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Ren G, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Xue X, Fan H. Research Progress of Small Plant Peptides on the Regulation of Plant Growth, Development, and Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4114. [PMID: 38612923 PMCID: PMC11012589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Small peptides in plants are typically characterized as being shorter than 120 amino acids, with their biologically active variants comprising fewer than 20 amino acids. These peptides are instrumental in regulating plant growth, development, and physiological processes, even at minimal concentrations. They play a critical role in long-distance signal transduction within plants and act as primary responders to a range of stress conditions, including salinity, alkalinity, drought, high temperatures, and cold. This review highlights the crucial roles of various small peptides in plant growth and development, plant resistance to abiotic stress, and their involvement in long-distance transport. Furthermore, it elaborates their roles in the regulation of plant hormone biosynthesis. Special emphasis is given to the functions and mechanisms of small peptides in plants responding to abiotic stress conditions, aiming to provide valuable insights for researchers working on the comprehensive study and practical application of small peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (G.R.); (Y.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.X.)
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, No. 2 Kangyang Road, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (G.R.); (Y.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.X.)
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, No. 2 Kangyang Road, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Zengting Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (G.R.); (Y.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.X.)
| | - Xin Xue
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (G.R.); (Y.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.X.)
| | - Hai Fan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (G.R.); (Y.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.X.)
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2
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Xiong T, Ye F, Chen J, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Peptide signaling in anther development and pollen-stigma interactions. Gene 2023; 865:147328. [PMID: 36870426 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Polypeptides play irreplaceable roles in cell-cell communication by binding to receptor-like kinases. Various types of peptide-receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling have been identified in anther development and male-female interactions in flowering plants. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of the biological functions and signaling pathways of peptides and receptors involved in anther development, self-incompatibility, pollen tube growth and pollen tube guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiong
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Fan Ye
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yurui Chen
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Zaibao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China.
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3
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Synthesis of naturally occurring β-l-arabinofuranosyl-l-arabinofuranoside structures towards the substrate specificity evaluation of β-l-arabinofuranosidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 68:116849. [PMID: 35653870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methyl β-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 2)-, -(1 → 3)-, and -(1 → 5)-α-l-arabinofuranosides have been stereoselectively synthesized through 2-naphthylmethyl ether-mediated intramolecular aglycon delivery (NAP-IAD), whose β-linkages were confirmed by NMR analysis on the 3JH1-H2 coupling constant and 13C chemical shift of C1. The NAP-IAD approach was simply extended for the synthesis of trisaccharide motifs possessing β-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 5)-l-arabinofuranosyl non-reducing terminal structure with the branched β-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 5)-[α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 3)]-α-l-arabinofuranosyl and the liner β-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 5)-β-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 5)-β-l-arabinofuranosyl structures in olive arabinan and dinoflagellate polyethers, respectively. The results on the substrate specificity of a bifidobacterial β-l-arabinofuranosidase HypBA1 using the regioisomers indicated that HypBA1 could hydrolyze all three linkages however behaved clearly less active to β-(1 → 5)-linked disaccharide than other two regioisomers including the proposed natural degradation product, β-(1 → 2)-linked one from plant extracellular matrix such as extensin. On the other hand, Xanthomonas XeHypBA1 was found to hydrolyze all three disaccharides as the substrate with higher specificity to β-(1 → 2)-linkage than bifidobacterial HypBA1.
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Kaufmann C, Sauter M. Sulfated plant peptide hormones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4267-4277. [PMID: 31231771 PMCID: PMC6698702 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated peptides are plant hormones that are active at nanomolar concentrations. The sulfation at one or more tyrosine residues is catalysed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST), which is encoded by a single-copy gene. The sulfate group is provided by the co-substrate 3´-phosphoadenosine 5´-phosphosulfate (PAPS), which links synthesis of sulfated signaling peptides to sulfur metabolism. The precursor proteins share a conserved DY-motif that is implicated in specifying tyrosine sulfation. Several sulfated peptides undergo additional modification such as hydroxylation of proline and glycosylation of hydroxyproline. The modifications render the secreted signaling molecules active and stable. Several sulfated signaling peptides have been shown to be perceived by leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) but have signaling pathways that, for the most part, are yet to be elucidated. Sulfated peptide hormones regulate growth and a wide variety of developmental processes, and intricately modulate immunity to pathogens. While basic research on sulfated peptides has made steady progress, their potential in agricultural and pharmaceutical applications has yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kaufmann
- Plant Developmental Biology and Physiology, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten, Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Margret Sauter
