levels and ejaculation. Decreased testosterone levels caused statistically significant changes in SV functions and affected the ejaculation emission phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakir Ongun
- Department of Urology, Balikesir University Scholl of Medicine, Balikesir, Turkey.
| | - Ege Sarikaya
- Department of Urology, Dokuz Eylul University Scholl of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayberk Sarac
- Department of Pharmacology, Dokuz Eylul University Scholl of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eda Sel
- Department of Pharmacology, Dokuz Eylul University Scholl of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozge Guner
- Medical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Demir
- Department of Urology, Life Urology Clinic, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Adil Esen
- Department of Urology, Dokuz Eylul University Scholl of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nergiz Durmus
- Department of Pharmacology, Dokuz Eylul University Scholl of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Wu X, Liu G, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Huang H, Jiang H, Zhang X. High estradiol level is associated with erectile dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14432. [PMID: 35415900 DOI: 10.1111/and.14432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies conducted to study the role of testosterone in erectile dysfunction (ED) extensively, but less is known of the association between estradiol level and ED. To assess the strong association between estradiol and ED by quantitatively synthesizing all studies evaluating the relationship between estradiol and ED. An extensive literature search was conducted by two authors independently in three electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library, up to January 10, 2021. The Patient Population or Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Setting (PICOS) were used for inclusion criteria to identify studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was applied to assess the quality of studies. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to compare the estradiol level between ED patients and healthy subjects, and the pooled OR and 95%CI were used to evaluate the strong association between estradiol level and ED. Finally, six studies were included in this meta-analysis, satisfying predefined inclusion criteria. Five studies were considered to be high quality, and only one was judged of moderate quality. The estradiol level of ED patients was statistically higher than that in healthy subjects (SMD 0.45, 95%CI 0.28-0.63, p <0.0001). The pooled OR demonstrated that the estradiol was correlated to the ED significantly (OR 1.08, 95%CI 1.05-1.12, p <0.0001). Subgroup analyses were conducted based on age, diagnosis way, country, sample size, detection method and estradiol level. There was no substantial change in the result of SMD ranging from 0.41 (95% CI 0.31-0.51) to 0.53 (95% CI 0.44-0.62) when performing sensitivity analysis. No publication bias was detected by the Begg test or Egger test. This meta-analysis demonstrated that the estradiol level is correlated to ED significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Houbao Huang
- The Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- The Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Wu T, Sun G, Ma M, Pan X, Zhang S, Zhang X. Rapid quantitative analysis of hormones in serum by multilayer paper spray MS: Free MS from HPLC. Talanta 2022; 237:122900. [PMID: 34736715 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Developing rapid and reliable method for simultaneous hormones quantitation is of great significant because of important roles of hormones in metabolism. However, current methods are faced with problems of low throughput or complicated operation procedure to remove matrices from serum samples in routine clinical diagnosis. In the present work, a multilayer PS-MS method was developed for rapid and simple detection of hormones. In the strategy, multilayer filter paper acted as the Liquid Chromatography in LC-MS/MS for separation of hormones and biological matrices. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of three hormones, testosterone (T), androsterone (ADT) and androstenedione (4-AD) were realized through MS/MS spectra. The method exhibited linearity in the range of 0.02-2 μg/L and the results of recovery and repeatability were satisfactory for standard samples and spiked serum. The time-cost of a whole detection process was less than 3 min. The established multilayer PS-MS realized rapid, simple and reliable quantitative analysis of various hormones and provided broad prospect for clinical analysis of small molecules in different biological samples. Moreover, it provides a novel MS approach with high through-put and free HPLC, meeting the requirements of point-of-care testing (POCT).
