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Chang ML, Liaw YF. Emerging Therapies for Chronic Hepatitis B and the Potential for a Functional Cure. Drugs 2023. [PMID: 36906663 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, an estimated 296 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Current therapy with pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and indefinite or finite therapy with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (Nucs) are effective in HBV suppression, hepatitis resolution, and prevention of disease progression. However, few achieve hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss (functional cure), and relapse often occurs after the end of therapy (EOT) because these agents have no direct effect on durable template: covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and integrated HBV DNA. Hepatitis B surface antigen loss rate increases slightly by adding or switching to Peg-IFN in Nuc-treated patients and this loss rate greatly increases up to 39% in 5 years with finite Nuc therapy with currently available Nuc(s). For this, great effort has been made to develop novel direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and immunomodulators. Among the DAAs, entry inhibitors and capsid assembly modulators have little effect on reducing HBsAg levels; small interfering RNA, antisense oligonucleotides, and nucleic acid polymers in combination with Peg-IFN and Nuc may reduce HBsAg levels significantly, even a rate of HBsAg loss sustained for > 24 weeks after EOT up to 40%. Novel immunomodulators, including T-cell receptor agonists, check-point inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies may restore HBV-specific T-cell response but not sustained HBsAg loss. The safety issues and the durability of HBsAg loss warrant further investigation. Combining agents of different classes has the potential to enhance HBsAg loss. Compounds directly targeting cccDNA would be more effective but are still in the early stage of development. More effort is required to achieve this goal.
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Dobson DA, Holle LA, Lin FC, Huffman JE, Luyendyk JP, Flick MJ, Smith NL, de Vries PS, Morrison AC, Wolberg AS. Novel genetic regulators of fibrinogen synthesis identified by an in vitro experimental platform. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:522-533. [PMID: 36696182 PMCID: PMC10111212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen has an established, essential role in both coagulation and inflammatory pathways, and these processes are deeply intertwined in the development of thrombotic and atherosclerotic diseases. Previous studies aimed to better understand the (patho) physiological actions of fibrinogen by characterizing the genomic contribution to circulating fibrinogen levels. OBJECTIVES Establish an in vitro approach to define functional roles between genes within these loci and fibrinogen synthesis. METHODS Candidate genes were selected on the basis of their proximity to genetic variants associated with fibrinogen levels and expression in hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were transfected with small interfering RNAs targeting candidate genes and cultured in the absence or presence of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6. Effects on fibrinogen protein production, gene expression, and cell growth were assessed by immunoblotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and cell counts, respectively. RESULTS HepG2 cells secreted fibrinogen, and stimulation with interleukin-6 increased fibrinogen production by 3.4 ± 1.2 fold. In the absence of interleukin-6, small interfering RNA knockdown of FGA, IL6R, or EEPD1 decreased fibrinogen production, and knockdown of LEPR, PDIA5, PLEC, SHANK3, or CPS1 increased production. In the presence of interleukin-6, knockdown of FGA, IL6R, or ATXN2L decreased fibrinogen production. Knockdown of FGA, IL6R, EEPD1, LEPR, PDIA5, PLEC, or CPS1 altered transcription of one or more fibrinogen genes. Knocking down ATXN2L suppressed inducible but not basal fibrinogen production via a post-transcriptional mechanism. CONCLUSIONS We established an in vitro platform to define the impact of select gene products on fibrinogen production. Genes identified in our screen may reveal cellular mechanisms that drive fibrinogen production as well as fibrin(ogen)-mediated (patho)physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dre'Von A Dobson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lori A Holle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Feng-Chang Lin
- Department of Biostatistics and North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - James P Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle WA, USA; Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle WA, USA; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Alisa S Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Xu X, Wu Y, Jia G, Zhu Q, Li D, Xie K. A signature based on glycosyltransferase genes provides a promising tool for the prediction of prognosis and immunotherapy responsiveness in ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:5. [PMID: 36611197 PMCID: PMC9826597 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-022-01088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most fatal gynaecological malignancy and has a poor prognosis. Glycosylation, the biosynthetic process that depends on specific glycosyltransferases (GTs), has recently attracted increasing importance due to the vital role it plays in cancer. In this study, we aimed to determine whether OC patients could be stratified by glycosyltransferase gene profiles to better predict the prognosis and efficiency of immune checkpoint blockade therapies (ICBs). METHODS We retrieved transcriptome data across 420 OC and 88 normal tissue samples using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, respectively. An external validation dataset containing 185 OC samples was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Knockdown and pathway prediction of B4GALT5 were conducted to investigate the function and mechanism of B4GALT5 in OC proliferation, migration and invasion. RESULTS A total of 50 differentially expressed GT genes were identified between OC and normal ovarian tissues. Two clusters were stratified by operating consensus clustering, but no significant prognostic value was observed. By applying the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression method, a 6-gene signature was built that classified OC patients in the TCGA cohort into a low- or high-risk group. Patients with high scores had a worse prognosis than those with low scores. This risk signature was further validated in an external GEO dataset. Furthermore, the risk score was an independent risk predictor, and a nomogram was created to improve the accuracy of prognostic classification. Notably, the low-risk OC patients exhibited a higher degree of antitumor immune cell infiltration and a superior response to ICBs. B4GALT5, one of six hub genes, was identified as a regulator of proliferation, migration and invasion in OC. CONCLUSION Taken together, we established a reliable GT-gene-based signature to predict prognosis, immune status and identify OC patients who would benefit from ICBs. GT genes might be a promising biomarker for OC progression and a potential therapeutic target for OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyao Xu