- Plant Developmental Biology and Physiology, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten, Kiel, Germany
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5
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Zhou Y, Sarker U, Neumann G, Ludewig U. The LaCEP1 peptide modulates cluster root morphology in Lupinus albus. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:525-537. [PMID: 29984412 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
White lupin cluster roots are specialized brush-like root structures that are formed in some species under phosphorus (P)-deficient conditions. They intensely secrete protons and organic acid anions for solubilization and acquisition of sparingly soluble phosphates. Phytohormones and sucrose modulate cluster root number, but the molecular mechanisms of cluster root formation have been elusive. Here, a novel peptide phytohormone was identified that affects cluster root development. It belongs to the C-TERMINALLY-ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) family. Members of that family arrest root growth and modulate branching in model species. LaCEP1 was highly expressed in the pre-emergence zone of clusters. Over-expression of the gene encoding the LaCEP1 propeptide resulted in moderate inhibition of cluster root formation. The primary and lateral root lengths of lupin were little affected by the overexpression, but LaCEP1 reduced cluster rootlet and root hair elongation. Addition of a 15-mer core peptide derived from LaCEP1 similarly altered root morphology and modified cluster activity, suggesting that a core sequence of the propeptide is functionally sufficient. Stable overexpression in Arabidopsis confirmed the LaCEP1 function in root growth inhibition across species. Taken together, the root inhibitory effects of the LaCEP1 phytohormone suggest a role as of a regulatory module involved in cluster root development in white lupin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, D-70593, Germany
| | - Upama Sarker
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, D-70593, Germany
| | - Günter Neumann
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, D-70593, Germany
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, D-70593, Germany
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Ingram G, Gutierrez-Marcos J. Peptide signalling during angiosperm seed development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015. [PMID: 26195729 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is pivotal for the coordination of various features of plant development. Recent studies in plants have revealed that, as in animals, secreted signal peptides play critical roles during reproduction. However, the precise signalling mechanisms in plants are not well understood. In this review, we discuss the known and putative roles of secreted peptides present in the seeds of angiosperms as key signalling factors involved in coordinating different aspects of seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667 CNRS/UMR 0879 INRA, ENS de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Mohd-Radzman NA, Binos S, Truong TT, Imin N, Mariani M, Djordjevic MA. Novel MtCEP1 peptides produced in vivo differentially regulate root development in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5289-300. [PMID: 25711701 PMCID: PMC4526912 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Small, post-translationally modified and secreted peptides regulate diverse plant developmental processes. Due to low natural abundance, it is difficult to isolate and identify these peptides. Using an improved peptide isolation protocol and Orbitrap mass spectrometry, nine 15-amino-acid CEP peptides were identified that corresponded to the two domains encoded by Medicago truncatula CEP1 (MtCEP1). Novel arabinosylated and hydroxylated peptides were identified in root cultures overexpressing MtCEP1. The five most abundant CEP peptides were hydroxylated and these species were detected also in low amounts in vector control samples. Synthetic peptides with different hydroxylation patterns differentially affected root development. Notably, the domain 1 peptide hydroxylated at Pro4 and Pro11 (D1:HyP4,11) imparted the strongest inhibition of lateral root emergence when grown with 5mM KNO3 and stimulated the highest increase in nodule number when grown with 0mM KNO3. Inhibition of lateral root emergence by D1:HyP4,11 was not alleviated by removing peptide exposure. In contrast, the domain 2 peptide hydroxylated at Pro11 (D2:HyP11) increased stage III-IV lateral root primordium numbers by 6-fold (P < 0.001) which failed to emerge. Auxin addition at levels which stimulated lateral root formation in wild-type plants had little or no ameliorating effect on CEP peptide-mediated inhibition of lateral root formation or emergence. Both peptides increased and altered the root staining pattern of the auxin-responsive reporter GH3:GUS suggesting CEPs alter auxin sensitivity or distribution. The results showed that CEP primary sequence and post-translational modifications influence peptide activities and the improved isolation procedure effectively and reproducibly identifies and characterises CEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiatul A Mohd-Radzman
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Steve Binos
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Pty Ltd, 5 Caribbean Drive, Scoresby, VIC 3179, Australia
| | - Thy T Truong
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Nijat Imin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Michael Mariani
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Pty Ltd, 5 Caribbean Drive, Scoresby, VIC 3179, Australia
| | - Michael A Djordjevic
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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Yang YS, Wang CC, Chen BH, Hou YH, Hung KS, Mao YC. Tyrosine sulfation as a protein post-translational modification. Molecules 2015; 20:2138-64. [PMID: 25635379 PMCID: PMC6272617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of inorganic sulfate into biological molecules plays an important role in biological systems and is directly involved in the instigation of diseases. Protein tyrosine sulfation (PTS) is a common post-translational modification that was first reported in the literature fifty years ago. However, the significance of PTS under physiological conditions and its link to diseases have just begun to be appreciated in recent years. PTS is catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) through transfer of an activated sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to tyrosine in a variety of proteins and peptides. Currently, only a small fraction of sulfated proteins is known and the understanding of the biological sulfation mechanisms is still in progress. In this review, we give an introductory and selective brief review of PTS and then summarize the basic biochemical information including the activity and the preparation of TPST, methods for the determination of PTS, and kinetics and reaction mechanism of TPST. This information is fundamental for the further exploration of the function of PTS that induces protein-protein interactions and the subsequent biochemical and physiological reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Shyong Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Chu Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - You-Hua Hou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chih Mao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