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Çelik M, Özçelik S, Baş S, Sariaydin M, Özçelik M, Gozu H. Role of testosterone to estradiol ratio in predicting the efficacy of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin and testosterone treatment in male hypogonadism. Arch Endocrinol Metab 2021; 65:617-624. [PMID: 34591405 PMCID: PMC10528572 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the role of testosterone to estradiol ratio in predicting the effectiveness of human chorionic gonadotropin and testosterone treatments in male hypogonadism. METHODS Thirty-six male patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism were included in the study. Seventeen (47.2%) patients received weekly recombinant human choriogonadotropin alpha (hCG) treatment (group-1) and 19 (52.8%) received testosterone replacement therapy (T treatment) every 21 days (group-2). Under these treatments, adequate frequency of morning erection (≥3/week), testosterone to estradiol ratio (T/E), and testicular volume changes were analyzed. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 28.5 ± 8.7 years. When the frequency of morning erection (≥3/week) was specified as adequate, the cut-off value for effective T/E ratio was found to be 12.0 (sensitivity 93.8%, specificity 90.0%). There was no significant difference between the treatment groups in terms of total testosterone levels, T/E ratio, or frequency of morning erections (≥3/week) (p > 0.05). However, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of median left-right testicular volume in favor of group-1 (p < 0,05). CONCLUSION In patients with hypogonadism who are under treatment, elevated estradiol-induced erectile dysfunction symptoms may persist even if serum testosterone levels are normal. Testosterone to estradiol ratio can be used as a predictive value in the effective treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with hCG and T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Çelik
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Serhat Özçelik
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey,
| | - Süleyman Baş
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sariaydin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Melike Özçelik
- University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Department of Internal Diseases, Turkey
| | - Hulya Gozu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Erectile dysfunction attributable to testosterone deficiency is less common in young males, and the effect of estradiol on erectile function in eugonadal young males is unclear. We analyzed data from 195 male participants, including 143 eugonadal patients with erectile dysfunction and 52 healthy men. To distinguish psychogenic and organic erectile dysfunction, penile rigidity was measured using the nocturnal penile tumescence rigidity test. Serum levels of sexual hormones were quantified by electrochemiluminescence, and penile vascular status was assessed by penile color Doppler ultrasound. Both serum estradiol levels and the ratio of estradiol to testosterone were higher in patients with organic erectile dysfunction than in patients with psychogenic erectile dysfunction or healthy controls. Organic erectile dysfunction was negatively associated with estradiol levels and the ratio of estradiol to testosterone, and estradiol was the only significant risk factor for organic erectile dysfunction (odds ratio: 1.094; 95% confidence interval: 1.042–1.149, P = 0.000). Moreover, serum estradiol levels were negatively correlated with penile rigidity. Serum estradiol levels were higher and penile rigidity was lower in patients with venous erectile dysfunction than in patients with nonvascular erectile dysfunction. We conclude that elevated serum estradiol levels may impair erectile function and may be involved in the pathogenesis of organic erectile dysfunction in eugonadal young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Rong Chen
- Department of Andrology, The Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ru-Hui Tian
- Department of Andrology, The Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Andrology, The Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Hui-Xing Chen
- Department of Andrology, The Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Andrology, The Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Andrology, The Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
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De Rocco Ponce M, Selice R, Di Mambro A, De Toni L, Foresta C, Garolla A. Estradiol-Testosterone Imbalance Is Associated with Erectile Dysfunction in Patients with Klinefelter Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2319. [PMID: 34073338 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a frequent sexual disorder in adult men. Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex chromosomal disorder and a frequent cause of male hypogonadism. Psychological and cognitive aspects are quite typical in KS and have been linked to ED, while the role of testosterone (T) levels in sexual function of KS subjects has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of hormonal disturbances in erectile function of subjects with KS. We conducted a retrospective study involving 52 Klinefelter patients newly diagnosed who never received androgen replacing therapy. All the subjects underwent medical history, accurate physical examination, and blood tests. The International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire (IIEF-EF) score correlated negatively with estradiol/testosterone ratio (E2/T); this correlation remained statistically significant after correction for age (ρ −0.320 p = 0.018). A multiple linear regression analysis identified age and E2/T as the main predictors of IIEF-EF score (R2 0.169 F = 3.848 p = 0.008). Our findings corroborate previous KS data obtained in the general population showing an association between higher E2/T ratio and impaired erectile function. Larger studies are required to better elucidate the pathophysiology of ED in patients with KS.
