1
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Mochizuki M, Shibuya-Takahashi R, Kanno SI, Adachi S, Fujimori H, Nakazato A, Fujii K, Morita S, Saijoh S, Yamazaki T, Imai T, Asada Y, Yamaguchi K, Yasuda J, Shindo N, Sugamura K, Tamai K. CD271 mRNA/hnRNPA2B1 complex promotes proliferation and stemness in oral and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2024. [PMID: 38710200 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
RNAs, such as noncoding RNA, microRNA, and recently mRNA, have been recognized as signal transduction molecules. CD271, also known as nerve growth factor receptor, has a critical role in cancer, although the precise mechanism is still unclear. Here, we show that CD271 mRNA, but not CD271 protein, facilitates spheroid cell proliferation. We established CD271-/- cells lacking both mRNA and protein of CD271, as well as CD271 protein knockout cells lacking only CD271 protein, from hypopharyngeal and oral squamous cell carcinoma lines. Sphere formation was reduced in CD271-/- cells but not in CD271 protein knockout cells. Mutated CD271 mRNA, which is not translated to a protein, promoted sphere formation. CD271 mRNA bound to hnRNPA2B1 protein at the 3'-UTR region, and the inhibition of this interaction reduced sphere formation. In surgical specimens, the CD271 mRNA/protein expression ratio was higher in the cancerous area than in the noncancerous area. These data suggest CD271 mRNA has dual functions, encompassing protein-coding and noncoding roles, with its noncoding RNA function being predominant in oral and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Mochizuki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Rie Shibuya-Takahashi
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kanno
- IDAC Fellow Research Group for DNA Repair and Dynamic Proteome Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shungo Adachi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Proteomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujimori
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Akira Nakazato
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Keitaro Fujii
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Shinkichi Morita
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saijoh
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamazaki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Yukinori Asada
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Norihisa Shindo
- Cancer Chromosome Biology Unit, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sugamura
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
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2
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Myoen S, Mochizuki M, Shibuya-Takahashi R, Fujimori H, Shindo N, Yamaguchi K, Yasuda J, Abe J, Imai T, Sato I, Adachi H, Kawamura S, Ito A, Tamai K. CD271 promotes proliferation and migration in bladder cancer. Genes Cells 2024; 29:73-85. [PMID: 38016691 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a urothelial cancer and effective therapeutic strategies for its advanced stages are limited. Here, we report that CD271, a neurotrophin receptor, promotes the proliferation and migration of bladder cancer cells. CD271 knockdown decreased proliferation in both adherent and spheroid cultures, and vice versa when CD271 was overexpressed in bladder cancer cell lines. CD271 depletion impaired tumorigenicity in vivo. Migration activity was reduced by CD271 knockdown and TAT-Pep5, a known CD271-Rho GDI-binding inhibitor. Apoptosis was induced by CD271 knockdown. Comprehensive gene expression analysis revealed alterations in E2F- and Myc-related pathways upon CD271 expression. In clinical cases, patients with high CD271 expression showed significantly shortened overall survival. In surgically resected specimens, pERK, a known player in proliferation signaling, colocalizes with CD271. These data indicate that CD271 is involved in bladder cancer malignancy by promoting cell proliferation and migration, resulting in poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Myoen
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
- Division of Urology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mai Mochizuki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Rie Shibuya-Takahashi
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujimori
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Norihisa Shindo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imai
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Division of Pathology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hisanobu Adachi
- Division of Urology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Ito
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
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Abstract
Immunotherapy plays an increasingly important role in the treatment of most malignant tumors, and CD8+ T cells are the most important antitumor effector cells in the process of immunotherapy, and their number and functional status largely determine the antitumor effect. However, under continuous antigen exposure and the stimulation of inflammatory factors, CD8+ T cells gradually show a weakened proliferation and effector function, accompanied by the expression of a variety of inhibitory receptors. This state is known as CD8+ T cell "exhaustion" and often leads to the loss of control and progression of tumors. Recent studies provided us a better understanding of the mechanisms of T cell exhaustion, this review provides an overview of the activation, exhaustion mechanisms and exhaustion characteristics of CD8+ T cells. Although immunotherapy can reverse the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells and significantly improve the antitumor effects, single immunotherapy often has limitations, and it is difficult to achieve satisfactory antitumor effects, therefore, this review also summarizes up-to-date information related to cancer immunotherapy, and these emerging insights provide promising clues to the future management of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Medical School, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Medical School, Chengdu, China.