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Ogilvie HA, Imin N, Djordjevic MA. Diversification of the C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) gene family in angiosperms, and evolution of plant-family specific CEP genes. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:870. [PMID: 25287121 PMCID: PMC4197245 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small, secreted signaling peptides work in parallel with phytohormones to control important aspects of plant growth and development. Genes from the C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) family produce such peptides which negatively regulate plant growth, especially under stress, and affect other important developmental processes. To illuminate how the CEP gene family has evolved within the plant kingdom, including its emergence, diversification and variation between lineages, a comprehensive survey was undertaken to identify and characterize CEP genes in 106 plant genomes. RESULTS Using a motif-based system developed for this study to identify canonical CEP peptide domains, a total of 916 CEP genes and 1,223 CEP domains were found in angiosperms and for the first time in gymnosperms. This defines a narrow band for the emergence of CEP genes in plants, from the divergence of lycophytes to the angiosperm/gymnosperm split. Both CEP genes and domains were found to have diversified in angiosperms, particularly in the Poaceae and Solanaceae plant families. Multispecies orthologous relationships were determined for 22% of identified CEP genes, and further analysis of those groups found selective constraints upon residues within the CEP peptide and within the previously little-characterized variable region. An examination of public Oryza sativa RNA-Seq datasets revealed an expression pattern that links OsCEP5 and OsCEP6 to panicle development and flowering, and CEP gene trees reveal these emerged from a duplication event associated with the Poaceae plant family. CONCLUSIONS The characterization of the plant-family specific CEP genes OsCEP5 and OsCEP6, the association of CEP genes with angiosperm-specific development processes like panicle development, and the diversification of CEP genes in angiosperms provides further support for the hypothesis that CEP genes have been integral to the evolution of novel traits within the angiosperm lineage. Beyond these findings, the comprehensive set of CEP genes and their properties reported here will be a resource for future research on CEP genes and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw A Ogilvie
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Nijat Imin
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Michael A Djordjevic
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
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Murphy E, De Smet I. Understanding the RALF family: a tale of many species. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:664-71. [PMID: 24999241 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Small secreted peptides are gaining importance as signalling molecules in plants. Among the 1000 open reading frames (ORFs) in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome potentially encoding small secreted peptides, the members of the RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) family of peptides have been linked to several physiological and developmental processes. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on the RALF family. Discovered in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), the role of RALF peptides has been investigated in numerous plant species. Together, these observations suggest that RALF peptides impact on acidification and cell expansion during growth and development. Although few components of the signalling pathway have been revealed, the recent identification of FERONIA (FER) as a RALF receptor and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase 2 as a downstream target provide a major step forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Murphy
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Onrubia M, Pollier J, Vanden Bossche R, Goethals M, Gevaert K, Moyano E, Vidal-Limon H, Cusidó RM, Palazón J, Goossens A. Taximin, a conserved plant-specific peptide is involved in the modulation of plant-specialized metabolism. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:971-83. [PMID: 24852175 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides play important roles in the signalling cascades that steer plant growth, development and defence, and often crosstalk with hormonal signalling. Thereby, they also modulate metabolism, including the production of bioactive molecules that are of high interest for human applications. Yew species (Taxus spp.) produce diterpenes such as the powerful anticancer agent paclitaxel, the biosynthesis of which can be stimulated by the hormone jasmonate, both in whole plants and cell suspension cultures. Here, we identified Taximin, as a gene encoding a hitherto unreported, plant-specific, small, cysteine-rich signalling peptide, through a transcriptome survey of jasmonate-elicited T. baccata suspension cells grown in two-media cultures. Taximin expression increased in a coordinated manner with that of paclitaxel biosynthesis genes. Tagged Taximin peptides were shown to enter the secretory system and localize to the plasma membrane. In agreement with this, the exogenous application of synthetic Taximin peptide variants could transiently modulate the biosynthesis of taxanes in T. baccata cell suspension cultures. Importantly, the Taximin peptide is widely conserved in the higher plant kingdom with a high degree of sequence conservation. Accordingly, Taximin overexpression could stimulate the production of nicotinic alkaloids in Nicotiana tabacum hairy root cultures in a synergistic manner with jasmonates. In contrast, no pronounced effects of Taximin overexpression on the specialized metabolism in Medicago truncatula roots were observed. This study increases our understanding of the regulation of Taxus diterpene biosynthesis in particular and plant metabolism in general. Ultimately, Taximin might increase the practical potential of metabolic engineering of medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Onrubia