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Belladelli F, Del Giudice F, Kasman A, Salonia A, Eisenberg ML. The association between testosterone, estradiol and their ratio and mortality among US men. Andrologia 2021; 53:e13993. [PMID: 33666951 DOI: 10.1111/and.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While studies have suggested that testosterone is associated with a man's health, the relationship with other sex steroids remains uncertain. The current study aimed to investigate the association between sex steroids (i.e. testosterone, estradiol and the testosterone:estradiol ratio) and mortality in a representative sample of 1,109 US men. Three NHANES continuous cycles (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004) were included in our study. Serum testosterone and estradiol levels were evaluated along with sociodemographic, lifestyle and health factors. Cox proportional hazards models were used. The adjusted risk of death for men with low testosterone levels was 1.66 (95% CI = 1.00-2.74, p = .05). The adjusted risk of death for men with abnormal estradiol levels was 0.96 (95% CI = 0.48-1.91, p = .91). The adjusted risk of death for men with low testosterone to estradiol ratio was 1.27 (95% CI = 0.82-1.97, p = .88). Relevant lifestyle and health factors significantly attenuated the associations. The adjusted risk of CVD-related death for men with low testosterone levels was 2.43 (95% CI = 1.07-5.50, p = .03). In conclusion, a significant association between testosterone and mortality and testosterone to estradiol ratio and CVD-related mortality was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Belladelli
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Alex Kasman
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael L Eisenberg
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Javaroni V. Editorial comment: Is testosterone replacement na effective treatment of secondary premature ejacula-tion? Int Braz J Urol 2021; 47:666-669. [PMID: 33621020 PMCID: PMC7993975 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2021.03.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valter Javaroni
- Departamento de Andrologia, Hospital Federal do Andaraí, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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De Rocco Ponce M, Garolla A, Caretta N, De Toni L, Avogaro A, Foresta C. Estradiol correlates with erectile dysfunction and its severity in type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107728. [PMID: 33028498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a frequent microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hormonal derangements such as hypogonadism and hyperestrogenism are common in T2DM. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between estrogens and ED in diabetic patients. METHODS We performed a retrospective study on 57 patients with T2DM suffering from ED. ED was assessed with the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire (IIEF-5) and penile color-doppler ultrasound (PCDU). Blood tests included glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, total testosterone (T), and estradiol (E2). RESULTS E2 was negatively correlated with IIEF-5 score after correction for age, diabetes duration, BMI, HbA1c, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, T and PSA (r = -0.457, p < 0.01). Patients in the higher E2 quartile, had statistically higher probability of severe ED (61.5%). In the same patients, the PCDU demonstrated a statistically longer Acceleration Time (120.0 ± 24.5, p = 0.048) indicating an impaired arterial flow. CONCLUSIONS In diabetic patients, higher E2 is associated with worse erectile function and impaired cavernous arterial flow. Diabetic patients with high E2 are more prone to severe ED. It could be suggested to include estradiol measurement in the hormonal assessment of ED in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio De Rocco Ponce
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Garolla
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Caretta
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Demirci A, Ozgur BC, Tuncer SÇ. Comparison of hormone profile and systemic inflammation in patients presenting with sexual dysfunction: Which is important? Rev Int Androl 2021; 19:242-8. [PMID: 32888890 DOI: 10.1016/j.androl.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to achieve or maintain erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. Although the definition is well known, there are controversial issues about the effects of hormones and inflammation on ED. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare the clinical value of the hormonal and inflammation parameters in sexual dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 152 patients diagnosed with erectile dysfunction between September 2018 and March 2019 and 101 healthy males were included in this prospective study as case group and control group, respectively. The 152 patients were divided into three groups based on their total International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scores: (I) severe ED, (II) mild-moderate ED and (III) mild ED. All groups were compared in terms of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and total testosterone (TT), estradiol, prolactin, testosterone-to-estradiol ratio and 25 (OH) vitamin D. RESULTS Patient and control groups differed significantly in term of NLR, PLR, prolactin and vitamin D (p<0.001, p=0.004, p=0.002, p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). NLR was more significant in determining the severity of ED (p<0.001). It was observed that libido score (the total score of IIEF items #11 and #12) was negatively associated with prolactin and NLR (p<0.001, p=0.023, respectively), was positively associated with vitamin D and TT (p<0.001, p=0.02, respectively), and was lower in severe ED patients. CONCLUSIONS Although more clinical studies are needed, we think that our findings may be useful on these controversial issues of ED.