- grid.459791.70000 0004 1757 7869Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004 China
| | - Yue Wu
- grid.459791.70000 0004 1757 7869Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004 China
| | - Genmei Jia
- grid.459791.70000 0004 1757 7869Department of Women Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004 China
| | - Qiaoying Zhu
- grid.459791.70000 0004 1757 7869Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004 China
| | - Dake Li
- grid.459791.70000 0004 1757 7869Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004 China
| | - Kaipeng Xie
- grid.459791.70000 0004 1757 7869Department of Women Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004 China ,grid.459791.70000 0004 1757 7869Department of Public Health, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004 China
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Angata K, Wagatsuma T, Togayachi A, Sato T, Sogabe M, Tajiri K, Ozawa T, Nagashima I, Shimizu H, Iijima S, Korenaga M, Kuno A, Kaji H, Mizokami M, Narimatsu H. O-glycosylated HBsAg peptide can induce specific antibody neutralizing HBV infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130020. [PMID: 34582939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which causes hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, is a global human health problem. HBV contains three envelope proteins, S-, M-, and L-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). We recently found that O-glycosylated M-HBsAg, reactive with jacalin lectin, is one of the primary components of HBV DNA-containing virus particles. Thus, we aimed to analyze and target the glycosylation of HBsAg. METHODS HBsAg prepared from the serum of Japanese patients with HBV were analyzed using mass spectrometry. The glycopeptide modified with O-glycan was generated and used for immunization. The specificity of the generated antibody and the HBV infection inhibition activity was examined. RESULTS Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that T37 and/or T38 on M-HBsAg of genotype C were modulated by ±NeuAc(α2,3)Gal(β1,3)GalNAc. Chemically and enzymatically synthesized O-glycosylated peptide (Glyco-PS2) induced antibodies that recognize mainly PreS2 in M-HBsAg not in L-HBsAg, whereas the non-glycosylated peptide (PS2) induced antisera recognizing L-HBsAg but not O-glycosylated M-HBsAg. The removal of O-glycan from M-HBsAg partly decreased the reactivity of the Glyco-PS2 antibody, suggesting that peptide part was also recognized by the antibody. The antibody further demonstrated the inhibition of HBV infection in human hepatic cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Glycosylation of HBsAg occurs differently in different HBsAgs in a site-specific manner. The new Glyco-PS2 antibody, recognizing O-glycosylated M-HBsAg of genotype C, could inhibit HBV infection. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The detailed analysis of HBsAg identified different glycosylations of HBV surface. The glycosylated peptide based on mass spectrometry analysis showed higher potential to induce functional antibody against HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiko Angata
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takanori Wagatsuma
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Togayachi
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Maki Sogabe
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tajiri
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Izuru Nagashima
- Multicellular System Regulation Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimizu
- Multicellular System Regulation Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sayuki Iijima
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaaki Korenaga
- Hepatitis Information Centre, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaji
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Gao G, Li C, Fan W, Zhang M, Li X, Chen W, Li W, Liang R, Li Z, Zhu X. Brilliant glycans and glycosylation: Seq and ye shall find. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:279-291. [PMID: 34389387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycosylation is the addition of monosaccharides or glycans to the protein peptide chain. This is a common post-translational modification of proteins with a variety of biological functions. At present, more than half of all biopharmaceuticals in clinic are modified by glycosylation. Most glycoproteins are potential drug targets and biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Therefore, in-depth study of glycan structure of glycoproteins will ultimately improve the sensitivity and specificity of glycoproteins for clinical disease detection. With the deepening of research, the function and application value of glycans and glycosylation has gradually emerged. This review systematically introduces the latest research progress of glycans and glycosylation. It encompasses six cancers, four viruses, and their latest discoveries in Alzheimer's disease, allergic diseases, congenital diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, inflammation, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanwen Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingtao Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xinming Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Wenqing Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Weiquan Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Runzhang Liang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiao Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China.
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