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Ba R, Wang X, Zhang Z, Li Q, Sun Y, Zhang J, Wu D. Diffusion-time dependent diffusion MRI: effect of diffusion-time on microstructural mapping and prediction of prognostic features in breast cancer. Eur Radiol 2023; 33:6226-6237. [PMID: 37071169 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-09623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effect of achievable td on the accuracy of microstructural mapping based on simulation and patient experiments, and investigate the feasibility of td-dMRI in distinguishing prognostic factors in breast cancer patients. METHODS Simulation was performed using different td settings. Patients with breast cancer were enrolled prospectively between November 2020 and January 2021, who underwent oscillating and pulsed gradient encoded dMRI on a 3-T scanner using short-/long-td protocol with oscillating frequency up to 50/33 Hz. Data were fitted with a two-compartment model to estimate cell diameter (d), intracellular fraction (fin), and diffusivities. Estimated microstructural markers were used to differentiate immunohistochemical receptor status and the presence of lymph node (LN), which were correlated with histopathological measurements. RESULTS Simulation results showed that d fitted from the short-td protocol significantly reduced estimation error than those from long-td (2.07 ± 1.51% versus 3.05 ± 1.92%, p < 0.0001) while the estimation error of fin was robust to different protocols. Among a total of 37 breast cancer patients, the estimated d was significantly higher in HER2-positive and LN-positive (p < 0.05) groups compared to their negative counterparts only using the short-td protocol. Histopathological validation in a subset of 6 patients with whole slide images showed the estimated d was highly correlated with measurements from H&E staining (r = 0.84, p = 0.03) only using the short-td protocol. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated the necessity of short-td for accurate microstructural mapping in breast cancer. The current td-dMRI with a total acquisition time of 4.5 min showed its potential in the diagnosis of breast cancer. KEY POINTS • Short td is important for accurate microstructural mapping in breast cancer using the td-dMRI technique, based on simulation and histological validation. • The 4.5-min td-dMRI protocol showed potential clinical value for breast cancer, given the difference in cell diameter between HER2/LN positive and negative groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Ba
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Room 525, Zhou Yiqing Building, Yuquan Campus, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zelin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Room 525, Zhou Yiqing Building, Yuquan Campus, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qing Li
- MR Collaborations, Siemens Healthineers Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Sun
- MR Collaborations, Siemens Healthineers Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jiuquan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Room 525, Zhou Yiqing Building, Yuquan Campus, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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Boström P, Sainio A, Eigėlienė N, Jokilammi A, Elenius K, Koskivuo I, Järveläinen H. Human Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma and Decorin. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2017; 10:39-48. [PMID: 28653173 PMCID: PMC5750199 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-017-0195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare subtype of invasive breast cancer and has poor prognosis. In general, cancers are heterogeneous cellular masses comprised of different cell types and their extracellular matrix (ECM). However, little is known about the composition of the ECM and its constituents in MBC. Decorin is a ubiquitous ECM macromolecule known of its oncosuppressive activity. As such, it provides an intriguing molecule in the development of novel therapeutics for different malignancies such as MBC. In this study, decorin immunoreactivity and the effect of adenoviral decorin cDNA (Ad-DCN) transduction were examined in MBC. Multiple immunohistochemical stainings were used to characterize a massive breast tumour derived from an old woman. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) explant cultures derived from the tumour were transduced with Ad-DCN to study the effect of the transduction on the explants. The MBC tumour was shown to be completely negative for decorin immunoreactivity demonstrating that the malignant cells were not able to synthesize decorin. Ad-DCN transduction resulted in a markedly altered cytological phenotype of MBC explants by decreasing the amount of atypical cells and by inhibiting cell proliferation. The results of this study support approaches to develop new, decorin-based adjuvant therapies for MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Boström
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Annele Sainio
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Natalja Eigėlienė
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Oncology Clinic, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Hietalahdenkatu 2-4, 65130, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Anne Jokilammi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Koskivuo
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Järveläinen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Satakunta Central Hospital, Sairaalantie 3, 28500, Pori, Finland.