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Ishiwata A, Kaeothip S, Takeda Y, Ito Y. Synthesis of the Highly Glycosylated Hydrophilic Motif of Extensins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Ishiwata A, Kaeothip S, Takeda Y, Ito Y. Synthesis of the Highly Glycosylated Hydrophilic Motif of Extensins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9812-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Tabata R, Sawa S. Maturation processes and structures of small secreted peptides in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:311. [PMID: 25071794 PMCID: PMC4082320 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, small secreted peptides have proven to be essential for various aspects of plant growth and development, including the maintenance of certain stem cell populations. Most small secreted peptides identified in plants to date are recognized by membrane-localized receptor kinases, the largest family of receptor proteins in the plant genome. This peptide-receptor interaction is essential for initiating intracellular signaling cascades. Small secreted peptides often undergo post-translational modifications and proteolytic processing to generate the mature peptides. Recent studies suggest that, in contrast to the situation in mammals, the proteolytic processing of plant peptides involves a number of complex steps. Furthermore, NMR-based structural analysis demonstrated that post-translational modifications induce the conformational changes needed for full activity. In this mini review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how small secreted peptides are modified and processed into biologically active peptides and describe the mature structures of small secreted peptides in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tabata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoya, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryo Tabata, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japane-mail:
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
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15
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Sparks E, Wachsman G, Benfey PN. Spatiotemporal signalling in plant development. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14:631-44. [PMID: 23949543 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants, being sessile organisms, need to respond to changing environments, and as a result they have evolved unique signalling mechanisms that allow rapid communication between different parts of the plant. The signalling mechanisms that direct plant development include long-range effectors, such as phytohormones, and molecules with a local intra-organ range, such as peptides, transcription factors and some small RNAs. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in understanding plant signalling mechanisms and discuss how different classes of signalling networks can integrate with gene regulatory networks and contribute to plant development. In some cases, we also address the evolutionary context of mechanisms and discuss possible links between the lifestyle of plants and selection for different signalling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Sparks
- 1] Department of Biology and Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA. [2]
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Delay C, Imin N, Djordjevic MA. CEP genes regulate root and shoot development in response to environmental cues and are specific to seed plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5383-94. [PMID: 24179096 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The manifestation of repetitive developmental programmes during plant growth can be adjusted in response to various environmental cues. During root development, this means being able to precisely control root growth and lateral root development. Small signalling peptides have been found to play roles in many aspects of root development. One member of the CEP (C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE) gene family has been shown to arrest root growth. Here we report that CEP genes are widespread among seed plants but are not present in land plants that lack true branching roots or root vasculature. We have identified 10 additional CEP genes in Arabidopsis. Expression analysis revealed that CEP genes are regulated by environmental cues such as nitrogen limitation, increased salt levels, increased osmotic strength, and increased CO2 levels in both roots and shoots. Analysis of synthetic CEP variants showed that both peptide sequence and modifications of key amino acids affect CEP biological activity. Analysis of several CEP over-expression lines revealed distinct roles for CEP genes in root and shoot development. A cep3 knockout mutant showed increased root and shoot growth under a range of abiotic stress, nutrient, and light conditions. We demonstrate that CEPs are negative regulators of root development, slowing primary root growth and reducing lateral root formation. We propose that CEPs are negative regulators that mediate environmental influences on plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Delay
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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Kaeothip S, Ishiwata A, Ito T, Fushinobu S, Fujita K, Ito Y. Preparation of p-nitrophenyl β-l-arabinofuranoside as a substrate of β-l-arabinofuranosidase. Carbohydr Res 2013; 382:95-100. [PMID: 24239541 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of p-nitrophenyl β-l-arabinofuranoside 1 as the substrate for novel β-l-arabinofuranosidase has been achieved by using both our inter- and intra-molecular glycosylation methodologies. Although the intermolecular glycosylation with l-Araf donors 3 and 4 resulted in a mixture of both α- and β-isomers, NAP ether-mediated IAD with 3 and 6 afforded the desired β-l-arabinofuranoside stereospecifically which was confirmed by NMR analysis on the (3)JH1-H2 coupling constant and (13)C chemical shift of C1. As expected, 1 has been revealed to be an efficient substrate in the biological study of a novel β-arabinofuranosidase such as HypBA1 with higher apparent affinity compared with other reported substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophon Kaeothip
- ERATO Glycotrilogy Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Wheat grain softness protein (Gsp1) is a puroindoline-like protein that displays a specific post-translational maturation and does not interact with lipids. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Kaeothip S, Ishiwata A, Ito Y. Stereoselective synthesis of Arabidopsis CLAVATA3 (CLV3) glycopeptide, unique protein post-translational modifications of secreted peptide hormone in plant. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:5892-907. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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