1
|
Chen X, Liu C, Yang S, Yang Y, Chen Y, Zhao X, Zhu W, Zhao Q, Ni C, Huang X, Yan W, Shen C, Gu HF. Gender Specificity and Local Socioeconomic Influence on Association of GHR fl/d3 Polymorphism With Growth and Metabolism in Children and Adolescents. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:546080. [PMID: 35402349 PMCID: PMC8984194 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.546080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth hormone receptor (GHR) mediates most GH biological actions. This study is aimed to evaluate whether GHR fl/d3 polymorphism contributes to the inter-individual variability of growth and metabolism in healthy children and adolescents. METHODS A total of 4,730 students aged 6-16 years from Yixing and Suqian City in China were included in this cross-sectional study. Height and body mass index (BMI) were transformed into the form of z-score corresponding to age and gender. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations of GHR fl/d3 polymorphism with height, BMI, metabolic traits, and hypertension by estimating the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS GHR d3 allele was inversely associated with overweight, total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels (OR [95% CI] for overweight: 0.754 [0.593-0.959], P = 0.021; OR [95% CI] for TC: 0.744 [0.614-0.902], P = 0.003; OR [95% CI] for TG: 0.812 [0.654-0.998], P = 0.047). GHR d3 allele was associated with decreased odds of pre-hypertension in boys (OR [95% CI]: 0.791 [0.645-0.971], P = 0.025), but associated with increased odds of pre-hypertension and hypertension in girls (ORs [95% CIs]: 1.379 [1.106-1.719], P = 0.004; OR [95% CI]: 1.240 [1.013-1.519], P = 0.037). Interaction of GHR fl/d3 polymorphism with gender contributed to increased odds of pre-hypertension and hypertension (interactive ORs [95% CIs]: 1.735 [1.214-2.481], P = 0.003; OR [95% CI]: 1.509 [1.092-2.086], P = 0.013). Stratification analysis showed that the correlation tendencies of GHR fl/d3 polymorphism and BMI with age were different between two cities with discrepant economic development levels. CONCLUSION GHR fl/d3 polymorphism is associated with growth, metabolism, and hypertension in children and adolescents with the gender specificity, and the genetic effect of GHR fl/d3 may be modified by the local socioeconomic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Chen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yixing City, Yixing, China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Xianghai Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Weiguang Zhu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Suqian City, Suqian, China
| | - Qihui Zhao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Suqian City, Suqian, China
| | - Chuan Ni
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Suqian City, Suqian, China
| | - Xiangyuan Huang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weili Yan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Harvest F Gu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Antipsychotic medications are critical to child and adolescent psychiatry, from the stabilization of psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression to behavioral treatment of autism spectrum disorder, tic disorders, and pediatric aggression. While effective, these medications carry serious risk of adverse events-most commonly, weight gain and cardiometabolic abnormalities. Negative metabolic consequences affect up to 60% of patients and present a major obstacle to long-term treatment. Since antipsychotics are often chronically prescribed beginning in childhood, cardiometabolic risk accumulates. An increased susceptibility to antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) has been repeatedly documented in children, particularly rapid weight gain. Associated cardiometabolic abnormalities include central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation. Lifestyle interventions and medications such as metformin have been proposed to reduce risk but remain limited in efficacy. Furthermore, antipsychotic medications touted to be weight-neutral in adults can cause substantial weight gain in children. A better understanding of the biological underpinnings of AIWG could inform targeted and potentially more fruitful treatments; however, little is known about the underlying mechanism. As yet, modest genetic studies have nominated a few risk genes that explain only a small percentage of the risk. Recent investigations have begun to explore novel potential mechanisms of AIWG, including a role for gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. This article reviews the problem of AIWG and AP metabolic side effects in pediatric populations, proposed mechanisms underlying this serious side effect, and strategies to mitigate adverse impact. We suggest future directions for research efforts that may advance the field and lead to improved clinical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika L. Nurmi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