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Bermudez JG, Chen H, Einstein LC, Good MC. Probing the biology of cell boundary conditions through confinement of Xenopus cell-free cytoplasmic extracts. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28132422 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free cytoplasmic extracts prepared from Xenopus eggs and embryos have for decades provided a biochemical system with which to interrogate complex cell biological processes in vitro. Recently, the application of microfabrication and microfluidic strategies in biology has narrowed the gap between in vitro and in vivo studies by enabling formation of cell-size compartments containing functional cytoplasm. These approaches provide numerous advantages over traditional biochemical experiments performed in a test tube. Most notably, the cell-free cytoplasm is confined using a two- or three-dimensional boundary, which mimics the natural configuration of a cell. This strategy enables characterization of the spatial organization of a cell, and the role that boundaries play in regulating intracellular assembly and function. In this review, we describe the marriage of Xenopus cell-free cytoplasm and confinement technologies to generate synthetic cell-like systems, the recent biological insights they have enabled, and the promise they hold for future scientific discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Bermudez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 1151 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 1151 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Lily C Einstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 1151 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Matthew C Good
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 1151 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 1151 BRB II/III, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
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Wang S, Qiu J, Shi Z, Wang Y, Chen M. Nanoscale drug delivery for taxanes based on the mechanism of multidrug resistance of cancer. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 33:224-241. [PMID: 25447422 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Taxanes are one type of the most extensively used chemotherapeutic agents to treat cancers. However, their clinical use is severely limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. A diverse variety of mechanisms has been implicated about taxane resistance, such as alterations of drug targets, overexpression of efflux transporters, defective apoptotic machineries, and barriers in drug transport. The deepening understanding of molecular mechanisms of taxane resistance has spawned a number of targets for reversing resistance. However, circumvention of taxane resistance would not only possess therapeutic potential, but also face with clinical challenge, which accelerates the development of optimal nanoscale delivery systems. This review highlights the current understanding on the mechanisms of taxane resistance, and provides a comprehensive analysis of various nanoscale delivery systems to reverse taxane resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jiange Qiu
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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Li XZ, Williams S, Bottema MJ. Texture and region dependent breast cancer risk assessment from screening mammograms. Pattern Recognit Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Taxane resistance in breast cancer: mechanisms, predictive biomarkers and circumvention strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:890-903. [PMID: 22465195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taxanes are established in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and early breast cancer (EBC) as potent chemotherapy agents. However, their therapeutic usefulness is limited by de-novo refractoriness or acquired resistance, which are common drawbacks to most anti-cancer cytotoxics. Considering that the taxanes will remain principle chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of breast cancer, we reviewed known mechanisms of resistance in with an outlook of optimizing their clinical use. METHODS We searched the PubMed and MEDLINE databases for articles (from inception through to 9th January 2012; last search 10/01/2012) and journals known to publish information relevant to taxane chemotherapy. We imposed no language restrictions. Search terms included: cancer, breast cancer, response, resistance, taxane, paclitaxel, docetaxel, taxol. Due to the possibility of alternative mechanisms of resistance all combination chemotherapy treated data sets were removed from our overview. RESULTS Over-expression of the MDR-1 gene product Pgp was extensively studied in vitro in association with taxane resistance, but data are conflicting. Similarly, the target components microtubules, which are thought to mediate refractoriness through alterations of the expression pattern of tubulins or microtubule associated proteins and the expression of alternative tubulin isoforms, failed to confirm such associations. Little consensus has been generated for reported associations between taxane-sensitivity and mutated p53, or taxane-resistance and overexpression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL or NFkB. In contrary sufficient in vitro data support an association of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) defects with resistance. Clinical data have been limited and inconsistent, which relate to the variety of methods used, lack of standardization of cut-offs for quantitation, differences in clinical endpoints measured and in methods of tissue collection preparation and storage, and study/patient heterogeneity. The most prominent finding is that pharmaceutical down-regulation of HER-2 appears to reverse the taxane resistance. CONCLUSIONS Currently no valid practical biomarkers exist that can predict resistance to the taxanes in breast cancer supporting the principle of individualized cancer therapy. The incorporation of several biomarker analyses into prospectively designed studies in this setting are needed.