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Zhou K, Song Y, Lu Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Liu K, Liu X. Association between 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter gene-linked promoter region polymorphism and the susceptibility of lifelong premature ejaculation: a meta-analysis involving 1,604 subjects. Transl Androl Urol 2020; 9:1394-1404. [PMID: 32676424 PMCID: PMC7354312 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2020.03.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) gene and lifelong premature ejaculation (LPE) risk was discussed widely for the last few years, which was still controversial and remained to be explored. We performed the meta-analysis with 8 reliable research, which were searched in the following databases: PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library. We also performed random and fixed effects models to evaluate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals respectively. By pooling all included studies, we found that SS genotype of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was linked with significantly higher PE risk in Caucasian population (OR =0.635, 95% CI: 0.417–0.958, I2=0.311, P=0.035), and S-allele of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism increased the risk of LPE significantly in Asian population (OR =0.656, 95% CI: 0.539–0.799, I2=0.435, P<0.001). However, no significant was observed between 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism and LPE risk in overall studies. Further studies were anticipated to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kechong Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yongjiao Yang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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16
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Tahtali İN. Is testosterone replacement an effective treatment of secondary premature ejaculation? Andrologia 2019; 52:e13452. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Toprak T, Şahin A, Akgul K, Kutluhan MA, Ramazanoglu MA, Yilmaz M, Sahan A, Verit A. The relationship between anogenital distance and lifelong premature ejaculation. Andrology 2019; 8:353-357. [PMID: 31536679 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many diseases have been associated with anogenital distance, as an indicator of intrauterine androgen exposure. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the association between lifelong premature ejaculation and anogenital distance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 140 participants: 70 with lifelong premature ejaculation (group 1) and 70 without any ejaculatory complaints (group 2). Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool and stopwatch intravaginal ejaculatory latency time were recorded from all participants in order to evaluate ejaculatory function. Two variants of anogenital distance were measured: anogenital distance (from anus to the posterior base of the scrotum) from anus to the posterior base of the scrotum and anogenital distance (from anus to the cephalad insertion of the penis) to the cephalad insertion of the penis. We compared differences between groups and correlations between anogenital distance variants and patients' characteristics. RESULTS The groups were similar in terms of age, BMI, and total testosterone levels. The mean anogenital distance (from anus to the posterior base of the scrotum) scores were 59.45 ± 10.76 vs. 55.02 ± 10.13 (p = 0.01), and anogenital distance (from anus to the cephalad insertion of the penis) scores were 128.37 ± 22.2 vs. 126.78 ± 16.21 (p = 0.63) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Significant correlation was observed between anogenital distance (from anus to the posterior base of the scrotum) and Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool scores (r = 0.199, p = 0.019) and intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (r = -0.185, p = 0.028). There were no statistically significant differences between anogenital distance (from anus to the posterior base of the scrotum) scores and total testosterone levels and between anogenital distance (from anus to the cephalad insertion of the penis) and Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool scores or intravaginal ejaculatory latency time. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that longer anogenital distance is associated with higher possibility of lifelong premature ejaculation. However, further studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Toprak
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Şahin
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K Akgul
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M A Kutluhan
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - M Yilmaz
- Urology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Sahan
- Department of Urology, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Verit
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zuniga KB, Margolin EJ, De Fazio A, Ackerman A, Stahl PJ. The association between elevated serum oestradiol levels and clinically significant erectile dysfunction in men presenting for andrological evaluation. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13345. [PMID: 31317572 DOI: 10.1111/and.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the association between serum oestradiol levels and clinically significant erectile dysfunction in a cohort of men presenting for andrological evaluation. Retrospective review was conducted of patients that presented to a urologist with practice in andrology over an 18-month period. Patients completed the Male Sexual Health Questionnaire and had serum total testosterone and oestradiol measurements prior to 10:30 a.m. via immunoassay. t Tests, chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were used to compare clinical characteristics between those with adequate erectile function (erection scale score > 2) vs. clinically significant erectile dysfunction (erection scale score ≤ 2). Among 256 patients, average age was 49 years (SD 15), average serum oestradiol was 22.3 pg/ml (SD 10.6), and average serum total testosterone was 465.9 pg/ml (SD 206.3). On multivariate logistic regression, serum oestradiol was associated with clinically significant erectile dysfunction (OR 1.52 per SD increase, 95% CI 1.11-2.09, p = 0.009) when controlling for serum total testosterone, age, body mass index and smoking status. These results warrant future studies on the utility of measuring serum oestradiol in patients with erectile dysfunction and the use of aromatase inhibitors in patients with erectile dysfunction and elevated serum oestradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Zuniga