ter Hark SE, Jamain S, Schijven D, Lin BD, Bakker MK, Boland-Auge A, Deleuze JF, Troudet R, Malhotra AK, Gülöksüz S, Vinkers CH, Ebdrup BH, Kahn RS, Leboyer M, Luykx JJ. A new genetic locus for antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A genome-wide study of first-episode psychosis patients using amisulpride (from the OPTiMiSE cohort). J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:524-531. [PMID: 32126890 PMCID: PMC7222287 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120907972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotic-induced weight gain is a common and debilitating side effect of antipsychotics. Although genome-wide association studies of antipsychotic-induced weight gain have been performed, few genome-wide loci have been discovered. Moreover, these genome-wide association studies have included a wide variety of antipsychotic compounds. AIMS We aim to gain more insight in the genomic loci affecting antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Given the variable pharmacological properties of antipsychotics, we hypothesized that targeting a single antipsychotic compound would provide new clues about genomic loci affecting antipsychotic-induced weight gain. METHODS All subjects included for this genome-wide association study (n=339) were first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients treated with amisulpride and were minimally medicated (defined as antipsychotic use <2 weeks in the previous year and/or <6 weeks lifetime). Weight gain was defined as the increase in body mass index from before until approximately 1 month after amisulpride treatment. RESULTS Our genome-wide association analyses for antipsychotic-induced weight gain yielded one genome-wide significant hit (rs78310016; β=1.05; p=3.66 × 10-08; n=206) in a locus not previously associated with antipsychotic-induced weight gain or body mass index. Minor allele carriers had an odds ratio of 3.98 (p=1.0 × 10-03) for clinically meaningful antipsychotic-induced weight gain (⩾7% of baseline weight). In silico analysis elucidated a chromatin interaction with 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase 1. In an attempt to replicate single-nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with antipsychotic-induced weight gain, we found none were associated with amisulpride-induced weight gain. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the involvement of rs78310016 and possibly 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase 1 in antipsychotic-induced weight gain. In line with the unique binding profile of this atypical antipsychotic, our findings furthermore hint that biological mechanisms underlying amisulpride-induced weight gain differ from antipsychotic-induced weight gain by other atypical antipsychotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E ter Hark
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Dick Schijven
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bochao D Lin
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark K Bakker
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Boland-Auge
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Réjane Troudet
- Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- The Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, United States of America
| | - Sinan Gülöksüz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health Neuroscience Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjørn H Ebdrup
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Glostrup, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, United States of America
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France,AP-HP, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie et d’addictologie des Hôpitaux universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,GGNet Mental Health, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands,Jurjen J Luykx, Departments of Translational Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Espinosa E, Salame L, Marrero-Rodriguez D, Romero-Nieves AM, Cuenca D, Castelan-Martínez OD, Mendoza V, Ponce-Navarrete G, Salcedo M, Luque-Leòn E, Rodriguez-Gonzalez A, Mercado M. Expression of the growth hormone receptor isoforms and its correlation with the metabolic profile in morbidly obese subjects. Endocrine 2019; 63:573-581. [PMID: 30361972 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY Given the lipolytic effect of GH and its potential role in determining adipose tissue distribution, we evaluated the expression of the GH hormone receptor (GHR) isoforms in patients with morbid obesity seeking associations with metabolic parameters. METHODS 262 morbidly obese subjects (mean age 42.5 ± 11 years, 75% women) underwent PCR-genotyping of the exon 3 GHR polymorphism. In 17 of these subjects, who proved to be heterozygous for the exon 3 genotype (+3/-3), subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue was obtained during bariatric surgery; total RNA was extracted, reversely transcribed, and the different isoforms of the GHR (exon 3 containing and lacking flGHR as well as the trGHR) were PCR-amplified using specific primers. RESULTS 27% were +3/+3 homozygous, 20% -3/-3 homozygous and 53% were +3/-3 heterozygous. Compared to subjects homozygous for the +3 genotype, homozygous