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4
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Liao G, Tang J, Bai J. Early development of esophageal squamous cell cancer: Stem cells, cellular origins and early clone evolution. Cancer Lett 2023; 555:216047. [PMID: 36587837 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), a highly malignant cancer with poor prognosis, is an example of the classical view of cancer development based on stem cell origin and multistep progression. In the past five years, the applications of large-scale sequencing and single-cell sequencing have expanded to human esophageal normal tissues and precancerous lesions, which, coupled with the application of transgenic lineage tracing technology in mouse models, has provided a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of esophageal stem cell heterogeneity and early clonal evolution of ESCC. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of esophageal basal-layer stem cells and their potential relationship with cells of ESCC origin. We present evidence that expansion of NOTCH1 mutants may call into play an evolutionarily conserved anti-cancer mechanism and mold the model of early clonal evolution in ESCCs. Finally, we discuss the potential avenues in this context. This review provides a focused understanding of the early development of ESCC, as a background for early tumor detection, intervention, and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The 901 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Service Support Unit, Hefei, 230000, China.
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 901 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Service Support Unit, Hefei, 230000, China.
| | - Jianying Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Triaca V, Fico E, Rosso P, Ralli M, Corsi A, Severini C, Crevenna A, Agostinelli E, Rullo E, Riminucci M, Colizza A, Polimeni A, Greco A, Tirassa P. Pilot Investigation on p75ICD Expression in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112622. [PMID: 35681602 PMCID: PMC9179539 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor (p75NTR) expression and cleavage product p75NTR Intracellular Domain (p75ICD) as potential oncogenic and metastatic markers in human Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (LSCC). p75NTR is highly expressed in Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) of the laryngeal epithelia and it has been proposed as a marker for stemness, cell migration, and chemo-resistance in different squamous carcinomas. To investigate the clinical significance of p75NTR cleavage products in solid tumors, full-length and cleaved p75NTR expression was analyzed in laryngeal primary tumors from different-stage LSCC patients, diagnosed at the Policlinico Umberto I Hospital. Molecular and histological techniques were used to detect the expressions of p75NTR and p75ICD, and ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily G Member 2 (ABCG2), a CSC marker. We found regulated p75NTR cleavage during squamous epithelial tumor progression and tissue invasion. Our preliminary investigation suggests p75ICD expression and localization as possible features of tumorigenesis and metastaticity. Its co-localization with ABCG2 in squamous cells in the parenchyma invaded by the tumor formation allows us to hypothesize p75NTR and p75ICD roles in tumor invasion and CSC spreading in LSCC patients. These data might represent a starting point for a comprehensive analysis of p75NTR cleavage and of its clinical relevance as a potential molecular LSCC signature, possibly helping diagnosis, and improving prognosis and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Triaca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), International Campus A. Buzzati-Traverso, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (P.T.)
| | - Elena Fico
- Department of Sense Organs, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (P.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Pamela Rosso
- Department of Sense Organs, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (P.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (E.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Department of Sense Organs, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (P.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Alvaro Crevenna
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, International Campus A. Buzzati-Traverso, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy;
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Sense Organs, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Emma Rullo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (E.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (E.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Andrea Colizza
- Department of Sense Organs, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (E.A.); (A.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Paola Tirassa
- Department of Sense Organs, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (P.R.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (P.T.)
