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Ngute ASK, Schoeman DS, Pfeifer M, van der Heijden GMF, Phillips OL, van Breugel M, Campbell MJ, Chandler CJ, Enquist BJ, Gallagher RV, Gehring C, Hall JS, Laurance S, Laurance WF, Letcher SG, Liu W, Sullivan MJP, Wright SJ, Yuan C, Marshall AR. Global dominance of lianas over trees is driven by forest disturbance, climate and topography. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17140. [PMID: 38273497 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that liana competition with trees is threatening the global carbon sink by slowing the recovery of forests following disturbance. A recent theory based on local and regional evidence further proposes that the competitive success of lianas over trees is driven by interactions between forest disturbance and climate. We present the first global assessment of liana-tree relative performance in response to forest disturbance and climate drivers. Using an unprecedented dataset, we analysed 651 vegetation samples representing 26,538 lianas and 82,802 trees from 556 unique locations worldwide, derived from 83 publications. Results show that lianas perform better relative to trees (increasing liana-to-tree ratio) when forests are disturbed, under warmer temperatures and lower precipitation and towards the tropical lowlands. We also found that lianas can be a critical factor hindering forest recovery in disturbed forests experiencing liana-favourable climates, as chronosequence data show that high competitive success of lianas over trees can persist for decades following disturbances, especially when the annual mean temperature exceeds 27.8°C, precipitation is less than 1614 mm and climatic water deficit is more than 829 mm. These findings reveal that degraded tropical forests with environmental conditions favouring lianas are disproportionately more vulnerable to liana dominance and thus can potentially stall succession, with important implications for the global carbon sink, and hence should be the highest priority to consider for restoration management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Senghor K Ngute
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - David S Schoeman
- Ocean Futures Research Cluster, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Michiel van Breugel
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mason J Campbell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rachael V Gallagher
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christoph Gehring
- Post-Graduate Program in Agroecology, Maranhão State University, Cd. Universitária Paulo VI, São Luis, Brazil
| | | | - Susan Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan G Letcher
- Department of Plant Biology, College of the Atlantic, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Wenyao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Martin J P Sullivan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Chunming Yuan
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Schnitzer SA, DeFilippis DM, Aguilar A, Bernal B, Peréz S, Valdés A, Valdés S, Bernal F, Mendoza A, Castro B, Garcia-Leon M. Maximum stem diameter predicts liana population demography. Ecology 2023; 104:e4163. [PMID: 37679881 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Determining population demographic rates is fundamental to understanding differences in species' life-history strategies and their capacity to coexist. Calculating demographic rates, however, is challenging and requires long-term, large-scale censuses. Body size may serve as a simple predictor of demographic rate; can it act as a proxy for demographic rate when those data are unavailable? We tested the hypothesis that maximum body size predicts species' demographic rate using repeated censuses of the 77 most common liana species on the Barro Colorado Island, Panama (BCI) 50-ha plot. We found that maximum stem diameter does predict species' population turnover and demography. We also found that lianas on BCI can grow to the enormous diameter of 635 mm, indicating that they can store large amounts of carbon and compete intensely with tropical canopy trees. This study is the first to show that maximum stem diameter can predict plant species' demographic rates and that lianas can attain extremely large diameters. Understanding liana demography is particularly timely because lianas are increasing rapidly in many tropical forests, yet their species-level population dynamics remain chronically understudied. Determining per-species maximum liana diameters in additional forests will enable systematic comparative analyses of liana demography and potential influence across forest types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Schnitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - David M DeFilippis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Antonio Aguilar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Boris Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Salomé Peréz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abelino Valdés
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seberino Valdés
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Fidedigna Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Adrián Mendoza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Biancolini Castro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maria Garcia-Leon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Signori-Müller C, Galbraith D, Tavares JV, Reis SM, Diniz FC, Gilpin M, Marimon BS, van der Heijden GMF, Borges C, Cintra BBL, Mião S, Morandi PS, Nina A, Salas Yupayccana CA, Marca Zevallos MJ, Cosio EG, Junior BHM, Mendoza AM, Phillips O, Salinas N, Vasquez R, Mencuccini M, Oliveira RS. Tropical forest lianas have greater non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in the stem xylem than trees. Tree Physiol 2023:tpad096. [PMID: 37584458 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Lianas (woody vines) are important components of tropical forests and are known to compete with host trees for resources, decrease tree growth and increase tree mortality. Given the observed increases in liana abundance in some forests and their impacts on forest function, an integrated understanding of carbon dynamics of lianas and liana-infested host trees is critical for improved prediction of tropical forest responses to climate change. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are the main substrate for plant metabolism (e.g., growth, respiration), and have been implicated in enabling tree survival under environmental stress, but little is known of how they vary among life-forms or of how liana infestation impacts host tree NSC. We quantified stem total NSC (NSC) concentrations and its fractions (starch and soluble sugars) in trees without liana infestation, trees with more than 50% of the canopy covered by lianas, and the lianas infesting those trees. We hypothesized that i) liana infestation depletes NSC storage in host trees by reducing carbon assimilation due to competition for resources; ii) trees and lianas, which greatly differ in functional traits related to water transport and carbon uptake, would also have large differences in NSC storage, and that As water availability has a significant role in NSC dynamics of Amazonian tree species, we tested these hypotheses within a moist site in western Amazonia and a drier forest site in southern Amazonia. We did not find any difference in NSC, starch or soluble sugar concentrations between infested and non-infested trees, in either site. This result suggests that negative liana impact on trees may be mediated through mechanisms other than depletion of host tree NSC concentrations. We found lianas have higher stem NSC and starch than trees in both sites. The consistent differences in starch concentrations, a long term NSC reserve, between life forms across sites reflect differences in carbon gain and use of lianas and trees. Soluble sugar concentrations were higher in lianas than in trees in the moist site but indistinguishable between life forms in the dry site. The lack of difference in soluble sugars between trees and lianas in the dry site emphasize the importance of this NSC fraction for plant metabolism of plants occurring in water limited environments. Abstract in Portuguese and Spanish are available in the supplementary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Signori-Müller