and heterozygous carriers of the -3 genotype were significantly heavier and tended to have a higher HOMA 2-IR. Expression of the flGHR and trGHR mRNA was demonstrated in all evaluated samples of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue from the 17 patients. The exon 3+ isoform was expressed in all adipose tissue samples, whereas only six subjects expressed the 3- isoform as well. The only distinctive feature of these six patients was a higher HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS The heterozygous GHR +3/-3 genotype is more prevalent in subjects with morbid obesity. Patients expressing the exon +3 and exon -3 isoforms in adipose tissue had a higher HbA1c, than those expressing only the exon -3 isoform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etual Espinosa
- Endocrinology Service/Experimental Endocrinology Unit and Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Juárez, Mexico
| | - Latife Salame
- Endocrinology Service/Experimental Endocrinology Unit and Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Juárez, Mexico
| | - Daniel Marrero-Rodriguez
- Obesity Clinic Hospital de Especialidades and Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Juárez, Mexico
| | - Andy-Michel Romero-Nieves
- Oncology Research Unit, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Juárez, Mexico
| | - Dalia Cuenca
- Endocrinology Service/Experimental Endocrinology Unit and Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Juárez, Mexico
| | | | - Victoria Mendoza
- Endocrinology Service/Experimental Endocrinology Unit and Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Juárez, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Navarrete
- Obesity Clinic Hospital de Especialidades and Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Juárez, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Salcedo
- Obesity Clinic Hospital de Especialidades and Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Juárez, Mexico
| | | | | | - Moisés Mercado
- Endocrinology Service/Experimental Endocrinology Unit and Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Juárez, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hartin SN, Hossain WA, Manzardo AM, Brown S, Fite PJ, Bortolato M, Butler MG. A descriptive study on selected growth parameters and growth hormone receptor gene in healthy young adults from the American Midwest. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 41:48-53. [PMID: 29459141 PMCID: PMC6064664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The first study of growth hormone receptor (GHR) genotypes in healthy young adults in the United States attending a Midwestern university and impact on selected growth parameters. OBJECTIVE To describe the frequency of GHR genotypes in a sample of healthy young adults from the United States attending a university in the Midwest and analyze the relationship between GHR genotypes and selected growth parameters. DESIGN Saliva was collected from 459 healthy young adults (237 females, 222 males; age range = 18-25 y) and DNA isolated for genotyping of GHR alleles (fl/fl, fl/d3, or d3/d3). Selected growth parameters were collected and GHR genotype data examined for previously reported associations (e.g., height, weight or bone mass density) or novel findings (e.g., % body water and index finger length). RESULTS We found 219 participants (48%) homozygous for fl/fl, 203 (44%), heterozygous fl/d3 and 37 (8%) homozygous d3/d3. The distribution of GHR genotypes in our participants was consistent with previous reports of non-US populations. Several anthropometric measures differed by sex. The distribution of GHR genotypes did not significantly differ by sex, weight, or other anthropometric measures. However, the fl/d3 genotype was more common among African-Americans. CONCLUSIONS Our study of growth and anthropometric parameters in relationship to GHR genotypes found no association with height, weight, right index finger length, BMI, bone mass density, % body fat or % body water in healthy young adults. We did identify sex differences with increased body fat, decreased bone density, body water and index finger length in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Hartin
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Waheeda A Hossain
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ann M Manzardo
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Shaquanna Brown
- Clinical Child Psychology Program and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Paula J Fite