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Griffin N, Gao F, Jobling P, Oldmeadow C, Wills V, Walker MM, Faulkner S, Hondermarck H. The neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor 1 (TrkA) is overexpressed in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology 2021; 53:470-7. [PMID: 33143904 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors, the neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1 (NTRK1/TrkA) and the common neurotrophin receptor (NGFR/p75NTR), are increasingly implicated in cancer progression, but their clinicopathological significance in oesophageal cancer is unclear. In this study, the expression of NGF, NTRK1 and NGFR were analysed by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 303 oesophageal cancers versus 137 normal adjacent oesophageal tissues. Immunostaining was digitally quantified and compared to clinicopathological parameters. NGF and NGFR staining were found in epithelial cells and at similar levels between oesophageal cancers and normal oesophageal tissue. NGFR staining was slightly increased with grade (p=0.0389). Interestingly, NTRK1 staining was markedly higher in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OR 2.31, 95%CI 1.13-4.38, p<0.0001) and significantly lower in adenocarcinoma (OR 0.50, 95%CI 0.44-0.63, p<0.0001) compared to normal oesophageal tissue. In addition, NTRK1 staining was decreased in grade 2 and grade 3 (OR 0.51, 95%CI 0.21-1.40, p<0.0001) compared to grade 1, suggesting a preferential involvement of this receptor in the more differentiated forms of oesophageal carcinomas. Together, these data point to NTRK1 as a biomarker and a candidate therapeutic target in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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7
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Mochizuki M, Nakamura M, Sibuya R, Okazaki T, Abe J, Nakagawa T, Takahashi S, Yamazaki T, Imai T, Takano A, Ito H, Yokose T, Miyagi Y, Daigo Y, Sato I, Satoh K, Sugamura K, Yamaguchi K, Tamai K. CD271 is a negative prognostic factor and essential for cell proliferation in lung squamous cell carcinoma. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1349-62. [PMID: 31019292 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma is a major type of cancer in the lung. While several therapeutic target molecules for lung adenocarcinoma have been identified, little is known about lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). We recently reported that CD271 (p75 neurotrophin receptor) serves as a marker for tumor initiation and is a key regulator of cell proliferation in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In this study, we found that CD271 was also expressed in squamous cell carcinoma, but not in adenocarcinoma, of several tissues, including the lung, and the expression of CD271 was associated with a poor prognosis in LSCC. To examine CD271's role in LSCC, we established xenograft cell lines from LSCC patients. Within the sorted live LSCC cell population, the CD271high cells were primarily cycling through the G2/M phase, while the CD271low cells were mostly in the G0 phase. CD271 knockdown in the LSCC cells completely suppressed their proliferation and tumor-formation capability, and increased their cell-cycle arrest in the G0 phase. In the CD271-knockdown cells, ERK-phosphorylation was decreased, while no change was observed in the IκBα-phosphorylation, p65-phosphorylation, or Akt-phosphorylation. Treatment with the MEK inhibitor U0126 decreased the LSCC cells' proliferation capability. Microarray analysis revealed that CD271 knockdown attenuated the RAS-related pathways. The knockdown of TrkB, which forms a heterodimer with CD271 and accelerates its downstream signaling, partially inhibited the LSCC cell proliferation. These results indicated that LSCC exclusively depends on CD271 for cell proliferation, in part through ERK-signaling activation, and CD271 is a promising target for LSCC therapy.
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8
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Blondy S, Christou N, David V, Verdier M, Jauberteau MO, Mathonnet M, Perraud A. Neurotrophins and their involvement in digestive cancers. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:123. [PMID: 30741921 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancers of the digestive system, including esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, hepatic, and colorectal cancers, have a high incidence and mortality worldwide. Efficient therapies have improved patient care; however, many challenges remain including late diagnosis, disease recurrence, and resistance to therapies. Mechanisms responsible for these aforementioned challenges are numerous. This review focuses on neurotrophins, including NGF, BDNF, and NT3, and their specific tyrosine kinase receptors called tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk A, B, C, respectively), associated with sortilin and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), and their implication in digestive cancers. Globally, p75NTR is a frequently downregulated tumor suppressor. On the contrary, Trk and their ligands are considered oncogenic factors. New therapies which target NT and/or their receptors, or use them as diagnosis biomarkers could help us to combat digestive cancers.