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ezra J Margolin
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Adam De Fazio
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anika Ackerman
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter J Stahl
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Martins FF, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Impaired steroidogenesis in the testis of leptin-deficient mice (ob/ob -/-). Acta Histochem 2017; 119:508-515. [PMID: 28506466 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The obesity and its comorbidities, including resistance to leptin, impacts the reproductive function. Testes express leptin receptors in the germ cells and Leydig cells. Then, leptin-deficient animals are obese and infertile. We aimed to evaluate the structure and steroidogenic pathway of the testis of deficient leptin mice. Three months old male C57BL/6 mice (wild-type, WT) and deficient leptin (ob/ob) mice had their testes dissected and prepared for analyses. Compared to the WT group, the ob/ob group showed a greater body mass with smaller testes, and alterations in the germinative epithelium: fewer spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids. The Sertoli cells and the germ cells showed condensed nuclei and nuclear fragmentation indicating cell death, in agreement with a low expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen and a high expression of Caspase3. In the ob/ob group, the sperm was absent in the seminiferous tubules, and the steroidogenic pathway was compromised (low 3Beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein). Further, all hormone receptors involved in the testicular function were down expressed (androgen, estrogen, follicle-stimulating, luteinizing, aromatase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). In conclusion, the findings indicate significant morphological, hormonal and enzymatic changes in the testis of the ob/ob mice. The shifts in the enzymatic steroidogenic pathway and the enzymes related to spermatic activity support the insights about the failures in the fertility of these animals. The study provides new evidence and contributes to the understanding of how the lack of leptin and obesity might negatively modulate the testicular function leading to infertility.
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Bolat D, Kocabas GU, Kose T, Degirmenci T, Aydin ME, Dincel C. The relationship between the second-to-fourth digit ratios and lifelong premature ejaculation: a prospective, comparative study. Andrology 2017; 5:535-540. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Bolat
- Department of Urology; Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital; Izmir Turkey
| | - G. U. Kocabas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital; Izmir Turkey
| | - T. Kose
- Department of Biostatistics; Ege University Faculty of Medicine; Izmir Turkey
| | - T. Degirmenci
- Department of Urology; Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital; Izmir Turkey
| | - M. E. Aydin
- Department of Urology; Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital; Izmir Turkey
| | - C. Dincel
- Department of Urology; Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital; Izmir Turkey
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Abstract
Erectile dysfunction and low sexual desire are multifactorial diseases. The decrease in testosterone levels is one of the causes, but the effect of estradiol is not well known. Moreover, study has shown that the testosterone/estradiol ratio has more influence over sexuality than does estradiol alone. The aim of the study was to determine whether the balance between testosterone and estradiol has any relation to some aspects of sexual function. It was an ambispective study of 230 patients with urological problems unrelated to sexuality. They underwent a detailed history and hormone study including total, free, bioavailable testosterone and estradiol. They completed the Sexual Health Inventory for Men and questions 11 and 12 of the IIEF15 were used to assess impairment in sexual desire. The T/E ratio was calculated, and the relationship between the different parameters and erectile function and sexual desire were studied by univariate and multivariate analysis. The mean age was 66.32 ± 8.17 years. The percentage of patients with erectile dysfunction was 60.9% (7% severe, 14.3% moderate, 12.6% mild to moderate and 27% mild) and decreased sexual desire was 46.5%. Age, free and biodisponible testosteron were the only variables with a positive linear association with erectile dysfunction and decreased sexual desire. Age was the only independent variable for both, erectile dysfunction and sexual desire, in the multiple linear regression. There was no association between a testosterone/estradiol imbalance and an alteration in erectile function and sexual desire. Consequently, in the clinical study of these patients, it is not necessary to request estradiol in the laboratory analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Castelló-Porcar
- a Department of Urology , Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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