- Clinical Child Psychology Program and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics and Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Boguszewski CL, Barbosa EJL, Svensson PA, Johannsson G, Glad CAM. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Clinical and pharmacogenetic aspects of the growth hormone receptor polymorphism. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:R309-R321. [PMID: 28904008 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics aims to maximize the beneficial effects of a medical therapy by identifying genetic finger prints from responders and non-responders and, thereby improving safety and efficacy profile of the drug. Most subjects who are deficient in growth hormone (GHD) are candidates for recombinant human GH (rhGH) therapy. To date, it is well established that even after adjustments for several clinical variables, such as age, gender, body composition and the age at onset of the GHD, response to rhGH treatment is highly variable among individuals, part of which is believed to be due to genetic factors within the GH system. As the first genetic variant to potentially influence the individual response to rhGH therapy in children with growth disorders, polymorphism in the GH receptor (GHR) has attracted a great interest as a target for pharmacogenetics. Studies have been conducted to compare the functional and molecular effects of the full-length GHR (fl-GHR) isoform with the exon 3 deleted (d3-GHR) isoform in children and adults treated with rhGH therapy. Additionally, the impact of the GHR polymorphism has been investigated in relation to the clinical status and response to medical treatment in acromegaly, especially to the GHR antagonist drug pegvisomant. We have performed a narrative review of the studies performed to date on the association of GHR polymorphism with rhGH response in children and adults, and its potential influence in the medical management of acromegaly. In addition, data from studies on the general population and in other chronic diseases examining a role of this genetic variant in the regulation of growth and metabolism are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar L Boguszewski
- SEMPREndocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Edna J L Barbosa
- SEMPREndocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Per-Arne Svensson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Health and Care SciencesThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of EndocrinologySahlgrenska University Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Camilla A M Glad
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of EndocrinologySahlgrenska University Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaabi YA. Frequency of the exon 3-deleted/full-length growth hormone receptor polymorphism in Saudi Arabian population. Saudi Med J 2017; 38:1090-1095. [PMID: 29114695 PMCID: PMC5767610 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.11.21109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the frequency of the growth hormone receptor (GHR)-d3 polymorphism in a random sample of Saudi Arabian population from Jazan province, and test the effects of the polymorphism on some anthropometric factors. Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study was conducted during the period from January to April 2017 at the College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. A total of 230 healthy adult male and female volunteers were randomly recruited. Genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood, and the GHR exon 3 locus was genotyped using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results: The distributions of the GHR genotypes were as follows: fl/fl (39.1%), fl/d3 (44.8%), and d3/d3 (16.1%). No statistically significant differences were found between fl/fl, fl/d3, or d3/d3 GHR genotypes in terms of weight (p=0.90), height (p=0.12), or body mass index (BMI) (p=0.83) values. Conclusion: No correlations were found between the GHR-d3 polymorphism and weight, height, or BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahia A Kaabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kelishadi R, Hovsepian S, Haghjooy Javanmard S. A Systematic Review of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr Rev 2017; 6. [DOI: 10.5812/jpr.10536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
9
|
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has a large number of metabolic effects, involving lipid and glucose homoeostasis, lean and fat mass. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is associated with a metabolic profile similar to the Metabolic Syndrome which is characterized by dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, haemostatic alterations, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. GH replacement treatment in GHD children improves these cardiovascular risk factors, while cessation of GH is associated with a deterioration of most of these risk factors. However, it is unclear whether the changes of these risk factors are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases especially after discontinuing GH treatment. GH treatment itself can lead to insulin resistance, which probably also influences the cardiovascular health status. Therefore, longitudinal studies with the primary outcome cardiovascular diseases are needed in GHD children. Furthermore, new approaches such as metabolomic studies might be helpful to understand the relationship between GHD, GH treatment, and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rothermel