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9
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Xi R, Pan S, Chen X, Hui B, Zhang L, Fu S, Li X, Zhang X, Gong T, Guo J, Zhang X, Che S. HPV16 E6-E7 induces cancer stem-like cells phenotypes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57050-57065. [PMID: 27489353 PMCID: PMC5302972 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV16, correlates with cancerogenesis of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and we have reported that HPV16 related with a poor prognosis of ESCC patients in China. We aim to investigate the potential role and mechanism of HPV16 in ESCC development and progress. Our following researches demonstrated that ESCC cells which were stably transfected by HPV16 E6-E7 lentiviral vector showed a remarkable cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) phenotype, such as: migration, invasion, spherogenesis, high expression of CSCs marker in ESCC---p75NTR, chemoresistance, radioresistance, anti-apoptosis ability in vitro and cancerogenesis in vivo. HPV16 E6-E7 induced PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation and this affect could be effectively inhibited by LY294002, a specific PI3K inhibitor. It was also indicated that the inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by PI3K and Akt siRNA reverse the effect which induced by HPV16 E6-E7 in ESCC cells. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that HPV16 E6-E7 promotes CSCs phenotype in ESCC cells through the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in HPV16 positive tissues is an available therapeutic for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxing Xi
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Shupei Pan
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, People's Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710068, P.R.China
| | - Beina Hui
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Shenbo Fu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, The People's Liberation Army 323 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710054, P.R.China
| | - Xuanwei Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Tuotuo Gong
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Shaomin Che
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Hospital Affiliated of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, 710061, P.R.China
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10
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Zhang J, Zhi C, Zhen F, Yuan X, Jiao C, Zhu H, Zhu H, Feng Y. iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analyses of High Grade Esophageal Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Proteomics Clin Appl 2017; 11. [PMID: 28816019 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is the fourth most lethal cancer in China. Little is known about the proteome of high grade esophageal squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (HGN), which is a premalignant lesion of ESCC. A quantitative proteomic analysis using an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) approach is used to characterize the protein expression profiles in HGN. Among the 3156 identified proteins, a total of 236 proteins are discovered to be differentially expressed. Compared with paired normal esophageal epithelial tissues, 138 proteins are upregulated and 98 proteins are downregulated in HGN. Bioinformatics analyses are performed according to gene ontology, clusters of orthologous groups, and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment analyses. Six differentially expressed proteins are chosen and validated by Western blotting. The results of the study increase our understanding of early tumorigenesis during ESCC, and provide insights into the proteome at the initial stages of the disease that can be used to identify potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangning, Nanjing, China.,Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunchun Zhi
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangning, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuxi Zhen
- Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yuan
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangning, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhua Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangning, Nanjing, China
| | - Yadong Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, China.,Previously Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Zhang J, Ji Q, Jiao C, Ren L, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Shi R, Feng Y. IGF2BP3 as a potential tissue marker for the diagnosis of esophageal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3861-3866. [PMID: 28814885 PMCID: PMC5546816 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s141179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical significance of insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA-binding protein-3 (IGF2BP3) in esophageal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN) is not clear. This study was designed to characterize the expression of IGF2BP3 in HGIN. Patients and methods IGF2BP3 expression was evaluated by Western blot analyses in 12 cases and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 112 cases. The associations between IGF2BP3 expression in HGIN and the clinicopathological parameters were examined. Results Moderate to strong IGF2BP3 expression was present in HGIN samples. Using IHC, it was found that IGF2BP3 was positive in 68 (60.71%) cases. Intense IHC of IGF2BP3 in HGIN was associated with a deeper lesion depth, and the lesion depth was the only predictor of the positive expression of IGF2BP3. Conclusion Our results suggested that IGF2BP3 may be a supplementary tissue marker for preoperative diagnosis of HGIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Emergency, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang
| | - Chunhua Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University
| | - Lihua Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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12