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Koduru S, Sowmyalakshmi S, Kumar R, Gomathinayagam R, Rohr J, Damodaran C. Identification of a potent herbal molecule for the treatment of breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:41. [PMID: 19183448 PMCID: PMC2649156 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BCa)-related mortality still remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Patients with BCa have increasingly shown resistance and high toxicity to current chemotherapeutic drugs for which identification of novel targeted therapies are required. METHODS To determine the effect of PDBD on BCa cells, estrogen-receptor positive (ER+)-MCF-7 and estrogen-receptor negative (ER-)-MDA 231 cells were treated with PDBD and the cell viability, apoptotic, cell cycle, Western blot and Promoter assays were performed. RESULTS PDBD inhibits cell viability of ER+ and ER- BCa cells by inducing apoptosis without causing significant toxicity in normal breast epithelial cells. While dissecting the mechanism of action of PDBD on BCa, we found that PDBD inhibits Akt signaling and its downstream targets such as NF-kappaB activation, IAP proteins and Bcl-2 expression. On the other hand, activation of JNK/p38 MAPK-mediated pro-apoptotic signaling was observed in both ER+ and ER- BCa cells. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PDBD may have wide therapeutic application in the treatment of BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Koduru
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY- 40536, USA
| | - Srinivasan Sowmyalakshmi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY- 40536, USA
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY- 40536, USA
| | - Rohini Gomathinayagam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY- 40536, USA
| | - Jürgen Rohr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY- 40536, USA
| | - Chendil Damodaran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY- 40536, USA
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Andre F, Nahta R, Conforti R, Boulet T, Aziz M, Yuan LXH, Meslin F, Spielmann M, Tomasic G, Pusztai L, Hortobagyi GN, Michiels S, Delaloge S, Esteva FJ. Expression patterns and predictive value of phosphorylated AKT in early-stage breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:315-20. [PMID: 17804473 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AKT phosphorylation is a critical step in the activation of growth factor receptors and can mediate tumor resistance to anthracyclines. We evaluated the expression patterns and predictive value of phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) in breast cancer tissues. PATIENTS AND METHODS pAKT expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 823 tumors from patients with early breast cancer enrolled in two randomized trials. The distribution of pAKT expression was correlated with HER2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression. The predictive value of pAKT for the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy was determined by test for interaction. RESULTS pAKT, EGFR, and HER2 were expressed in 119 of 781 (15%), 118 of 758 (16%), and 99 of 775 (13%) assessable tumors. Staining was positive for pAKT in 28 of 99 (28%) and 90 of 676 (13%) HER2+ and HER2- tumors (P < 0.001). pAKT was expressed in 15 of 94 (16%) and 75 of 563 (13%) HER2-/EGFR+ and HER2-/EGFR- tumors, respectively (P = 0.49). A positive staining for pAKT did not correlate with prognosis (P = 0.94), and did not predict the resistance to anthracyclines (test for interaction, P = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS AKT phosphorylation is associated with HER2 expression but not EGFR expression in patients with early breast cancer. pAKT is not predictive for the efficacy of anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Andre
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Tilli MT, Cabrera MC, Parrish AR, Torre KM, Sidawy MK, Gallagher AL, Makariou E, Polin SA, Liu MC, Furth PA. Real-time imaging and characterization of human breast tissue by reflectance confocal microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:051901. [PMID: 17994884 DOI: 10.1117/1.2799187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Real-time technologies can increase the efficiency of obtaining informative biopsies and accelerate interpretation of biopsy pathological review. Cellular aberrations inherent to cancer cells, including nuclear size, can currently be detected, but few technologies are available to evaluate adequacy of specimens in real time. The aims of this study are: 1. to determine if near-infrared reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) can be used to assess epithelial/stromal content of core needle breast biopsy samples in real time, 2. to determine if epithelial cell nuclear size can be measured on RCM images, and 3. to test if RCM images can be accurately read for presence/absence of histologically relevant features of malignancy. Breast biopsies are obtained following a medically indicated breast core needle diagnostic biopsy for RCM examination. Acetic acid is used as a contrast agent to visualize structures within breast tissue. Structures are identified and optically serially sectioned, and digital images are cataloged. Relative amounts of epithelial, fatty, and collagenous tissue are determined. RCM biopsies are formalin-fixed and stained for hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) comparison with RCM images. RCM data are comparable to data from H and E sections. Epithelial cell nuclear size is measured on stored digital RCM images. We compare RCM and H and E images from 16 patients and 25 core needle biopsy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena T Tilli