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Glad CAM, Carlsson LMS, Melander O, Almgren P, Sjöström L, Nilsson S, Larsson I, Svensson PA, Johannsson G. The GH receptor exon 3 deleted/full-length polymorphism is associated with central adiposity in the general population. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 172:123-8. [PMID: 25391539 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the GH receptor (GHR) exon 3 deleted (d3)/full-length (fl) polymorphism influences anthropometry and body composition in the general population. DESIGN AND SETTING The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) reference study is a cross-sectional population-based study, randomly selected from a population registry. A subgroup of the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer study (MDC-CC) was used as a replication cohort. METHODS The SOS reference study comprises 1135 subjects (46.2% men), with an average age of 49.5 years. The MDC-CC includes 5451 successfully genotyped subjects (41.5% men), with an average age of 57.5 years. GHR d3/fl genotypes were determined using TagSNP rs6873545. Linear regression analyses were used to test for genotype-phenotype associations. RESULTS In the SOS reference study, subjects homozygous for the d3-GHR weighed ∼4 kg more (P=0.011), and had larger waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, P=0.036), larger waist circumference (P=0.016), and more fat-free mass estimated from total body potassium (P=0.026) than grouped fl/d3 and fl/fl subjects (d3-recessive genetic model). The association with WHR was replicated in the MDC-CC (P=0.002), but not those with other anthropometric traits. CONCLUSIONS In this population-based study, the GHR d3/fl polymorphism was found to be of functional relevance and associated with central adiposity, such that subjects homozygous for the d3-GHR showed an increased abdominal obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla A M Glad
- Departments of EndocrinologyMolecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 15, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Mathematical StatisticsChalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena M S Carlsson
- Departments of EndocrinologyMolecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 15, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Mathematical StatisticsChalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Departments of EndocrinologyMolecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 15, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Mathematical StatisticsChalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Almgren
- Departments of EndocrinologyMolecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 15, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Mathematical StatisticsChalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Sjöström
- Departments of EndocrinologyMolecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 15, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Mathematical StatisticsChalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Departments of EndocrinologyMolecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 15, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Mathematical StatisticsChalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Larsson
- Departments of EndocrinologyMolecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 15, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Mathematical StatisticsChalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Arne Svensson
- Departments of EndocrinologyMolecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 15, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Mathematical StatisticsChalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Departments of EndocrinologyMolecular and Clinical MedicineInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Vita Stråket 15, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Mathematical StatisticsChalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martins CS, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Espineira AR, de Souza RM, de Castro M, Barbieri MA, Bettiol H, Jorge AL, Antonini SR. The growth hormone receptor exon 3 polymorphism is not associated with height or metabolic traits in healthy young adults. Growth Horm IGF Res 2014; 24:123-129. [PMID: 24893921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The GHR polymorphisms contribution to the interindividual variability in prenatal and postnatal growth as well as to metabolic traits is controversial. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to analyze the association of the GHRfl/d3 polymorphism with prenatal and postnatal growth and metabolic outcomes in adult life and to compare the genotype distribution in different populations. DESIGN 385 community healthy subjects followed from birth to adult life (23-25years old) were grouped according to birth size: small-SGA (n=130, 62 males), appropriate-AGA (n=162, 75 males) and large for gestational age-LGA (n=93, 48 males). GHRfl/d3 genotype distribution and its potential association with anthropometric (at birth, childhood and adult life) and metabolic features (in adult life) were analyzed and compared with data obtained from a systematic review of GHRfl/d3 association studies (31 articles). RESULTS The frequency of the GHR d3/d3 genotype was lower in the LGA (χ2 p=0.01); SGA and AGA subjects