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Kojima H, Okumura T, Yamaguchi T, Miwa T, Shimada Y, Nagata T. Enhanced cancer stem cell properties of a mitotically quiescent subpopulation of p75NTR-positive cells in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:49-62. [PMID: 28534989 PMCID: PMC5467780 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotically quiescent cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess higher malignant potential than other CSCs, indicating their higher contribution to therapeutic resistance than that of other CSCs. In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is expressed in a candidate CSC population showing high tumorigenicity and chemoresistance. In the present study, we isolated and characterized quiescent CSCs population in ESCC based on p75NTR expression and cell cycle status. Expression of p75NTR and Ki-67 in ESCC cell lines (KYSE cells) and surgically resected ESCC specimens was detected by performing immunocytochemical analysis. p75NTR-positive KYSE cells were fractionated into quiescent and proliferating cells by performing flow cytometry with a fluorescent DNA-staining dye to determine their CSC phenotype. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that 21.8 and 36.5% of the p75NTR-positive cells were Ki-67-negative (G0), which accounted for 11.4 and 15.7% of cells in KYSE-30 and KYSE-140 cell lines, respectively. Flow cytometric cell sorting showed that p75NTR-positive cells in the G0-G1 phase (p75NTR-positive/G0-1 cells) but not in the S-G2-M phase (p75NTR-positive/S-G2-M cells) showed strong expression of stem cell-related genes Nanog, BMI-1, and p63; high colony formation ability; high tumorigenicity in a mouse xenograft model; and strong chemoresistance against cisplatin because of the expression of drug resistance genes ABCG2 and ERCC1. Label-retention assay showed that 3.4% p75NTR-positive cells retained fluorescent cell-tracing dye, but p75NTR-negative cells did not. Immunohistochemical analysis of ESCC specimens showed p75NTR expression in 39 of 95 (41.1%) patients, with a median of 13.2% (range, 3.0-80.1%) p75NTR-positive/Ki-67-negative cells, which were found to be associated with poorly differentiated histology. Our results suggest that p75NTR-positive/G0-1 cells represent quiescent CSCs in ESCC and indicate that these cells can be used as targets to investigate molecular processes regulating CSC phenotype and to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kojima
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama city, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama city, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama city, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miwa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama city, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimada
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagata
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama city, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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13
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Okumura T, Yamaguchi T, Watanabe T, Nagata T, Shimada Y. Clinical Relevance of a Candidate Stem Cell Marker, p75 Neurotrophin Receptor (p75NTR) Expression in Circulating Tumor Cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 2017; 994:247-254. [PMID: 28560678 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55947-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in its diagnosis and multimodal therapies, the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients remains poor, because of high incidences of metastasis . Recent reports suggested that circulating tumor stem cells (CTSCs), rather than circulating tumor cells (CTCs), were more accurate diagnostic marker for metastasis, because tumor stem cells or cancer stem cells (CSCs) are more responsible for metastasis through processes such as epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor initiation. A neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) is expressed in a candidate CSC s in ESCC, which possess enhanced tumorigenicity along with strong expression of EMT-related genes. Our recent report using two-color flow cytometry demonstrated that CTC counts based on a combined expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and p75NTR was significantly higher in peripheral blood samples of ESCC patients than healthy controls. In addition, EpCAM + p75NTR+, but not EpCAM + p75NTR- CTC counts, correlated with clinically diagnosed distant metastasis and pathological venous invasion in surgically resected primary ESCC tumors. Malignant cytology of the isolated EpCAM + p75NTR+ cells was microscopically confirmed as well. These results demonstrated that EpCAM + p75NTR+ CTC count was a more accurate diagnostic marker than EpCAM+ CTC count, suggesting the highly metastatic potential of CTCs with p75NTR expression.Investigation using the isolated EpCAM + p75NTR+ CTCs to assess their stem cell properties may shed light on their roles in tumor metastasis in ESCC.Further investigations based on large-scale prospective studies with long term follow up may provide us with evidences for its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama City, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Tetsuji Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama City, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama City, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagata
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama City, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimada
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Andl CD, Le Bras GF, Loomans H, Kim AS, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Andl T. Association of TGFβ signaling with the maintenance of a quiescent stem cell niche in human oral mucosa. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:539-55. [PMID: 27480259 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A dogma in squamous epithelial biology is that proliferation occurs in the basal cell layer. Notable exceptions are squamous epithelia of the human oral cavity, esophagus, ectocervix, and vagina. In these human epithelia, proliferation is rare in the basal cell layer, and the vast majority of cells positive for Ki67 and other proliferation markers are found in para- and suprabasal cell layers. This unique human feature of a generally quiescent basal cell layer overlaid by highly proliferative cells offers the rare opportunity to study the molecular features of undifferentiated, quiescent, putative stem cells in their natural context. Here, we show that the quiescent human oral mucosa basal cell layer expresses putative markers of stemness, while para- and suprabasal cells are characterized by cell cycle genes. We identified a TGFβ signature in this quiescent basal cell layer. In in vitro organotypic cultures, human keratinocytes could be induced to express markers of these quiescent basal cells when TGFβ signaling is activated. The study suggests that the separation of basal cell layer and proliferation in human oral mucosa may function to accommodate high proliferation rates and the protection of a quiescent reserve stem cell pool. Psoriasis, an epidermal inflammatory hyperproliferative disease, exhibits features of a quiescent basal cell layer mimicking normal oral mucosa. Our data indicate that structural changes in the organization of epithelial proliferation could contribute to longevity and carcinogenesis.