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Ogawa T, Nagashima Y, Wada H, Akimoto K, Chiba Y, Nagatani T, Inayama Y, Yao M, Aoki I, Ikezawa Z. Polyomavirus disease in renal transplantation: review of pathological findings and diagnostic methods. Hum Pathol 2005; 36:1273-80. [PMID: 16311120 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Up to 10% of renal transplant recipients can develop polyomavirus nephropathy (PVN) in the allograft, leading to premature graft failure. Recent studies have shown that early diagnosis of PVN before there is irreversible damage to the kidney can result in marked improvement of outcome with resolution of the infection in a large proportion of patients. Early histopathologic diagnosis is complicated by the subtle beginning of the infection and its multifocal nature. This review presents a comprehensive set of guidelines for the effective clinical use of urine cytology and quantitation of viruria and viremia in conjunction with the renal biopsy findings. The morphological features of PVN are presented with specific emphasis on the patterns of PVN that are based on the histological progression of the disease and that correlate with clinical outcome. Also discussed in the context of their clinical significance are the main virological and epidemiological aspects of the BK, JC, and SV40 polyomavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ogawa
- Department of Environmental Immunodermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Kucab JE, Lee C, Chen CS, Zhu J, Gilks CB, Cheang M, Huntsman D, Yorida E, Emerman J, Pollak M, Dunn SE. Celecoxib analogues disrupt Akt signaling, which is commonly activated in primary breast tumours. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R796-807. [PMID: 16168126 PMCID: PMC1242152 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Phosphorylated Akt (P-Akt) is an attractive molecular target because it contributes to the development of breast cancer and confers resistance to conventional therapies. Akt also serves as a signalling intermediate for receptors such as human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2, which is overexpressed in 30% of breast cancers; therefore, inhibitors to this pathway are being sought. New celecoxib analogues reportedly inhibit P-Akt in prostate cancer cells. We therefore examined the potential of these compounds in the treatment of breast cancer. The analogues were characterized in MDA-MB-453 cells because they overexpress HER-2 and have very high levels of P-Akt. Methods To evaluate the effect of the celecoxib analogues, immunoblotting was used to identify changes in the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream substrates glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) and 4E binding protein (4EBP-1). In vitro kinase assays were then used to assess the effect of the drugs on Akt activity. Cell death was evaluated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, nucleosomal fragmentation and MTS assays. Finally, tumour tissue microarrays were screened for P-Akt and HER-2 expression. Results OSU-03012 and OSU-O3013 inhibited P-Akt and its downstream signalling through 4EBP-1 and GSK at concentrations well below that of celecoxib. Disruption of P-Akt was followed by induction of apoptosis and more than 90% cell death. We also noted that the cytotoxicity of the celecoxib analogues was not significantly affected by serum. In contrast, the presence of 5% serum protected cells from celecoxib induced death. Thus, the structural modification of the celecoxib analogues increased P-Akt inhibition and enhanced the bioavailability of the drugs in vitro. To assess how many patients may potentially benefit from such drugs we screened tumour tissue microarrays. P-Akt was highly activated in 58% (225/390) of cases, whereas it was only similarly expressed in 35% (9/26) of normal breast tissues. Furthermore, HER-2 positive tumours expressed high levels of P-Akt (P < 0.01), supporting in vitro signal transduction. Conclusion We determined that Celecoxib analogues are potent inhibitors of P-Akt signalling and kill breast cancer cells that overexpress HER-2. We also defined an association between HER-2 and P-Akt in primary breast tissues, suggesting that these inhibitors may benefit patients in need of new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Kucab
- British Columbia Research Institute for Children's and Women's Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cathy Lee
- British Columbia Research Institute for Children's and Women's Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Division of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiuxiang Zhu
- Division of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - C Blake Gilks
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre and BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maggie Cheang
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre and BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David Huntsman
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre and BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erika Yorida
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre and BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joanne Emerman
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Pollak
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Sandra E Dunn
- British Columbia Research Institute for Children's and Women's Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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