exhibited an increased chance of the d3/d3 genotype (OR=3.58; 95%CI: 1.55; 8.24) and (OR=2.39; 95%CI: 1.02; 5.62), respectively. Despite the different prevalence among different birth size groups, in adults, GHRfl/d3 genotype was not associated with height, plasma IGF1 levels or metabolic phenotype and cardiovascular risk. GHRfl/d3 genotype distributions in AGA, SGA and LGA groups were comparable with those found in subjects of European origin but not with those of Asian ancestry. CONCLUSIONS The GHRd3 genotype was negatively associated with birth size but it was not associated with adult height or weight, plasma IGF1, metabolic phenotype or any marker of increased cardiovascular risk in young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa S Martins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio L Fernandes-Rosa
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aniette R Espineira
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Molina de Souza
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco A Barbieri
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Bettiol
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander L Jorge
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sonir R Antonini
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marques FA, Lins TC, Lima RM, Fonseca RMC, de França NM, de Oliveira RJ, de Oliveira Cardoso MT, Pereira RW, Pogue R. The exon 3 polymorphism of the growth hormone receptor is a severity-related factor for osteoporosis. Endocrine 2014; 45:487-96. [PMID: 23812803 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the GHR exon 3 fl/d3 polymorphism and body composition traits in Brazilian cohorts of normal post-menarche adolescent girls and in post-menopausal women with and without osteoporosis. First, multiplex PCR and quantitative PCR (TaqMan) were used with 105 DNA samples from the general Brazilian population to validate the SNP rs6873545 as a surrogate marker for the GHR polymorphism. Subsequently, genotyping was carried out to evaluate associations for this polymorphism in 136 post-menarche adolescents and 175 post-menopausal women, who were evaluated for body composition traits such as bone mineral density and fat-free mass. Statistical analysis used an independent sample t test, one-way ANOVA test and post hoc Tukey HSD test. Significant values were assumed by p < 0.05. Genotyping indicated complete linkage disequilibrium between the GHR polymorphism and the SNP alleles (r(2) = 1.0). Adolescents and healthy post-menopausal women showed no genotype associations for body composition traits or osteoporosis. However, a lower total body bone mineral density was observed in fl/fl post-menopausal women with osteoporosis (p = 0.0004). These results suggest that the SNP rs6873545 can be used as a surrogate for the GHR fl/d3 polymorphism due to linkage disequilibrium in the Brazilian population and that the fl/fl genotype is a severity-related risk factor for osteoporosis, but did not appear to be associated with disease status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Albuquerque Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Addo OY, Himes JH. Are field measures of adiposity sufficient to establish fatness-related linkages with metabolic outcomes in adolescents? Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:671-6. [PMID: 24569541 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between the adiposity-related information conveyed by field fatness measures: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (SUM SF) relative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), beyond their common intercorrelations, with three important metabolic variables in US adolescents. METHODS We analyzed data on adiposity and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum triglycerides (TGs) and total cholesterol (TC) from three US national surveys. In two-stage least-square modeling, we first calculated the common adiposity variance, and then used multivariate linear and quantile regressions to access residual associations with each measure. RESULTS Basic associations for each of the adiposity measures were similar but differences emerged in residual adiposity analyses scaled by s.d. units. While a 1 s.d. change in residual variance in DXA total fat beyond that accounted for by BMI (DXA|BMI) was strongly and significantly associated with all outcomes, associations with DXA accounting for SUM SF (DXA|SUM SF) and WC (DXA|WC) were weak or nonsignificant. Contrasted amongst themselves, the residual score association between BMI|SUM SF (β=0.06, P<0.0001) and HOMA-IR was weaker, and half as strong as that for the converse, SUM SF|BMI (β=0.13, P=0.020). SUM SF|WC was stronger than WC|SUM SF (β=0.08, P<0.0001 vs SUM SF|WC β=0.13, P<0.0001). Associations were similar for TGs and TC. CONCLUSIONS Laboratory methods like DXA offer minimal explanatory advantage over field methods in assessing adiposity-related contributions to metabolic outcomes in adolescents. Among the simple fatness measures, skinfolds convey additional information beyond BMI and WC when estimating associations both at the population mean and at the upper extremes of metabolic factors.
