1
|
Cosma S, Rimo G, Cosma S. Conservation finance: What are we not doing? A review and research agenda. J Environ Manage 2023; 336:117649. [PMID: 36870317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Conservation finance embraces a series of innovative financing mechanisms aimed at raising and managing capital to be used for the conservation of biodiversity. The climate emergency and the pursuit of sustainable development underline the criticality of financial support for achieving this goal. Funding for the protection of biodiversity, in fact, has long been disbursed by governments in a residual form, only after they have dealt with social needs and political challenges. To date, the main challenge of conservation finance is to identify solutions that not only generate new revenue for biodiversity, but also effectively manage and allocate existing funding to provide a mix of social and community benefits as well. The paper, therefore, aims to act as a wake-up call, urging academics working in economics and finance to turn their attention to resolving the financial problems faced by conservation. Through a comparative bibliometric analysis, the study aims to outline the structure of scientific research on the topic of conservation finance, to understand the state of the art, and to identify open questions and new research trends. The results of the study show that the topic of conservation finance is currently a prerogative of scholars and journals of ecology, biology and environmental sciences. Finance scholars pay very little attention to the topic and yet there are many opportunities/needs for future research. The results are of interest to researchers in banking and finance, policy-makers and managers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cosma
- Department of Management, University of Bologna, Via Capo di, Lucca, 34, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Rimo
- Department of Economics, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Stefano Cosma
- Department of Economics Marco Biagi, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sánchez de Pedro R, Fernández AN, Melero-Jiménez IJ, García-Sánchez MJ, Flores-Moya A, Bañares-España E. Temporal and spatial variability in population traits of an intertidal fucoid reveals local-scale climatic refugia. Mar Environ Res 2023; 188:106006. [PMID: 37182324 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Global change is imposing significant losses in the functional traits of marine organisms. Although areas of climatic refugia ameliorate local conditions and help them to persist, the extent to which mesoscale effects contribute for intraregional variability on population traits and conservation is uncertain. Here we assess patterns of conservation status of Fucus guiryi, the main intertidal habitat-forming seaweed in the Strait of Gibraltar (southern Spain and northern Morocco). We investigated the demography, reproductive phenology, and morphology at northern and southern side populations. Population traits were compared seasonally within populations from each side, and at spatial scale in early summer 2019. In the last decade three populations became extinct; two marginal populations had dispersed individuals with a narrower fertility season and miniaturized individuals below 3 cm; and five populations showed variable density and cover with more than 20% of reproductive individuals over the seasons. Highest density, cover, morphology, and reproductive potential was detected at one population from each side, suggesting local-scale climatic refugia in upwelling areas located inside marine protected areas. Southern recruits were more warm-tolerant but grew less at colder conditions than northern ones, revealing a mesoscale heterogeneity in thermal affinities. This study evidenced functional losses and distinct reproductive strategies experienced by F. guiryi at peripheral locations and urges to prioritize its conservation and restoration at contemporary climatic refugia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sánchez de Pedro
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Campus de Teatinos, 29010, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Andrea N Fernández
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Campus de Teatinos, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ignacio José Melero-Jiménez
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Campus de Teatinos, 29010, Málaga, Spain; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - María Jesús García-Sánchez
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Campus de Teatinos, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Moya
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Campus de Teatinos, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elena Bañares-España
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Campus de Teatinos, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fabbrizzi E, Giakoumi S, De Leo F, Tamburello L, Chiarore A, Colletti A, Coppola M, Munari M, Musco L, Rindi F, Rizzo L, Savinelli B, Franzitta G, Grech D, Cebrian E, Verdura J, Bianchelli S, Mangialajo L, Nasto I, Sota D, Orfanidis S, Papadopoulou NK, Danovaro R, Fraschetti S. The challenge of setting restoration targets for macroalgal forests under climate changes. J Environ Manage 2023; 326:116834. [PMID: 36436438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The process of site selection and spatial planning has received scarce attention in the scientific literature dealing with marine restoration, suggesting the need to better address how spatial planning tools could guide restoration interventions. In this study, for the first time, the consequences of adopting different restoration targets and criteria on spatial restoration prioritization have been assessed at a regional scale, including the consideration of climate changes. We applied the decision-support tool Marxan, widely used in systematic conservation planning on Mediterranean macroalgal forests. The loss of this habitat has been largely documented, with limited evidences of natural recovery. Spatial priorities were identified under six planning scenarios, considering three main restoration targets to reflect the objectives of the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. Results show that the number of suitable sites for restoration is very limited at basin scale, and targets are only achieved when the recovery of 10% of regressing and extinct macroalgal forests is planned. Increasing targets translates into including unsuitable areas for restoration in Marxan solutions, amplifying the risk of ineffective interventions. Our analysis supports macroalgal forests restoration and provides guiding principles and criteria to strengthen the effectiveness of restoration actions across habitats. The constraints in finding suitable areas for restoration are discussed, and recommendations to guide planning to support future restoration interventions are also included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fabbrizzi
- University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luigi Musco
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy; University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabio Rindi
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Rizzo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy; Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Emma Cebrian
- Centre d'Estudios Avançats de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientìficas (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jana Verdura