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15
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Mochizuki M, Tamai K, Imai T, Sugawara S, Ogama N, Nakamura M, Matsuura K, Yamaguchi K, Satoh K, Sato I, Motohashi H, Sugamura K, Tanaka N. CD271 regulates the proliferation and motility of hypopharyngeal cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30707. [PMID: 27469492 PMCID: PMC4965829 DOI: 10.1038/srep30707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD271 (p75 neurotrophin receptor) plays both positive and negative roles in cancer development, depending on the cell type. We previously reported that CD271 is a marker for tumor initiation and is correlated with a poor prognosis in human hypopharyngeal cancer (HPC). To clarify the role of CD271 in HPC, we established HPC cell lines and knocked down the CD271 expression using siRNA. We found that CD271-knockdown completely suppressed the cells’ tumor-forming capability both in vivo and in vitro. CD271-knockdown also induced cell-cycle arrest in G0 and suppressed ERK phosphorylation. While treatment with an ERK inhibitor only partially inhibited cell growth, CDKN1C, which is required for maintenance of quiescence, was strongly upregulated in CD271-depleted HPC cells, and the double knockdown of CD271 and CDKN1C partially rescued the cells from G0 arrest. In addition, either CD271 depletion or the inhibition of CD271-RhoA signaling by TAT-Pep5 diminished the in vitro migration capability of the HPC cells. Collectively, CD271 initiates tumor formation by increasing the cell proliferation capacity through CDKN1C suppression and ERK-signaling activation, and by accelerating the migration signaling pathway in HPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Mochizuki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Department of Oncovirology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Department of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Sayuri Sugawara
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Naoko Ogama
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Mao Nakamura
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Kazuto Matsuura
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Department of Oncovirology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Department of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Department of Pathology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan.,Department of Cancer Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sugamura
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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16
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Yamaguchi T, Okumura T, Hirano K, Watanabe T, Nagata T, Shimada Y, Tsukada K. p75 neurotrophin receptor expression is a characteristic of the mitotically quiescent cancer stem cell population present in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1943-54. [PMID: 26984177 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotically quiescent cancer stem cells (CSC) are hypothesized to exhibit a more aggressive phenotype involving greater therapeutic resistance and metastasis. The aim of our study was to develop a method for identifying quiescent CSC in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) based on their expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and other proposed CSC markers, such as CD44 and CD90. Double immunostaining of surgical ESCC specimens revealed that the mean Ki-67-labeling index of the p75NTR-positive cells was significantly lower than that of the p75NTR-negative cells. Real-time PCR analysis of sorted fractions of ESCC cell lines (KYSE cells) revealed that stem cell-related genes (Nanog, p63 and Bmi-1) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes (N-cadherin and fibronectin) were expressed at significantly higher levels in the p75NTR-positive fractions than in the CD44-positive or CD90-positive fractions. In addition, the p75NTR-positive fractions exhibited significantly higher colony formation in vitro, significantly enhanced tumor formation in mice, and significantly greater chemoresistance against cisplatin (CDDP) than the CD44‑positive or CD90‑positive fractions. Furthermore, in both the cultured cells and those from the mouse xenograft tumors, the p75NTR‑positive/CD44-negative and p75NTR‑positive/CD90-negative KYSE cell fractions contained significantly higher proportions of mitotically quiescent cells. These results suggest that the mitotically quiescent CSC population in ESCC can be identified and isolated based on their p75NTR expression, providing researchers with a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Hirano
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagata
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimada
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsukada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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