Collapse
|
14
|
Prodam F, Savastio S, Genoni G, Babu D, Giordano M, Ricotti R, Aimaretti G, Bona G, Bellone S. Effects of growth hormone (GH) therapy withdrawal on glucose metabolism in not confirmed GH deficient adolescents at final height. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87157. [PMID: 24498035 PMCID: PMC3907518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT OBJECTIVE Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes, in particular after treatment in children and adults with pre-existing metabolic risk factors. Our aims were. i) to evaluate the effect on glucose metabolism of rhGH treatment and withdrawal in not confirmed GHD adolescents at the achievement of adult height; ii) to investigate the impact of GH receptor gene genomic deletion of exon 3 (d3GHR). DESIGN SETTING We performed a longitudinal study (1 year) in a tertiary care center. METHODS 23 GHD adolescent were followed in the last year of rhGH treatment (T0), 6 (T6) and 12 (T12) months after rhGH withdrawal with fasting and post-OGTT evaluations. 40 healthy adolescents were used as controls. HOMA-IR, HOMA%β, insulinogenic (INS) and disposition (DI) indexes were calculated. GHR genotypes were determined by multiplex PCR. RESULTS In the group as a whole, fasting insulin (p<0.05), HOMA-IR (p<0.05), insulin and glucose levels during OGTT (p<0.01) progressively decreased from T0 to T12 becoming similar to controls. During rhGH, a compensatory insulin secretion with a stable DI was recorded, and, then, HOMAβ and INS decreased at T6 and T12 (p<0.05). By evaluating the GHR genotype, nDel GHD showed a decrease from T0 to T12 in HOMA-IR, HOMAβ, INS (p<0.05) and DI. Del GHD showed a gradual increase in DI (p<0.05) and INS with a stable HOMA-IR and higher HDL-cholesterol (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In not confirmed GHD adolescents the fasting deterioration in glucose homeostasis during rhGH is efficaciously coupled with a compensatory insulin secretion and activity at OGTT. The presence of at least one d3GHR allele is associated with lower glucose levels and higher HOMA-β and DI after rhGH withdrawal. Screening for the d3GHR in the pediatric age may help physicians to follow and phenotype GHD patients also by a metabolic point of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Prodam
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- I.C.O.S. (Interdisciplinary Center for Obesity Study), Novara, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Savastio
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Genoni
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Deepak Babu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Mara Giordano
- I.C.O.S. (Interdisciplinary Center for Obesity Study), Novara, Italy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberta Ricotti
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianni Bona
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
- I.C.O.S. (Interdisciplinary Center for Obesity Study), Novara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Bellone
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- I.C.O.S. (Interdisciplinary Center for Obesity Study), Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Obesity has become one of the most common medical problems in developed countries, and this disorder is associated with high incidences of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and specific cancers. Growth hormone (GH) stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 in most tissues, and together GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 exert powerful collective actions on fat, protein and glucose metabolism. Clinical trials assessing the effects of GH treatment in patients with obesity have shown consistent reductions in total adipose tissue mass, in particular abdominal and visceral adipose tissue depots. Moreover, studies in patients with abdominal obesity demonstrate a marked effect of GH therapy on body composition and on lipid and glucose homeostasis. Therefore, administration of recombinant human GH or activation of endogenous GH production has great potential to influence the onset and metabolic consequences of obesity. However, the clinical use of GH is not without controversy, given conflicting results regarding its effects on glucose metabolism. This Review provides an introduction to the role of GH in obesity and summarizes clinical and preclinical data that describe how GH can influence the obese state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 1 Water Tower Drive, The Ridges, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Park SW, Lee ST, Sohn YB, Kim SH, Cho SY, Ko AR, Ji ST, Kwon JY, Yeau S, Paik KH, Kim JW, Jin DK. A polymorphism in the growth hormone receptor is associated with height in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2970-3. [PMID: 22052808 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The exon-3 deletion polymorphism (d3, Database of Genomic Variants ID: Variation_64191) in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene is associated with increased growth response to growth hormone (GH) therapy in GH-deficient patients. However, an association of the GHR genotype with height has not yet been reported in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). The aim of this study was to assess the association of GHR alleles with height before starting GH therapy in patients with PWS. Seventy-four patients with PWS were genotyped and their medical records were retrospectively reviewed (45 males and 29 females, median age 8.7 years). One hundred normal controls, with known final height, were also genotyped. The GH-exon 3 locus was genotyped using a PCR multiplex assay. The distribution of alleles in the patients with PWS was not different from controls [(fl/fl n = 53 (72%), fl/d3 n = 21 (28%)) in PWS vs. (fl/fl n = 72(72%), fl/d3 n = 26(26%), and d3/d3 n = 2(2%)]. However, patients with PWS carrying a d3 allele had significantly greater height standard deviation scores (SDS) (P = 0.025) and higher insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) level (P = 0.041), although the age at the start of GH therapy, weight, BMI, and body fat were not different. The d3 allele was associated with height and IGF-I levels before GH therapy and suggests that even before GH therapy, d3 allele may influence height through GH secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|