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Julia Valentim Tavares
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Simone Matias Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Beatriz Schwantes Marimon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Borges
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham
| | - Sarah Mião
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Morandi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Alex Nina
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Manuel J Marca Zevallos
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Eric G Cosio
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Norma Salinas
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Gora EM, Schnitzer SA, Bitzer PM, Burchfield JC, Gutierrez C, Yanoviak SP. Lianas increase lightning-caused disturbance severity in a tropical forest. New Phytol 2023; 238:1865-1875. [PMID: 36951173 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lightning is an important agent of plant mortality and disturbance in forests. Lightning-caused disturbance is highly variable in terms of its area of effect and disturbance severity (i.e. tree damage and death), but we do not know how this variation is influenced by forest structure and plant composition. We used a novel lightning detection system to quantify how lianas influenced the severity and spatial extent (i.e. area) of lightning disturbance using 78 lightning strikes in central Panama. The local density of lianas (measured as liana basal area) was positively associated with the number of trees killed and damaged by lightning, and patterns of plant damage indicated that this occurred because lianas facilitated more electrical connections from large to small trees. Liana presence, however, did not increase the area of the disturbance. Thus, lianas increased the severity of lightning disturbance by facilitating damage to additional trees without influencing the footprint of the disturbance. These findings indicate that lianas spread electricity to damage and kill understory trees that otherwise would survive a strike. As liana abundance increases in tropical forests, their negative effects on tree survival with respect to the severity of lightning-related tree damage and death are likely to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Gora
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, NY, 12545, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá
| | - Stefan A Schnitzer
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Phillip M Bitzer
- Department of Atmospheric and Earth Science, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Burchfield
- Earth System Science Center, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | | | - Stephen P Yanoviak
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA
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Fujimoto Y, Kanzaki M, Meunpong P, Wachrinrat C, Waengsothorn S, Kitajima K. Legacy effects of canopy gaps on liana abundance 25 years later in a seasonal tropical evergreen forest in northeastern Thailand. Biotropica 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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6
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Addo-fordjour P, Ofosu-bamfo B, Mbroh E, Arnold CK, Opoku Boadi A, Mulberry M, Doe DEK, Oduro Takyi E. Plant invasion drives liana and tree community assemblages and liana-tree network structure in two moist semi-deciduous forests in Ghana. Biol Invasions. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Rocha EX, Nogueira A, Costa FRC, Burnham RJ, Gerolamo CS, Honorato CF, Schietti J. Liana functional assembly along the hydrological gradient in Central Amazonia. Oecologia 2022. [PMID: 36152059 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Soil hydrology, nutrient availability, and forest disturbance determine the variation of tropical tree species composition locally. However, most habitat filtering is explained by tree species' hydraulic traits along the hydrological gradient. We asked whether these patterns apply to lianas. At the community level, we investigated whether hydrological gradient, soil fertility, and forest disturbance explain liana species composition and whether liana species-environment relationships are mediated by leaf and stem wood functional traits. We sampled liana species composition in 18 1-ha plots across a 64 km2 landscape in Central Amazonia and measured eleven leaf and stem wood traits across 115 liana species in 2000 individuals. We correlated liana species composition, summarized using PCoA with the functional composition summarized using principal coordinate analysis (PCA), employing species mean values of traits at the plot level. We tested the relationship between ordination axes and environmental gradients. Liana species composition was highly correlated with functional composition. Taxonomic (PCoA) and functional (PCA) compositions were strongly associated with the hydrological gradient, with a slight influence from forest disturbance on functional composition. Species in valley areas had larger stomata size and higher proportions of self-supporting xylem than in plateaus. Liana species on plateaus invest more in fast-growing leaves (higher SLA), although they show a higher wood density. Our study reveals that lianas use different functional solutions in dealing with each end of the hydrological gradient and that the relationships among habitat preferences and traits explain lianas species distributions less directly than previously found in trees.
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Medina-Vega JA, van der Heijden GMF, Schnitzer SA. Lianas decelerate tropical forest thinning during succession. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1432-1441. [PMID: 35415947 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The well-established pattern of forest thinning during succession predicts an increase in mean tree biomass with decreasing tree density. The forest thinning pattern is commonly assumed to be driven solely by tree-tree competition. The presence of non-tree competitors could alter thinning trajectories, thus altering the rate of forest succession and carbon uptake. We used a large-scale liana removal experiment over 7 years in a 60- to 70-year-old Panamanian forest to test the hypothesis that lianas reduce the rate of forest thinning during succession. We found that lianas slowed forest thinning by reducing tree growth, not by altering tree recruitment or mortality. Without lianas, trees grew and presumably competed more, ultimately reducing tree density while increasing mean tree biomass. Our findings challenge the assumption that forest thinning is driven solely by tree-tree interactions; instead, they demonstrate that competition from other growth forms, such as lianas, slow forest thinning and ultimately delay forest succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Medina-Vega
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Stefan A Schnitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá
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