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Ina Nasto
- University of Vlora "Ismail Qemali", Sheshi Pavaresia, Vlore, Albania
| | - Denada Sota
- University of Vlora "Ismail Qemali", Sheshi Pavaresia, Vlore, Albania
| | - Sotiris Orfanidis
- Fisheries Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Kavala, Greece
| | | | - Roberto Danovaro
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy; Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simonetta Fraschetti
- University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tallis H, Fargione J, Game E, McDonald R, Baumgarten L, Bhagabati N, Cortez R, Griscom B, Higgins J, Kennedy CM, Kiesecker J, Kroeger T, Leberer T, McGowan J, Mandle L, Masuda YJ, Morrison SA, Palmer S, Shirer R, Shyamsundar P, Wolff NH, Possingham HP. Prioritizing actions: spatial action maps for conservation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1505:118-141. [PMID: 34176148 PMCID: PMC9290997 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spatial prioritization is a critical step in conservation planning, a process designed to ensure that limited resources are applied in ways that deliver the highest possible returns for biodiversity and human wellbeing. In practice, many spatial prioritizations fall short of their potential by focusing on places rather than actions, and by using data of snapshots of assets or threats rather than estimated impacts. We introduce spatial action mapping as an approach that overcomes these shortfalls. This approach produces a spatially explicit view of where and how much a given conservation action is likely to contribute to achieving stated conservation goals. Through seven case examples, we demonstrate simple to complex versions of how this method can be applied across local to global scales to inform decisions about a wide range of conservation actions and benefits. Spatial action mapping can support major improvements in efficient use of conservation resources and will reach its full potential as the quality of environmental, social, and economic datasets converge and conservation impact evaluations improve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Tallis
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Joe Fargione
- North America Program, the Nature Conservancy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Edward Game
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Rob McDonald
- Center for Sustainability Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | | | | | - Rane Cortez
- Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, the Nature Conservancy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bronson Griscom
- Center for Natural Climate Solutions, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Jonathan Higgins
- Global Freshwater Team, the Nature Conservancy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christina M Kennedy
- Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, the Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Joe Kiesecker
- Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, the Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Timm Kroeger
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Trina Leberer
- Pacific Division, the Nature Conservancy, Yona, Guam
| | - Jennifer McGowan
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia.,Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lisa Mandle
- Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Yuta J Masuda
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Scott A Morrison
- California Program, the Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, California
| | - Sally Palmer
- Tennessee Program, the Nature Conservancy, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rebecca Shirer
- New York Program, the Nature Conservancy, New York City, New York
| | | | | | - Hugh P Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sala E, Mayorga J, Bradley D, Cabral RB, Atwood TB, Auber A, Cheung W, Costello C, Ferretti F, Friedlander AM, Gaines SD, Garilao C, Goodell W, Halpern BS, Hinson A, Kaschner K, Kesner-Reyes K, Leprieur F, McGowan J, Morgan LE, Mouillot D, Palacios-Abrantes J, Possingham HP, Rechberger KD, Worm B, Lubchenco J. Protecting the global ocean for biodiversity, food and climate. Nature 2021; 592:397-402. [PMID: 33731930 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ocean contains unique biodiversity, provides valuable food resources and is a major sink for anthropogenic carbon. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an effective tool for restoring ocean biodiversity and ecosystem services1,2, but at present only 2.7% of the ocean is highly protected3. This low level of ocean protection is due largely to conflicts with fisheries and other extractive uses. To address this issue, here we developed a conservation planning framework to prioritize highly protected MPAs in places that would result in multiple benefits today and in the future. We find that a substantial increase in ocean protection could have triple benefits, by protecting biodiversity, boosting the yield of fisheries and securing marine carbon stocks that are at risk from human activities. Our results show that most coastal nations contain priority areas that can contribute substantially to achieving these three objectives of biodiversity protection, food provision and carbon storage. A globally coordinated effort could be nearly twice as efficient as uncoordinated, national-level conservation planning. Our flexible prioritization framework could help to inform both national marine spatial plans4 and global targets for marine conservation, food security and climate action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Juan Mayorga
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Darcy Bradley
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Reniel B Cabral
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Trisha B Atwood
- Department of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Arnaud Auber
- IFREMER, Unité Halieutique de Manche et Mer du Nord, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - William Cheung
- Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Costello
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne'ohe, HI, USA
| | - Steven D Gaines
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Whitney Goodell
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne'ohe, HI, USA
| | - Benjamin S Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Audra Hinson
- Department of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Kristin Kaschner
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology Laboratory, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Juliano Palacios-Abrantes
- Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Boris Worm
- Ocean Frontiers Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Ray
- Global Development Policy Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Global Development Policy Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin P Gallagher
- Global Development Policy Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Worthington TA, Andradi-Brown DA, Bhargava R, Buelow C, Bunting P, Duncan C, Fatoyinbo L, Friess DA, Goldberg L, Hilarides L, Lagomasino D, Landis E, Longley-Wood K, Lovelock CE, Murray NJ, Narayan S, Rosenqvist A, Sievers M, Simard M, Thomas N, van Eijk P, Zganjar C, Spalding M. Harnessing Big Data to Support the Conservation and Rehabilitation of Mangrove Forests Globally. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|